Term
| What type of testing is mainly used to diagnose/look at brain mechanisms autism? |
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Definition
| Neuroimaging (fMRI, DTI, MRI, MR Spectroscopy) |
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Term
| What is the triad of impairments in autism? |
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Definition
social interaction (eye contact to reading other person's thought processes)
communication/language (15-75% don't have functional speech, the rest may be able to speak but not be able to process it; sarcasm)
repetitive behavior and restricted interests |
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Term
| Why is there an increase prevalence of autism? |
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Definition
Increased Awareness of the disorder
A shift in view of autism and how we count cases (Refined Diagnostic Criteria)
Prevalence (# of existing cases) vs. Incidence (# of new cases- what people should be talking about) |
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Term
| What is the type of diagnosis technique in which we create context to observe diagnostic behaviors; include parents; observation in natural environment. (use toys) |
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Definition
| ADOS: Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule |
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Term
| What is the type of diagnosis technique using Developmental History through interview with parents? |
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Definition
| ADI: Autism Diagnostic Interview |
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Term
| What is a physical sign of autism in terms of eye contact? |
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Definition
| people with autism do not keep eye contact |
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Term
What condition is it when a participant acts/looks in the way you expect them to?
What condition is it when the participant doesn't act/look the way you expect them? |
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Definition
congruent condition
incongruent condition |
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Term
What part of the brain is most likely affected when an autism patient does not seem to distinguish direct and averted gaze?
What does this reflect? |
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Definition
Superior temporal sulcul
may reflect the difficulty they have in “reading intentions conveyed by shifts in eye gaze” |
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Term
| What is the shared focus of two individuals on an object? |
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Definition
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Term
| What predicts language development? |
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Definition
| joint attention (Good joint attention at early age will have good language development) |
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Term
| What part of the brain is more active during face recognition than during recognition of other objects, matching faces than matching locations, and during viewing of faces than during viewing of scrambled faces. |
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Definition
| fusiform gyrus (Will hardly see activity here in autism but usually not a lesion) |
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Term
| What part of the brain is affected when an autism patient has difficulty processing faces? |
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Definition
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Term
| When looking at the social brain in autism, what was the area that was NOT superimposed with a normal individual and autism? |
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Definition
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Term
| It has been said that people with autism suffer from a lack of ____________, the cognitive ability to bind together a jumble of separate features into a single, coherent object or concept |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the type of study for autism in which we look at synchronization of brain activity across areas instead of focusing on just one part of the brain? |
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Definition
| Functional Connectivity (high r = 2 regions are synchronized, talking to each other; low r=2 regions not synchronized, not talking to each other) |
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Term
| What is the type of study for autism in which we look at the causal Influence of one area on another (directionality-know which part of the brain is talking to the other) |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the type of study in which we look at the white matter integrity (make sure axons are connected in the brain in a perfect pattern) |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 types of connectivity that we must look at in the brain? |
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Definition
functional connectivity
effective connectivity
anatomical connectivity |
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Term
| What is the process in how people explain social behavior- their common-sense explanations? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a specific cognitive ability to understand others as intentional agents, that is, to interpret their minds in terms of intentional states such as beliefs and desires. |
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Definition
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Term
| In autism, there was significantly weaker functional connectivity, relative to controls, in _____________ areas and ___________ areas during intentional causal attribution. |
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Definition
| Significantly weaker functional connectivity in participants with autism, relative to controls, in Theory-of-Mind areas and ventral premotor areas during intentional causal attribution. |
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Term
| Looking at effective connectivity in autism, there is significantly weaker _______ to _______ information flow in ASD participants in regions comprising the ToM network. |
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Definition
| Significantly weaker posterior to anterior information flow in ASD participants in regions comprising the ToM network |
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Term
| What are the 3 region in which there was reduced white matter integrity in autism relative to control participants? |
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Definition
(A) rostrum of corpus callosum
(B) posterior midbody of corpus callosum
(C) right temporal lobe |
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Term
| In the cortical under connectivity theory of autism, there is (stronger or weaker) connectivity in relatively long-distance connections & (stronger or weaker) connectivity in local connections have been characteristic of the brain in autism |
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Definition
| Weaker connectivity in relatively long-distance connections & Stronger connectivity in local connections have been characteristic of the brain in autism |
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