Term
Decide if this is during the prenatal or postnatal period:
Development of gross structures
Mostly neurons and few glia
Dendritic arborization (branching)
Some synaptogenesis
Myelination
Mass increases to 1200-1400g
Controlled by genetic programs
Controlled by environment and experience |
|
Definition
Development of gross structures - prenatal
Mostly neurons and few glia - prenatal
Dendritic arborization (branching) - postnatal
Some synaptogenesis-prenatal (more in postnatal)
Myelination (postnatal)
Mass increases to 1200-1400g (postnatal)
Controlled by genetic programs (prenatal)
Controlled by environment and experience (postnatal)
slide 2 |
|
|
Term
| How is the development of the nervous system different from other organs? |
|
Definition
it occurs both pre- and post-natally (entirely through prenatal and embryonic period)
=particularly sensitive to insults from environment or error in genetic programs |
|
|
Term
True or False:
There is steep period of brain growth leading up to birth. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
The total number of brain cells and brain connections are formed and mature at a very early stage. |
|
Definition
False
Although the total number of brain cells are formed by a very early age – it takes YEARS for brain connections to fully mature. |
|
|
Term
| What is the important period of CNS development where there is an elimination of some synaptic connections, changes in synaptic strength in order to establish mature connections? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the phase of establishment of primary germ layers? |
|
Definition
| fertilization and gastrulation |
|
|
Term
| What is the phase of establishment of primordial nervous system (neural tube and neural crest) in early embryo? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the phase of initial generation neuronal and glial precursors from undifferentiated precursor cells? |
|
Definition
| neuronal/glial proliferation |
|
|
Term
| What is the phase of determination of the type of neuronal or glial cell? |
|
Definition
| Neuronal/Glial Differentiation |
|
|
Term
| What is the phase of movement of neurons and glia from the sites of generation to their final positions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the phase of formation of synaptic connections between neurons ? |
|
Definition
| Synapse Formation/Synaptogenesis |
|
|
Term
| What is the phase of neurons that do not form synaptic connections undergo apoptosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the phase of formation of myelin around axons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After fertilization you have the formation of the _________ cavity and in this you have cells that are dividing from the fertilized egg to about the 32-cell stage to form a mass of cells called the _____________. |
|
Definition
blastocystic cavity
inner cell mass |
|
|
Term
The inner cell mass delaminates to form what 2 layers?
Which one of these 2 layers gives rise to all the cells (3 germ layers) in the embryo?
Which one is just support cells? |
|
Definition
epiblast-give rise to all of the cells in the embryo (amnion and embryonic epiblast)
hypoblast-support the epiblast cells (yolk sac) |
|
|
Term
What is the dip in the dorsal midline on the ectoderm?
This eventually becomes the ________ as cells move in (Humans Day 14-17) |
|
Definition
Primitive streak
neural groov |
|
|
Term
In gastrulation the cells migrating first replace some hypoblast cells and become the ____________.
Cells that move in later form the _____________.
Cells that remain on the surface form the _______________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What germ layer gives rise to the epidermis (skin, hair, nails, teeth) and CNS and PNS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What germ layer gives rise to the muscle, circulatory system, bones and cartilage, outer covering of internal organs, excretory system, and gonads |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What germ layer gives rise to the inner lining of digestive system, inner lining of respiratory system, glands (including liver and pancreas)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the formation of the neural plate/notochord? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the tissue that separates from the mesoderm and is below the neural plate not seen in adults? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structures sends out signals to the overlying neural plate to instruct those cells to become neural precursor cells? |
|
Definition
| notochord and paraxial mesoderm (mesoderm next to it) |
|
|
Term
| The ______________ generates cells that gives rise to neurons and glial cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The neural plate is broad (caudally or rostrally) and narrow (caudally or rostrally)? |
|
Definition
| Neural Plate is broad rostrally (brain plate) and narrow caudally (spinal cord plate) |
|
|
Term
| What is a diffusible factor that is released from one tissue that determines the fate of an adjacent tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are signals (morphogens) sent from the organizer (notochord)?
How do they induce? |
|
Definition
Noggin, Chordin, Follistatin
Inhibitors of BMP signaling
Bone Morphogenetic Protein |
|
|
Term
| What does BMP signaling induce and inhibit? |
|
Definition
| under normal conditions, these BMP signaling pathways induce the epidermal phase, and you have to block the epidermal phase in order to activate the neural pathway. |
|
|
Term
| Is fibroblast growth factor an inducer or inhibitor of expression of the neural tissue ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In neurulation, the notochord is going to induce the _________ to undergo a huge bend—this elevates the adjacent regions, called the ________, and eventually they come together through cell-cell adhesion molecules to form the _________ and the ________. |
|
Definition
neural plate
neural folds
Neural crest (from neural folds) and neural tube |
|
|
Term
In neurulation, the CNS arises from the _________
PNS arises mainly from _________ and __________ |
|
Definition
CNS arises from neural tube
PNS arises mainly from neural crest and placodes |
|
|
Term
| In primary neurulation, when does fusion of neural folds begin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In primary neurulation, what are the 2 openings after the neural tube zips up anteriorly and posteriorly? |
|
Definition
| neuropores (anterior and posterior) |
|
|
Term
| In primary neurulation, does the anterior or posterior neuropore fuse first? |
|
Definition
| Anterior neuropore fuses first and posterior neuropore closes ~ 2 days later after the embryo has curved ventrally |
|
|
Term
| What does primary neurulation form? |
|
Definition
| the brain and rostral spinal cor |
|
|
Term
| What is the process where the neural tube begins to curve and the single layer of cells will undergo ballooning out at specific regions (particularly at the head to give rise to parts of the brain)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| **What are the 3 vesicles formed in the first division of the neural tube and what do they give rise to? |
|
Definition
a. Prosencephalon which becomes the forebrain
b. Mesencephalon which forms the midbrain
c. Rhombencephalon which forms the hindbrain
slide 14 |
|
|
Term
| What is the final segmentation called in segmentation of the neural tube? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the secondary structures and adult brain structures that the prosencephalon gives rise to? |
|
Definition
Telencephalon - cerebrum/cerebral hemispheres (cortex, white matter, basal nuclei)
Diencephalon - thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
Optic vesicle |
|
|
Term
| What are the secondary structures and adult brain structures that the mesencephalon gives rise to? |
|
Definition
| Mesencephalon- brain stem:midbrain |
|
|
Term
| What are the secondary and adult brain structures that the rhombencephalon gives rise to? |
|
Definition
Metencephalon- brain stem: pons
cerebellum
myelencephalon- brain stem: medullar oblongata |
|
|
Term
| What and where are the 1st, 2nd and 3rd bend/flexing of the neural tube? |
|
Definition
Earliest flexure in region of midbrain/mesencephalon (cephalic flexure) results in the forebrain bending beneath the hindbrain.
Second flexure appears caudally (cervical flexure) in region of hindbrain spinal cord junction.
Third flexure is pontine flexure in region of metencephalon |
|
|
Term
| What part of the neural tube forms the brain ventricles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What part of the neural tube do the lateral ventricles rise from?
third ventricles?
cerebral aqueduct?
Fourth ventricle? |
|
Definition
Lateral-Telencephalon
3rd-Diencephalon
Cerebral aqueduct-Mesencephalon
4th-Metencephalon, myelencephalon |
|
|
Term
| In neurogenesis and gliogenesis, ___________ produce all the CNS neurons and glial cells. The proliferate and some exit the cell cycle and migrate from the ________ zone to external layers of the nervous system. |
|
Definition
Neural stem cells
ventricular zone |
|
|
Term
| In neurogenesis and gliogenesis, the first phase is __________ (mitosis/cell division) of neural stem cells takes place in the ventricular zone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 types of cues that genetically determine the proliferation and differentiation of neurons and glia? |
|
Definition
Intrinsic (TFs that control transcription
(gene expression)
Extrinsic (Diffusible molecules (morphogens), signals on membranes, ECM bound molecules) --> regulate TFs Gene expression |
|
|
Term
| What are the transcription factors expressed in sequential fashion temporally and spatially along the anterior-posterior axis and determine the anterior-posterior characters of mesoderm and neural tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the morphogen released along the dorsal side of the neural tube?
Ventral side? |
|
Definition
BMP (dorsal is sensory)
SHH (ventral is motor) |
|
|
Term
| What cell acts as a scaffold and map for the migrating cells to move as they are being generated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The cells that are generated first line in the (superficial/outer or deepest layer). |
|
Definition
| The cells that are generated first lie in the deepest layers, and then the cells that are generated later in development pass their siblings and will lie in the most superficial layers of the brain (cortex develops in inside-out manner) |
|
|
Term
| What do radial glial cells eventually differentiate into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nerve axon outgrowth involves a process called __________ that allows the axon and the extension of the axon to be able to respond to different cues in the environment (attractive and repulsive) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is an axonal specialization that can sense the extracellular environment for guidance clues using specific receptors (at the end of an axon)?
How can these structures move through the environment? |
|
Definition
growth cone
Intracellular signaling by this receptors regulates the actin and tubulin cytoskeletons to achieve navigation to the target |
|
|
Term
True or false:
Synaptogenesis occurs prenatally, but the majority of synaptogenesis actually occurs postnatally |
|
Definition
True
With increasing age, the cells form markedly increased connectivity with one another and with cells in other brain areas. |
|
|
Term
Identify if this is in the CNS or PNS
synapse target is in the neurons, muscles, glands
synapse target is in between neurons (Axon-dendrite; axon-cell body; axon-axon) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to the neurons that do not tom synapses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When does synaptic connectivity dramatically increase?
When does the brain being to "prune" back some of those connections to refine brain processes?
What does this depend on? |
|
Definition
Synaptic connectivity dramatically increases during the first several years of life.
HOWEVER, during adolescence, the brain begins to “prune” back some of those connections to refine brain processes.
Depends on experience and activity. |
|
|
Term
What cells myelinate axons in the CNS to increase speed and efficiency of anterior-posterior conduction?
What cells myelinate axons in the PNS? |
|
Definition
oligodendrocytes
schwann cells |
|
|
Term
What is the neural tube defect in which the anterior neural tube does not close properly?
What is the neural tube defect in which the posterior neural tube does not close properly? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is highly protective for neural tube defects? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the congenital neurodevelopment disorder in which there are deficits of neuronal/glial proliferation or apoptosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the congenital neurodevelopment disorder in which there are deficits of cellular migration and/or cortical organization? |
|
Definition
| periventricular heterotopia |
|
|
Term
| What is the inability of the synapses to form properly or the dendritic spines to form properly? |
|
Definition
| spine dysgenesis or synaptic dysgenesis |
|
|
Term
| What are the precursors to the PNS as well as some facial bone and muscle; parts of the thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands and thymus, some heart tissue; and melanocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neural crest cells form at the (dorsal or ventral) aspect of the neural tube and define vertebrates. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What gives rise to the all the sensory neurons of the somatic division?
What gives rise to the motor neuron cell bodies in the somatic division? |
|
Definition
Neural crest cells (PNS)
neural tube (CNS) |
|
|
Term
| What gives rise to the postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic and and parasympathetic nervous system, and enteric neurons in intestines in the autonomic division? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or false:
Neurogenesis continues throughout life in mammals |
|
Definition
True
olfactory bulb and dentate gyrus (Implicated in learning & memory, and neurodegenerative disease) |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Synaptogenesis and changes in synaptic strength continue throughout life in mammals |
|
Definition
True
Together with changes in synaptic transmission (strength), synaptogenesis is a proposed mechanism underlying learning and memory |
|
|
