Term
| Unilateral cerebellar disease causes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dorsal Spinocerebellar tract |
|
Definition
| Muscle spindle, cell bodies in DRG, synapse in nucleus dorsalis of Clarke in the cord, 2nd neurons travel up the ipsilateral Dorsal spinocerebellar tract, reach the cerebellum via the inferior cerebellar peduncle, end in the vermis and anterior lobe as mossy fibers. Muscle, joint and cutaneous info from the neck/upper extremities synapse in the External/Lateral cuneate nucleus. |
|
|
Term
| Corticopontocerebellar connections |
|
Definition
| Leave cortex via the internal capsule then into the cerebral peduncle to terminate in the pontine nuclei, they then cross midline and enter the cerebellum through the contra. mid cerebellar peduncle which end as mossy fibers on granule cells which ascend into the molecular layer and branch into parallel fibers that synapse on the dendrites of purkinjie cells. Purkinjie cells in the lateral lobe send axons to the dentate nucleus which sends axons out the superior cerebellar peduncle and across the midline to the Red nucleus and the Ventral Lateral nucleus of the thalamus. Ventral lateral thalamus sends axons to the Motor cortex I. |
|
|
Term
| The globose, emboliform, and dentate nuclei project to where? |
|
Definition
| red nucleus of the opposite side. |
|
|
Term
| The fastigial nucleus projects to what? |
|
Definition
| vestibular and reticular nuclei on the same side through the inferior cerebellar peduncle |
|
|
Term
| Superior cerebellar peduncle |
|
Definition
Connected to the midbrain.
Mostly carries cerebellar efferents. Crosses with its opposite in the decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncles in the caudal midbrain (level of the inferior colliculus). |
|
|
Term
| Middle cerebellar peduncle |
|
Definition
Connected to the pons.
By far the largest peduncle. Composed entirely of cerebellar afferents. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Within the white matter. Four on either side, named from lateral to medial:
dentate nucleus, emboliform nucleus, globose nucleus, fastigial nucleus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
endings of olivocerebellar fibers from the contralateral inferior olivary
nucleus. All have collateral fibers to the cerebellar nuclei. Mainly excitatory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
End on granule cells, are the endings of pontocerebellar, spinocerebellar and all other excitatory
afferent fibers other than olivocerebellar fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| appears to require coactivation of climbing fibers and parallel fibers. |
|
|
Term
| Output from the cerebellar cortex |
|
Definition
Originate from Purkinje cells, which are inhibitory. All cerebellar output originates from cerebellar nuclei or Purkinje cells. A. Purkinje cells project to the cerebellar nuclei and the vestibular nuclei.
B. Cerebellar nuclei neurons provide the main output from the cerebellum. The clinically important projections are to the thalamus, vestibular nuclei and reticular formation. |
|
|
Term
| Do lesions of the MCP cause ipsalat or contralateral signs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of information is carried in the dorsal spinocerebellar pathway |
|
Definition
| Carries the same cutaneous and muscle-joint (proprioceptive) mechanoreceptor information that is carried by the DCML system, but for muscular coordination, not for conscious perception. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Olivocerebellar fibers: Inferior olivary nucleus to the opposite ICP. |
|
|
Term
| Cerebellar efferents all exit via... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hemisphere Efferent Division: |
|
Definition
| Ipsilateral limb coordination. Four neuron pathway. Purkinjie to Cerebellar nuclei (dentate, emboliform and globose). Dentate nucleus through SCP ducussate then around /through the red nucleus to the Contralateral thalamus (VLp/Vim nucleus) then to the Primary and premotor cortex then down the cortical spinal tract to effect limbs on the contralateral side of the cerebral cortex but ipsilateral side of the cerebellum. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| AKA Ventral lateral nucleus VLp or Ventral intermediate nucleus. Part of the pathway from the hemisphere of the cerebellum. main neurosurgical target for the relief of severe tremor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Axial muscles and saccades. 1. Axial muscles: The vermis, including its fastigial nucleus, projects via the ICP to the vestibular nuclei and the reticular formation, which give rise to the vestibulospinal and reticulospinal tracts, which all affect axial muscles.
2. Saccades: Part of the vermis, including a part of its fastigial nucleus, calibrates saccades. |
|
|
Term
| Vestibulocerebellum (≈ flocculonodular lobe): |
|
Definition
| Eye movements. In short Purkinjie, ICP, Vestibular nuclei, MLF, CN nuclei 3,4,6. Vestibulocerebellar Purkinje cells project ipsilaterally via the ICP to the vestibular nuclei, which project via the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) to the nuclei of CN’s III, IV and VI to affect eye movements |
|
|
Term
| Does cerebellar dysfunction improve after acute lesions such as infarct, hemorrhage or trauma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clinical signs of Cerebellar hemisphere disease. |
|
Definition
| 1. Ataxia 2. Tremor 3. Hypotonia |
|
|
Term
| Clinical signs of vermis disease |
|
Definition
| Truncal and gate ataxia(not limb), Titubations(rocking (postural tremor) of the head and, in more severe cases, the body.) Saccadic dysmetria: hypometria or hypermetria. Hypermetria is more specific |
|
|
Term
| Vestibulocerebellum (flocculonodular lobe) disease |
|
Definition
eye movement disorders.
The top 3 are gaze-evoked nystagmus, impaired smooth pursuit and downbeat nystagmus |
|
|
Term
| Alcoholic cerebellar degeneration |
|
Definition
1. Anterior lobe vermal and paravermal disease
2. Disturbed stance & gait ataxia, and lower limb ataxia with relative sparing of the arms |
|
|
Term
| Nonspecific features common in cerebellar lesions with mass effect |
|
Definition
E.g., infarct, hemorrhage, tumor, and abscess: headache, nausea & vomiting, papilledema.
Acute vertigo is common with acute infarct (esp. PICA) and with acute hemorrhage. |
|
|
Term
| Blood supply to the basal ganglia |
|
Definition
| primarily from the middle cerebral artery, in particular, the lenticulostriate branches. |
|
|
Term
| What thalamic nucleus is the stereotaxic target for the neurosurgeons in a patient with basal ganglia disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What thalamic nucleus is the stereotaxic target for the neurosurgeons in a patient with basal ganglia disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pallidothalamic axons cross the |
|
Definition
| Posterior limb of the internal capsule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| All areas of cerebral cortex and substantia nigra are afferents to the Striatum (caudate and putamen). Striatal efferents terminate in the Globus Pallidus and Subthalamus, Pallidal efferents terminate in the VA, VL and CM of the thalamus which then terminate in the Premotor and supplementary cortex. There are recipricol connections between the pallidum and the subthalamus. |
|
|
Term
| Unilateral basal ganglia disease causes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Corpus striatum, composed of what two structures? |
|
Definition
| Composed of the striatum and the pallidum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Composed of the caudate nucleus and the putamen,
which are continuous with each other and are essentially a single nucleus histologically
and histochemically, sometimes called the “caudate-putamen.”
a. Caudate (“tailed”) nucleus: C-shaped and contiguous for its entire length with the
lateral ventricle. It has a head, a body and a tail.
b. Putamen: Anteriorly continuous with the head of the caudate nucleus. Otherwise, the
caudate nucleus and putamen are separated from each other by the internal capsule. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
In humans consists chiefly of the nucleus accumbens.
a. It forms a ventromedial bridge between the head of the caudate nucleus and the
putamen.
b. It is a part of the limbic system, the topic of a future lecture.
1) It is loaded with opioid and dopamine receptors, both of which are important in its
role as a center of reward, pleasure and motivation.
2) It is important in the development of addictive behaviors and habit formation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Consists only of the globus pallidusa. The putamen & globus pallidus together are called the lentiform (lenticular) nucleus.
b. The globus pallidus consists of two segments: external (GPe) and internal (GPi). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The portion of the pallidum ventral to the anterior commissure.
It is another part of the limbic system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A. Lens-shaped & lies medial to the lowest internal capsule & top edge of the substantia nigra.
B. It is the main neurosurgical target for therapy of advanced Parkinson’s disease. |
|
|
Term
four main nuclei that appear dark on
T2w MRI |
|
Definition
| red nucleus, dentate nucleus, globus pallidus and SNr(pars reticulata). |
|
|
Term
| Basal ganglia pathway in a nutshell |
|
Definition
| Cortex → Striatum → Pallidum → Thalamus → Cortex |
|
|
Term
| provides dopamine input to the striatum. |
|
Definition
| substantia nigra pars compacta and ventral tegmental area (SNc/VTA) |
|
|
Term
| Cortical activation of the indirect pathway |
|
Definition
excites the striatum → inhibits the GPe →
disinhibits the subthalamic nucleus → excites the GPi/(SNr) → inhibits the thalamus
→ decreases cortical activity and inhibits movement. |
|
|
Term
| Cortical activation of the direct pathway |
|
Definition
| excites the striatum → inhibits the GPi/(SNr) → disinhibits the thalamus → increases cortical activity and facilitates movement. |
|
|
Term
| Output of the GPi/(SNr) tonically inhibits the thalamus. In humans, the primary target in the motor pathway is the... |
|
Definition
| ventral lateral nucleus, anterior part (VLa), also known as the ventral oral nucleus (VO). |
|
|
Term
| Output of VLa/VO is excitatory, mainly to the... |
|
Definition
| supplementary motor area (SMA) |
|
|
Term
| What do the D2 dopamine receptors in the striatum do? |
|
Definition
| inhibits the indirect (inhibitory) pathway, thus facilitating movement. |
|
|
Term
| What do the D1 receptors in the striatum do? |
|
Definition
| Dopamine facilitates the direct (facilitatory) pathway, thus facilitating movement. |
|
|
Term
| Which part of the basal ganglia is part of the associative (cognition) circuit |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mesostriatal dopamine system |
|
Definition
| (≈ nigrostriatal projections): The SNc/VTA projections to the striatum, especially the caudate nucleus and putamen |
|
|
Term
| Mesolimbic dopamine system |
|
Definition
The SNc/VTA (mainly VTA) projections to
the limbic system, including the nucleus
accumbens, limbic cortex and
amygdala. |
|
|
Term
| Mesocortical dopamine system: |
|
Definition
| The diffuse SNc/VTA projections to cerebral cortex, especially frontal cortex. |
|
|
Term
| Diseases that increase inhibition of the thalamus result in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diseases that disinhibit the thalamus result in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Triad of Hypokinetic (parkinsonian) disorders |
|
Definition
| inhibition of intentional movement (bradykinesia), rigidity, and tremor at rest |
|
|
Term
| Pathophysiology of Parkinson’s Disease |
|
Definition
overactivity of the indirect (inhibitory) pathway and
underactivity of the direct (facilitatory) pathway,
both resulting in increased inhibition of the thalamus, the hallmark of hypokinetic disorders. |
|
|
Term
| Pathophysiology of Huntington’s Disease |
|
Definition
The striatal neurons of the indirect pathway usually die first.
Reduced activity of the indirect (inhibitory) pathway leads to
disinhibition of the thalamus, the hallmark of hyperkinetic
disorders. |
|
|
Term
| What is the dimentia in huntingtons disease due to? |
|
Definition
caudate atrophy affecting the
associative (cognition) basal ganglia circuit. This is the prototypical subcortical dementia |
|
|
Term
| Which parts of the basal ganglia pathway have high, tonic levels of activity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which parts of the basal ganglia pathway have are relatively quiescent unless activated by glutamic input? |
|
Definition
| Efferent neurons of striatum, cortex efferents to Sriatum, and STN is pretty low as well. |
|
|
Term
| Overlapping input in the BG pathway, where does it occur and how does it work |
|
Definition
| Occurs on the GPi/SNr, Direct pathway provides more localized inhibition(which facilitates action by disinhibition of the thalamus) and indirect pathway provides wider overlapping excititation (which supresses nearby actions by inhibition of the thalamus). |
|
|
Term
Activation of D1 dopamine receptors have what two different effects on
the direct pathway neurons depending on the amount of excitatory input the neuron is receiving. |
|
Definition
1) If excitatory input is low and the neuron is relatively quiescent, then
activation of dopamine D1 receptors will serve to keep the activity low / inhibit activity
2) If excitatory input is greater and the neurons are being depolarized by the glutamate input from cortex and/or thalamus, then activation of the dopamine D1 receptor will enhance the function/activation of those neurons. |
|
|
Term
| Where does the ACH that competes with Dopamine in the BG pathway come from? |
|
Definition
Acetylcholine synthesized and released by large aspiny interneurons of caudate‐
putamen (often referred to as tonically active neurons or TANS). |
|
|
Term
| What Effects do acetylcholine signaling have on caudate‐putamen neuron function. |
|
Definition
Overall, they decrease antagonize Dopamine and supress action. Acetylcholine increases activity of indirect pathway neurons and suppresses activity of direct pathway neurons.
a. Both indirect pathway and direct pathway neurons of the striatum have M1
and M4 subtypes of muscarinic receptors.
b. Direct pathway neurons tend to have more M4. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 7 Endocrine and autonomic systems regulated by the hypothalamus |
|
Definition
1. Appetite and body weight
2. Water and sodium balance
3. Immune response
4. Circadian (24-hour) rhythms
5. Reproduction
6. Body temperature
7. Emotional behavior |
|
|
Term
| What other two systems are regulated by th ehypothalamus |
|
Definition
B. Wakefulness and sleep
C. Memory consolidation: Will be discussed in limbic system |
|
|
Term
| What two structures does the infundibulum connect |
|
Definition
| tuber cinereum to the pituitary stalk |
|
|
Term
| Anterior border of the hypothalamus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 sagittal divisions of the hypothalamus? |
|
Definition
1. Periventricular zone: Contains the periventricular nucleus
2. Medial zone: See “Transverse divisions” below for nuclei
3. Lateral zone: Partly separated from the medial zone by the fornix |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 transverse divisions of the hypothalamus |
|
Definition
1. Preoptic area
2. Tuberal region
3. Mammillary or posterior region |
|
|
Term
| Preoptic area: boundaries, nuclei and function |
|
Definition
lamina terminalis to the posterior margin of the optic chiasm.
a. Three midline nuclei are involved with osmolality and fluid balance.
1) Subfornical organ: A circumventricular organ (no blood brain barrier)
2) Median preoptic nucleus
3) Organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis: A circumventricular organ.
b. The paired suprachiasmatic (above the optic chiasm) nuclei: the brain’s circadian clock. |
|
|
Term
| Tuberal region: boundaries, nuclei and function |
|
Definition
The region dorsal to, and including, the tuber cinereum
a. Paraventricular and supraoptic (laterally, above the optic tract) nuclei: Project to
the posterior pituitary. (Note distinctions from periventricular and suprachiasmatic.)
b. Arcuate nucleus: An inferior expansion of the periventricular nucleus within the
tuber cinereum
c. Tuberomammillary nucleus: Anterior to each mammillary body |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 main neural afferents to the hypothalamus as well as the funnction |
|
Definition
1. Retina: Circadian rhythms
2. Hippocampus: Memory consolidation
3. Amygdala: Fear
4. Medial forebrain bundle
a. Nucleus accumbens
b. Solitary nucleus |
|
|
Term
| What info comes into the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the thalamus |
|
Definition
| light intensity from the retina to affect circadian rhythms |
|
|
Term
| What info comes into the hypothalamus from the fornix |
|
Definition
| Info from the hippocampus for memory consolidation |
|
|
Term
| What info goes is relayed from the solitary nucleus to the hypothalamus |
|
Definition
| visceral information received especially via vagal afferents |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 Circulatory System Afferents into the hypothalamus |
|
Definition
1. Anterior pituitary hormones and hormones of
pituitary target tissues:
Negative feedback regulation
2. Hormones affecting appetite
1) Anorexigenic: Insulin (& glucose), Leptin
2) Orexigenic: Ghrelin
3. Osmolality-sodium & angiotensin II
Water and sodium balance
4. Temperature and prostaglandin E2 |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 major efferents of the hypothalamus |
|
Definition
A. Pituitary (hypophysis)
B. Autonomic nervous system
C. Cortex: wakefulness
D. Anterior nucleus of the thalamus:
memory consolidation |
|
|
Term
| What produces the hypophysiotropic hormones and in which nuclei are they located |
|
Definition
parvicellular (small) neuroendocrine neurons.
a. mainly in the periventricular and arcuate nuclei.
b) Parvicellular neurons of the paraventricular nucleus produce corticotropinreleasing hormone. |
|
|
Term
| What function do somatostatin and dopamine have as hypophysiotropic hormones |
|
Definition
e) Somatostatin: Inhibits release of growth hormone
f) Dopamine: Inhibits release of prolactin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Axons from parvicellular neurons to axon terminals in the median eminence in the infundibulum which eventually lead to the anterior pituitary |
|
|
Term
| Which neurons produce ADH (vasopressin) and Oxytocin and which nuclei are they located in? |
|
Definition
| Magnocellular (large) neuroendocrine neurons in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei |
|
|
Term
| Hypothalamo-neurohypophysial tract |
|
Definition
| Axons from Magnocellular neurons carrying ADH and Oxytocin to the posterior pituatary |
|
|
Term
| Which nuclei are stimulated by Hyperosmolality (as from dehydration) and hypotension (as from hypovolemia due to hemorrhage) and what is the effect? |
|
Definition
i. Subfornical organ (SFO)
ii. Median preoptic nucleus (MnPO)
iii. Organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT).
These three nuclei stimulate the paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus (SON) to release vasopressin, which acts to restore hydration and blood volume via |
|
|
Term
| Two mechanisms or Diabetes insipidus and the associated signs |
|
Definition
low vasopressin secretion (central DI) or inability of the kidney to respond to vasopressin (nephrogenic DI). Signs are:
i. Polyuria: Increased output of dilute urine
ii. Severe thirst
iii. Polydipsia: Increased drinking |
|
|
Term
| Axons mainly from the paraventricular nucleus and adjacent lateral hypothalamic area project via the medial forebrain bundle to the brainstem and continue as the |
|
Definition
| hypothalamospinal tract, a central autonomic pathway, to the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (lateral medullary) PICA infarct causing ipsilateral horners syndrome(disrupts the Hypothalamic tract) swallowing difficulties (dysphagia), slurred speech, ataxia, facial pain, vertigo, nystagmus, diplopia, and possibly palatal myoclonus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
In the hypothalamus. projects histaminergic fibers via the
medial forebrain bundle to all of the
cerebral cortex bilaterally and
promotes wakefulness. |
|
|
Term
Two sets of hypothalamic neurons
project to the tuberomammillary
nuclei. |
|
Definition
a. Excitatory hypocretin (orexin) neurons in the lateral hypothalamus promote wakefulness. Narcolepsy-cataplexy syndrome is due to loss of these neurons.
b. Inhibitory neurons in the lateral preoptic area promote sleep. |
|
|
Term
| Anterior nucleus of the thalamus |
|
Definition
Efferent pathway via mammillothalamic tract from mammillary body.
Important in memory consolidation. |
|
|
Term
| Anterior Pituitary Dysfunction |
|
Definition
| Hypopituitarism & ↑prolactin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| puffy face, speech, dry, ↓HR |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fatigue, ↓BP, low resistance |
|
|
Term
| Men and women (↑PRL & ↓FSH/LH) |
|
Definition
Men and women (↑PRL & ↓FSH/LH)
• Decreased libido, infertility, galactorrhea,
• ED, amenorrhea |
|
|
Term
| Posterior Pituitary dysfunction leads to what |
|
Definition
| Central Diabetes Insipidus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Emaciation in spite of good appetite and eating, and normal linear growth, in infants and young children due to brain tumor, usually hypothalamic tumor. Consider in infants with unexplained failure to thrive. |
|
|
Term
| short loop negative feedback |
|
Definition
GH and PRL are also subject to short loop negative feedback; i.e., both
hormones enter the brain and exert actions that inhibit release of their
releasing hormones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
both sexes, from failure of GnRH to
enter the brain |
|
|
Term
| Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) |
|
Definition
complex heterogeneous state
characterized by abnormal negative feedback on HPG axis, resulting in
infertility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hypersecretion of ACTH from pituitary or peripheral tumor; results in variety of metabolic dysfunctions |
|
|
Term
| nucleus tractus solitarius |
|
Definition
in the medulla is an important relay
nucleus for release of Oxytocin |
|
|
Term
| Where are Peripheral osmoreceptors located? |
|
Definition
hepatic portal vein and activate
afferent vagal fibers; input to nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), major
vagal afferent nucleus in medulla |
|
|
Term
| nucleus tractus solitarius role in fluid balance |
|
Definition
connects directly to: Paraventricular (PVN) and Supraoptic (SON.) also project directly and indirectly to circumventricular organs
nuclei of hypothalamus to activate vasopressin release |
|
|
Term
| Which nuclei activate descending circuits for drinking behavior |
|
Definition
| Organum vasculosum lamina terminalis (OVLT), Subfornical organ (SFO), and median preoptic nucleus (MNPO) |
|
|
Term
| Mechanism for thirst from cellular dehydration |
|
Definition
| Peripheral osmoreceptors are located in hepatic portal vein to vagal afferents to NTS, to Paraventricular (PVN) and Supraoptic (SON)and circumventricular organs for release of ADH and Stimulation of drinking. |
|
|
Term
| Mechanisms for Thirst from Hypovolemia |
|
Definition
1. Reductions in blood volume are sensed by pressure receptors in left and right atria and pulmonary circulation and by baroreceptor afferents.
2. These activate input to NTS (see above), which then connects to:
a. PVN and SON for vasopressin release
b. OVLT, SFO and MNPO for vasopressin release and to activate drinking circuits
c. Descending activation of the sympathetic nervous system to:
1. Increase heart rate and blood pressure
2. activate renin release (ß1 adrenergic receptormediated).
3. Decreased renal arterial perfusion, along with increased sympathetic tone
in kidney, activate release of renin from juxtaglomerular cells |
|
|
Term
| Actions of Angiotensin II |
|
Definition
a. vasoconstriction directly and by increasing release of
norepinephrine from sympathetic nerve endings
b. release of aldosterone from adrenal cortex (promotes Na+
reabsorption and sodium appetite)
c. circulating Ang II gains access to brain via OVLT and SFO; Ang
II of peripheral origin acts in these structures to:
1. activate drinking behavior (dipsogenic effect)
2. stimulate ADH secretion
3. activate descending controls of sympathetic nervous system |
|
|
Term
| Two types of long term (remote) memory |
|
Definition
| Procedural and declarative, the latter can be divided into semantic and episodic |
|
|
Term
| Where are memories of familiar places stored |
|
Definition
| the parahippocampal place area (PPA) in the medial part of the inferior temporal lobe |
|
|
Term
| Where are memories of faces stored |
|
Definition
| in the fusiform face area (FFA) and anterior areas of the inferior temporal lobe |
|
|
Term
| What helps consolidate the autonomic responses to a stimulus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| two aspects of recognition are mediated by two parallel pathways |
|
Definition
1. Amygdala-confers a sense of familiarality
2.The right inferior temporal cortex (fusiform face area)-identification of who the person actually is |
|
|
Term
| What is the most sensitive sequence for most hemorrhagic lesions |
|
Definition
| T2w gradient echo (T2w GRE.) The black appearance of hemorrhage “blooms.” |
|
|
Term
| How do hemmorrhagic lesions appear on T1w and T2w |
|
Definition
| bright on T1w images or black on T2w images |
|
|
Term
| What is the most sensitive sequence for acute infarction |
|
Definition
| DWI (Diffusion weighted imaging) |
|
|
Term
| What is the most sensitive sequence for most nonhemorrhagic lesions. Do they appear light or dark? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| right hemiparesis, both eyes tonically deviated to right |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| right hemiparesis, both eyes tonically deviated to left |
|
Definition
| left frontal ischemic stroke |
|
|
Term
eyes look 1? a destructive
cortical lesion.
eyes look 2? an irritative
cortical lesion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Symptoms of cool water flowing
over the right hand, then right arm,
then speech arrest, then loss of
consciousness. |
|
Definition
| primary focal sensory seizure with Jacksonian march, then secondary generalization |
|
|
Term
| focal seizures nearly always eminate from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Connects Brocas and Wernickes area |
|
|
Term
| “I get lost in my house at night.” |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bilateral fusiform gyrus (medial
occipitotemporal lobe) |
|
|
Term
| when thinking of cortical signs, think of: |
|
Definition
– aphasia
– apraxia
– agnosia
– neglect
– seizures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1.Postural tremor-essential tremor
2.Kinetic (aka intention) tremor - cerebellar tremor |
|
|
Term
| identifying a cerebellar tremor |
|
Definition
1. Perpendicular to plane of movement, wild flinging, intention tremor.
2. Coassociation with H.A.N.D.S.
– hypotonia
– ataxia
– nystagmus
– dysmetria & dysarthria
– stance and gait |
|
|
Term
| clues to identifying a postural tremor |
|
Definition
| Does not worsen with intention, not present at rest, equal amplitude through movement and static posture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rate independent resistance to movement (Parkinsons) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rate dependant resistance to movement (UMN) Fast movement = clasp knife, slow movement = low resistance |
|
|
Term
the 3 provocative maneuvres which
bring out tremors |
|
Definition
| Rest, Intention, Position |
|
|
Term
| What drugs can be used to treat an essential tremor? |
|
Definition
| Propanolol, be careful not to use it in a patient that has tremor from drug use. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bilateral foot drop (peripheral neuropathies, cauda equine syndrome) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proximal muscle weakness (muscular dystrophies, myotitis, bilateral lumbosacral polyradiculopathies or plexopathies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
basal ganglia pathology, cramping of muscles which contort the normal
anatomy of the limb, painful |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
non-neurological etiology, usually psychiatric (conversion disorder).
acrobatic, patients rarely if ever have fractures, self-reported injuries are common, but little corroborating evidence on exam |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
severe sensory neuronopathies,
severe sensory peripheral neuropathies,
severe dorsal column disease of syphilis and B12.
wide based & similar to cerebellar pathology
very stable when touching the wall
worst when vision is poor (no lights, at night) |
|
|
Term
| Brocas problem Fluent Repeat Comprehend Naming |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fluent only, can't comprehend name or repeat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Arcuate fasciculis, can comprehend and is fluent but can't repeat or name |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Can Comprehend and repeat, but cannot name and no fluency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fluent and can repeat but cannot comprehend or name |
|
|
Term
| MTC: Mixed Trans Cortical |
|
Definition
| Only can repeat. Broca's area, Wernicke's area, and the arcuate fasciculus are intact but the watershed region around them is damaged. This damage isolates these areas from the rest of the brain |
|
|
Term
| What is seen in the CSF of MS patients |
|
Definition
| Oligoclonal bands, increased CSF proetein, Moderate Leukocytosis, and elevated IgG |
|
|
Term
| Where do the ALS and DCML relay in the Thalamus |
|
Definition
| Ventral posterior lateral nucleus |
|
|
Term
| Where do the ALS and DCML relay in the Thalamus |
|
Definition
| Ventral posterior lateral nucleus |
|
|
Term
| In a CT scan the white matter will appear _____________ compared to grey matter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Electrical stimulation or an epileptic discharge in the left frontal eye field would cause |
|
Definition
| saccadic movement of both eyes to the right |
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