Term
| What is the likely site of metastasis for carcinoma to the brain |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the primary cell lines affected by ALS and MS |
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Definition
ALS-Anterior Horn Cells
MS-Oligodendrocytes |
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Term
| Why is it difficult for the body to drain edema from the brain |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the stages of Chromatolysis(Cell bodies response to axonal injury) |
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Definition
Cell Body Swelling
Nuclear Eccentricity
Dispersed Nissl Bodies
Neuronal Death or Recovery |
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Term
| What is wallian degeneration? |
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Definition
| Axon degeneration distal to the lesion with macrophage ingestion |
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Term
| What is the morphological change seen in neurons responding to hypoxic damage |
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Definition
Cytoplasm becomes hypereosinophilic
Nucleus will show Karyorrhexis and Karyolysis |
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Term
| What is transynaptic degeneration |
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Definition
| Loss of all or most presynaptic imput to a neuron resulting in cell body shrinkage or degeneration |
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Term
| What stain can be used to visualize astrocyte processes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a Gemistocytic Astrocyte |
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Definition
| Reactive Astrocyte with Large nuclei and eosinophilia |
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Term
| What are Rosenthal fibers? |
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Definition
| Chronic reactive astrocytic processes with eosinophilia |
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Term
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Definition
Enlaged astrocytic Processes with glucose polymer accumulation
Normal process of aging |
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Term
| What are Alheimer Type II Astrocytes |
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Definition
| Astrocyte with large comma shaped nuclei usually seen in Hepatic Encephalopathy |
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Term
| What is Satelitosis and is it pathological |
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Definition
| Normal Oligodendrocyte clustering around neuronal cell bodies |
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Term
| What is the ependymal response to injury and when is it typically seen |
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Definition
Granular Ependymitis
Meningitis or encephalitis |
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Term
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Definition
| Macrophage transformation of microglia usually with lipofusion accumulation(Foamy) |
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Term
| What are the mechanisms of cerebral edema, their likely cause, and possible treatment |
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Definition
Vasogenic: Direct Blood-Brain Barrier damage causing increase capillary permeability
Cause: Tumors and Abcesses
Tx: Steroid Therapy
Cytotoxic: Metabolic damage of neurons and glia with electrolyte imbalance
Cause: Infarctions,
Tx: No treatment |
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Term
| Subfalcine Herniation and complications |
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Definition
Cingulate gyrus protrusion across midline under falx
Complications: May infarct anterior Cerebral artery |
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Term
| What is Transtentorial Herniation and its Complications |
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Definition
Displaced medial temporal lobe between brainstem and tentorium
Complications: Compressed 3rd Cranial Nerve, Kernohan's Notch-displaced midbrain with contralateral cerebral peduncle compression causing ipsilateral hemiparesis to the primary lesion |
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Term
| What is a Cerebellar Tonsillar Herniation and its complications |
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Definition
Rostrocaudal displacemnt of posterior fossa
Complications:
Death from medullary compression
Duret hemorrhages in midbrain and pons from ruptured penetrating arteries of the brainstem |
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Term
| What are the causes of Hydrocephalus and the treatment |
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Definition
Non-Commuticating: Obstruction in the ventricular system
Communicating: Obstruction outside the ventricular system impairing ventricular drainage
Hydrocephalus ex Vacuo: Loss of Cerebral tissue
CSF Overproduction from a Choroid Plexus tumor
Treatment: Shunting |
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Term
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Definition
| Protusion of brain through skull defect |
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Term
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Definition
| Failure of forebrain to separate into 2 hemispheres |
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Term
| Arnold-Chiari Malformation |
|
Definition
| Downward displaced Cerebellar tonsil through foramen magnum |
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Term
| Dandy-Walker Malformation |
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Definition
| Agenesis of Cerebellar Vermis and englarged posterior fossa with dialation of fouth ventrical filling the space |
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Term
| Syringomelia and Hydromelia |
|
Definition
Syringomelia: Cyst or cavity formed in spinal cord
Hydromelia: Dialated central canal with fluid accumulation |
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Term
| Pathological features of Cerebral Edema |
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Definition
Gross
Flattened Gyri
Gray-White Margin Blurring
Micro
Poor Staining
Nuclear Halos |
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