Term
| Do the frequency of APs encode the (frequency or intensity) of sound? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which cranial nerve is of interest when talking about the auditory system? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the Sinusoidal oscillation of compressions and rarefactions in an elastic medium? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the frequency range of sound? |
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Definition
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Term
What units do we use to measure loudness?
Is this on a linear on log scale? |
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Definition
Units - Decibels (dB) sound pressure level
log- Perceive ≈ equal increment in sound for every 10-fold increase in amplitude |
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Term
| What are the 3 roles of the ear and what parts coincides with the roles? |
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Definition
Sound collection (outer ear)
Transmission & amplification (middle ear- 3 bones, eustachian tube)
Mechanical to electrical transduction (inner ear-cochlea |
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Term
In the cochlea, where does the signal arise?
Where does the pressure leave? |
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Definition
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Term
| Of the 3 chambers in the cochlea, which one is unique in that it contains a different solution (high K+) that is important for signal transduction? |
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Definition
Scala media
(scala vestibuli and scala timpani are continuous and contain the same stuff) |
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Term
What is the transduction organ (site of mechano-electric transduction)?
What does it sit on? |
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Definition
Organ of Corti
Basilar membrane |
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Term
| What separates the outer ear from the middle ear and is the first to vibrate when sound pressure waves come in? |
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Definition
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Term
When the eardrum starts to vibrate, what does it cause to oscillate?
What oscillates next? |
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Definition
3 bones oscillates
oval window of the cochlea oscillate |
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Term
Would you detect (see vibrations) HIGH frequency at the (base or apex) of the basilar membrane?
Is the (base or apex) the wider end? |
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Definition
Detect high frequency at base (narrower end)
Apex is the wider end (detects low frequency)
-frequency is encoded by LOCATION of the sound on the membrane |
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Term
True or false:
Maximal displacement is uniform over time or position |
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Definition
False
Selective resonance:
Maximal displacement is not uniform over time or position (wave crashing on beach) |
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Term
| What is the map of the different sound frequencies called? |
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Definition
tonotopic map
(Different frequencies will always stay next to each other and will get to their primary cortex in that order as well) |
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Term
| How do detect vibration in the ear? (chemical, electrical, or mechanical) |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the scala media get blood supply from? |
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Definition
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Term
*What is the solution in the scala media called?
What does it contain a high extracellular concentration of?
What makes this solution? |
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Definition
endolymph
K+
stria vascularis |
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Term
Are the (inner or outer) hair cells the main transduction cells that are responsible for taking sound and transducing it into electrical activity?
How many rows are there of these cells? |
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Definition
inner
1 (why hearing loss is so easy) |
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Term
Are the (inner or outer) hair cells involved with sensitivity of hearing and not involved with directly transferring the main auditory information?
How many rows are there of these cells? |
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Definition
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Term
What type of fluid is in the scala vestibule and scala tympani?
What type of fluid is in the scala media? |
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Definition
perilymph (normal K+)
endolymph (high K+) |
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Term
| What ion is the initial depolarizing signal? |
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Definition
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Term
| After K+ enters into the cell, what other channel opens allow neurotransmitters to release into the synapse to cause a postsynaptic response? |
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Definition
| voltage-dependent calcium channel |
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Term
| What is the transmitter used in most cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What connects the stereo cilia/kinocilia? |
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Definition
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Term
| If the tip link is stretched, does it (open or close) potassium channels? |
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Definition
open (K+ enters the cell)
-K+ channels open and close based on where hair cells is on basilar membrane as it vibrates with the frequency of sound |
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Term
As basilar membrane moves, hair bundles are stimulated by the movement of ____________.
This pulls open/closes channels depending on the direction. |
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Definition
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Term
| Each hair cell is tuned to a frequency that corresponds to? |
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Definition
Place code:
Each cell is tuned to a frequency that corresponds to its place along the basilar membrane
(tonotopic map) |
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Term
| Most hearing loss is due to __________ damage. |
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Definition
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Term
In a cochlea implant, we bypass the ______.
We use a microphone that has a frequency analyzer to send high frequencies to the _______ and low frequencies to the _________.
This directly stimulates the ___________. |
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Definition
hair cells
high frequencies to base
low frequencies to apex
directly stimulates CN VIII |
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Term
| What hair cells encode loudness? |
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Definition
| Primary inner hair cells afferents |
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Term
| Is there a (linear or log) relationship between firing rate (of afferent fibers) and sound pressure level? |
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Definition
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Term
| In inner hair cells, is there a (10:1 or 1:10) ratio of cells to afferents? |
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Definition
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Term
In outer hair cells, the _______ dampen the basilar membrane motion.
It needs ______ energy to augment the basilar membrane. |
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Definition
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Term
| (inner hair cells or outer hair cells) enhance hearing sensitivity? |
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Definition
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Term
| (inner hair cells or outer hair cells) reflects extensive efferent innervation from the superior olive, but limited afferent signaling to the CNS? |
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Definition
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Term
*What structure has a role in sound localization?
Is it unilateral or bilateral? |
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Definition
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Term
| Does the (medial or lateral) superior olive use inter aural timing differences (timing difference to reach the ears)? |
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Definition
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Term
| Does the (medial or lateral) superior olive use intensity differences to each ear? |
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Definition
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Term
Is the (inferior or superior) colliculi for vision?
Is the (inferior or superior) colliculi for auditory? |
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Definition
superior for vision
inferior for auditory (serves a pre-relay station for the thalamus) |
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Term
| What structure contains many cells sensitive to intensity differences or inter-aural timing and is involved in sound localization? |
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Definition
| inferior colliculus (uses sound to direct your attention towards something) |
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Term
*What part of the thalamus is the cortical relay for sound?
For vision? |
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Definition
medial geniculate (anterior in the thalamus)
lateral geniculate |
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Term
Vibration of the basilar membrane encodes:
a) sound
b) frequency
c) loudness
d) localization
e) all of the above |
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Definition
all of the above
All encoded by same mechanism |
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Term
| Where in the brain cortex do the cells encode frequency of topographical arrangement? |
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Definition
| Heschl’s gyrus/primary auditory cortex/transverse temporal gyri (all the same thing) |
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Term
| What factors are involved in tuning the auditory cortical neurons? |
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Definition
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Term
| What area of the cortex is involved with language processing, speech production |
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Definition
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Term
| What are of the cortex is involved with comprehension of spoken language? |
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Definition
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