Term
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Definition
| Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Brain Stem |
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Term
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Definition
Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Peripheral Nervous System |
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Definition
Autonomic (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
Somatic |
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Term
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Definition
Involuntary Systems (organs, glands, blood vessels)
Sympathetic NS (flight or fight)
Parasympathetic NS (return to rest/homeostasis) |
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Term
| CNS housing and coverings |
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Definition
Housed within bony structure (skull and spine)
Covered with meninges |
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Term
| Interconnectivity types of the CNS |
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Definition
connections between:
sensory and motor areas
right and left hemispheres
association areas |
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Term
| What does the CNS control? |
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Definition
Everything
Integrates all incoming and outgoing info.
creates responses both volitional and reflexive
No 2 parts of the peripheral body communicate without going through the CNS. |
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Term
| Function of brain stem and diencephalon |
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Definition
"non-thinking brain"
autonomic, visceral systems (consciousness, blood pressure, respiration, sleep/wake cycles |
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Term
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Definition
| complex sensory/motor integration, cognitive functions |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 hemispheres are (almost) symmetric |
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Term
| Hemisphere Specialization |
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Definition
develops in infancy
left responsible for language and analytical skills
Right for emotion, prosody, "big picture" and pragmatics
Contralateral sensorimotor control |
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Term
| types of functional organization |
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Definition
| Somatotopic, tonotopic, visuotopic |
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Term
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Definition
Broadman's Areas - defined by cytoarchitecture
6 layers of cortex (differ in density and architecture) |
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Term
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Definition
In frontal lobe, pre-central gyrus, controls motor function.
Face and hands are most prominent controls |
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Term
| Primary somatosensory cortex |
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Definition
| Sensory information, temporal lobe,post-central gyrus, face and hands are most prominent. |
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Term
| General areas for language |
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Definition
| Left hemisphere, peri-sylvian area |
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Term
| general lobes for cognition |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
change in organization possible
1. Cellular connectivity - create/sever connections.
2. Cellular function - take on new functions
Response to internal/external changes
1. recovery from brain damage
2. responses from amputation
3. motor practice
Plasticity decreases with age |
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Term
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Definition
Astrocytes - structure and protection
Oligodendrocytes/Schwann cells - insulate axons by creating myelin (Schwann cells in PNS only)
Microglia - Phagocytes ("eat" dead cells)
Ependymal cell - cells lining ventricles in brain, barrier |
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Term
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Definition
Cell body (soma)
Dendrites
Axon
Synapse |
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Term
| Cerebral White Matter Fibers |
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Definition
Projection - enter/leave brain
Association - connect regions within a hemisphere
Commissural - connect R/L hemispheres |
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Term
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Definition
Connect areas within a hemisphere
Short: U-shaped, connect adjacent gyri
Long: Connect lobes to each other
1. Superior longitudinal fasciculus
2. Inferior longitudinal fasciculus
3. Uncinate fasciculus
4. Cingulum |
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Term
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Definition
Connect hemispheres
Corpus Callosum
1. 300-400 million fibers
2. connect homolog areas (same areas in different hemispheres)
a. NOT primary motor or sensory (including aud/vis), those are connected via association areas
Anterior Commissure
Posterior Commissure |
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Term
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Definition
Central sulcus/sulcus of Rolando
Sagittal sulcus/longitudinal fissure
Sylvian fissure/lateral sulcus |
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Term
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Definition
Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal, Insular
(Limbic system or lobe) |
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Term
| Landmarks of frontal lobe |
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Definition
Frontal pole to the central sulcus
horizontal frontal gyri
1. superior
2. middle
3. inferior
a. pars opercularis (BA 44)
b. pars triangularis (BA 45)
c. pars orbitalis (BA 11)
Central sulcus
Precentral gyrus (BA4, primary motor cortex)
Supplementray motor area (BA 6)
Pre-motor area (BA 8) |
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Term
| Landmarks of the parietal lobe |
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Definition
post-central gyrus (somatosensory cortex)
superior parietal lobe
inferior parietal lobe
1. intraparietal sulcus (separates inferior/superior)
supramarginal gyrus
angular gyrus |
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Term
| Landmarks of the temporal lobe - lateral surface |
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Definition
Temporal pole
superior temporal gyrus
1. Heschel's gyrus
Middle temporal gyrus
inferior temporal gyrus |
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Term
| Landmarks of the temporal lobe - inferior surface |
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Definition
Uncus
parahippocampal gyrus
fusiform gyrus (occipototemporal) |
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Term
| What is a deep (medial) area of the temporal lobe |
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Definition
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Term
| Landmarks of the Occipital lobe |
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Definition
parieto-occipital fissure
calcarine sulcus/fissue
1. demarcates primary visual cortex |
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Term
| Landmarks of the medial surface |
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Definition
Cingular gyrus
corpus callosum
septum pellucidum
thalamus
hypothalamus |
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Term
| Components of the Basal Ganglia |
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Definition
Caudate nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus
Substantia nigra
subthalamic nucleus |
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Term
| Function of the Basal Ganglia |
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Definition
| regulate motor functions, muscle tone, action execution, cognition |
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Term
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Definition
Consists of multiple nuclei
Sensory relay to cortex
Also has speech/language functions
Massa Intermedia; thalamic adhesion
1. connects R/L thalami
2. present in 70-80% of people |
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Term
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Definition
Consists of multiple nuclei
Functions:
1. autonomic - ANS
2. endocrinic - hormons
3. regulatory - body temp, blood volume, intake, circadium rhythms
4. drive and emotion - connection to limbic system |
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Term
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Definition
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla Oblongata |
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Term
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Definition
Direct connection between central brain and spinal cord.
Monitors all brain outputs
Automatic control system |
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Term
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Definition
Longitudinal fiber tracts
1. pyramidal tract
2. corticobulbar; corticospinal tracts |
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Term
| Reticular Formation (what does it connect and functions) |
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Definition
Circuitry connecting thalamus and spinal cord.
Inhibit, facilitate, modify, regulate all cortical functions
1. integrate sensory/motor with cognition. |
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Term
| Reticular Activating System or RAS |
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Definition
Cortical arousal and consciousness
Respiration
Swallowing |
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Term
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Definition
Corpora quadrigemina (4 bodies)
1. Superior colliculus - visual system
2. Inferior colliculus - auditory system |
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Term
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Definition
contains:
1. descending motor and ascending sensory tracts
Reticular Formation |
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Term
| Medulla (Internal features) |
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Definition
Reticular Formation
Cardiac Center
Vasomotor center
Respiratory center
Fiber tracts (Pyramidal decussation) |
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Term
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Definition
Modify motor signals - change tone, speed, range of motion
Coordination of movement |
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Term
| Connections of the Cerebellum |
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Definition
| extensive connections to motor cortex, basal ganglia and spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
Bundles of axons
enter/exiting cerebellum |
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Term
| Features of the Cerebullum |
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Definition
Gyri = folia
Vermis - midline structure
Flocculonodular lobe |
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Term
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Definition
vesicles in embryonic development form regions of the brain
1. Prosencephalon - forebrain
2. Mesencephalon - midbrain
3. Rhombencephalon - hindbrain |
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Term
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Definition
Telencephalon
1. Cerebrum (left/right hemispheres
Diencephalon
1. Thalmus |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Metencephalon
1. Pons
2. cerebellum
Myelencephalon
1. Medulla |
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Term
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Definition
Hemispheres
Basal Ganglia
Limbic System |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Bi-directional pathway for axons
Also houses reflex arcs |
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Term
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Definition
16-18 in. long, 1 cm diameter
31 pairs of spinal nerves:
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal |
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Term
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Definition
Lower tip of spinal cord
1. filum terminale: fiber extending down to connect to coccyx
Cauda equina |
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Term
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Definition
(deep, internal)
Spinal nerve cells
1. dorsal horns
2. ventral horns |
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Term
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Definition
Fibers exit/enter spinal cord through intervertebral foramina
1. dorsal and ventral fibers combine - spinal nerves |
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Term
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Definition
Ascending and descending fiber tracts
1. Funiculu/fasciculi
2. dorsal
3. ventral
4. lateral |
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Term
| Spinal cord gray and white matter info |
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Definition
size and shape changes
More gray matter near limbs
more white matter rostrally
1. most afferent going down
2. most efferent going up |
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Term
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Definition
Set of cavities and canals
Filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Four ventricles:
1. 2 lateral ventricles (1 each hemisphere)
2. 3rd ventricle
3. 4th ventricle |
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Term
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Definition
Protective membranes surrounding CNS
1. cover brain and spinal cord
2. create space to hold CSF |
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Term
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Definition
Dura mater
arachnoid membrane
pia mater |
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Term
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Definition
Collection of cell bodies:
Ganglion
Nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
Collection of axons
Myelinated axons
Tract, fasciculus, funiculus |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Neurons (10%) - communication
Glial Cells (90%) - structure, support, protection |
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Term
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Definition
Connection to capillaries
supply nutrients to neurons
create blood-brain barrier |
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Term
| Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells |
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Definition
Create mylen
Schwann cells in PNS |
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Term
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Definition
Phagocytes - eat up dead neurons/tissue
inflammatory response
immune response
work when needed |
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Term
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Definition
| Create linings - inner lining of ventricles |
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Term
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Definition
| Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia |
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Term
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Definition
Satelline cells - surround cell bodies (protect and scaffold like astrocytes
Schwann cells |
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Term
| Parts of the Neuron Cell body |
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Definition
Soma or perikaryon
contains organells and nucleus |
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Term
| Parts of Neuron Dendrites |
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Definition
receive information
1. from other neurons
2. receptors on cell membranes
carry message to cell body |
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Term
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Definition
leaves cell body at axon hillock
carries messages away from cell body
1. to other neurons, organ, muscles
may split into collateral branches
ends in terminal bouton/axon terminal
1. contains mitochondria
2. contains synaptic vesicles
a. filled with neurotransmitters
Covered with myeline
1. fatty substance
2. created by oligodendrocytes and schwann cells
3. Nodes of Ranvier |
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Term
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Definition
Microtubules
Neurofilaments
Microfilaments
Provide scaffolding/structure
create roadways
1. transporting proteins, neurotransmitters, and organelles
Tau proteins - important for microtubules |
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Term
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Definition
Fatty tissue
Glial cells
insulation - speeds up neural conduction
Increase rate of transmission 10/sec to 120 m/sec |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 cell creates many internodes |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 cell creates 1 internode |
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Term
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Definition
creation of myelin sheaths
Begins during fetal development
1. rate/timing matches sensori-motor and cognitive development
continues into adulthood |
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Term
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Definition
Point of communication
NO physical contact between neurons
components:
axon terminal
synaptic cleft
receptors (receiving neuron) |
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Term
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Definition
Dendrites - received chemical messages then send to soma
Soma - gets messages from dendrites and sends electrical message down axon
Axon - transports electrical message to axon terminal
Axon Terminal - sends chemical signal through synapse to next neuron (usually through dendrite) |
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Term
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Definition
electrical signal within a neuron
chemical signal between neurons
ONE WAY COMMUNICATION |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Unipolar - T-shaped, 1 extension from soma, divides into axon and dendrite. Spinal sensory neurons
Bipolar - 1 dendrite and 1 axon, retina, inner ear
Multipolar - many dendrites and 1 axon, CNS, motor system, Purkinje cells (cerebellum) |
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Term
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Definition
A. Frontal Gyri
1. Superior
2. Middle
3. Inferior
B.Inferior Frontal Gyrus
4. Orbital part
5. Triangular Part
6. Opercular Part
7. Orbital Gyri
8. Olfactory Bulb
9. Lateral Sulcus/Sylvian Fissure
10. Superior Temporal Gyrus
11. Middle T.G.
12. Inferior T.G.
13 Pre-occipital Notch
14. Angular Gyrus
15. Intraparietal Sulcus
16. Superior parietal lobule
17. Supramarginal Gyrus
18. Post-central Gyrus
19. Central Sulcus
20. Pre-central Gyrus |
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Term
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Definition
1. Nucleus
2.Dendrite
3. Soma
4. Axon
5. Axon Terminal |
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Term
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Definition
1. Insula
2. Tail of Caudate Nucleus
3. Hippocampus
4. Subthalamic Nucleus
5. Substantia Nigra
6. Third Ventricle
7. Thalamus
8. Internal Capsule
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Term
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Definition
1. Longitudinal Fissure
A. Olfactory
2. sulcus
3. bulb
4. tract
B Temporal Gyri
5. superior
6. middle
7. inferior
8. Transverse fissure
9. Pons
10. Gyrus Rectus
11. Orbital gyri
12. Uncus
13. Rhinol Sulcus
14. Parahippocampal gyrus
15. Occipitotemporal (fusiform) gyrus
16. Medulla
17. Cerebellum |
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Term
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Definition
1. Frontal
2. Parietal
3. Occipital
4. Temporal
(not pictured Insular) |
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Term
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Definition
1. Cingulate Gyrus
2. Corpus Callosum
3. Septum Pellucidum
4. Superior frontal gyrus
5. Frontal pole
6. Anterior Commissure
7. Hypothalamus
8. Thalamus
9. Midbrain
10. Pons
11. Medulla
12. Spinal Cord
13. Cerebellum
14. Calcarine fissure
15. Occipital pole
16. Parieto-occipital sulcus
17. Superior and Inferior collilculi
18. Posterior commissure
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Term
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Definition
1. Superior frontal gyrus
2. Middle frontal gyrus
3.Orbital part
4. triangular part
5. opercular part
6. Inferior frontal gyrus
7. Inferior parietal lobule
8. intraparietal sulcus
9. superior parietal lobule
10. Supramarginal gyrus
11. Angular Gyrus
12. Occipital gyri
13. Pre-central sulcus
14. Pre-central gyrus
15. central sulcus
16. Post-central gyrus
17. Post-central sulcus |
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