Term
| What is the risk of developing epilepsy if you have a seizure |
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Definition
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Term
| How do you define epilepsy |
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Definition
| 2 or more seizures unprovoked by acute brain or systemic insults |
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Term
| What are the main types of partial seizure |
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Definition
Simple Partial
Complex Partial
Secondarily Generalized |
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Term
| What is a jacksonian seizure |
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Definition
| motor seizure spreading only unilaterally |
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Term
| What are the different types of simple partial seizures and feature of each |
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Definition
Motor
Sensory/Special Sensory: Hallucinations, Delusions
Autonomic: visceral, or autonomic
Psychic: Deja Vu, Jamais Vu, Depersonalization, Derealization, Autoscopy |
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Term
| Most common cause of partial seizures |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the major types of general seizures |
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Definition
Absence
Myoclonic
Tonic
Atonic
Tonic-Myoclonic |
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Term
| What is the appearance of each type of generalized seizure on EEG |
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Definition
Absence: 3 Hz Spikes
Atypical Absence: (<2.5Hz)Slow Wave spikes
Myoclonic: Polyspike and slow wave spike
Tonic-Myoclonic: Generalized Polyspike, but obscured by muscle spasm |
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Term
| What is the age range for absence seizures and what is the prognosis |
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Definition
Absence: 4-14 gone by 18 yrs old
Atypical Absence: Less than 6 more likely to persist |
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Term
| What types of generalized seizures are usually caused by an underlying neurological deficit |
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Definition
Atypical Absence
Atonic
Tonic |
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Term
| What types of generalized seizures do not have a postictal stage and what types of seizures are distinguished by this characteristic? |
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Definition
Absence
Atypical Absence
Distinguishes Absence from Partial Complex Seizures |
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Term
| What generalized seizure can be precipitated by hyperventilation |
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Definition
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Term
| What is different about the onset of absence and atypical absence seizures |
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Definition
| Atypical has a gradual onset |
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Term
| Describe the presentation of a myoclonic seizure |
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Definition
| Bilateral Synchronous jerks w/o Loss of Consciousness |
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Term
| What are the seizures that can cause epileptic drop attacks |
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Definition
Myoclonic
Atonic
Tonic
Tonic-myoclonic |
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Term
| Describe the appearance of a Tonic-Myoclonic Seizure |
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Definition
Loss of Consciouness
Tonic Posture transitioning into myoclonic jerking
Drooling, Mouth biting, Incontinence
Cry through vocal cords commonly occurs |
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Term
| What is a symptomatic and a cryptogenic seizure |
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Definition
Symptomatic: Seizure has a known etiology or there is a Neurological/ Psychological abnormality
Cryptogenic: Symtomatic type of seizure, but the cause in the patient is still unknown |
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Term
| Describe the signs of Childhood Absence Epilepsy and the treatment |
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Definition
4-8 yr old w/ many (3Hz)absence seizures
40% get Tonic-Myoclonic @ Puberty
Tx: Ethosuxomide, Valproate, Lamotrigine, Levetriacetam or Topiramate |
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Term
| Describe the appearance and treatment of Juvenille Myoclonic Epilepsy |
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Definition
12-18 yr old with (>4Hz)myoclonic seizures typically after awakening
Tx: lifelong with Valproate or less commonly Lamotrigine, Levetiracetam, Topiramate |
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Term
| How are the seizures of juvenille myoclonic epilepsy typically precipitated |
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Definition
Strobe light
Alcohol withdrawal
Sleep deprivation |
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Term
| Describe the appearance of West syndrome epilepsy and how is it treated |
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Definition
3-8 month old with Infantile spasms, Hyparrhythmic EEG, and Psychomotor delay
Usually has underlying neurological disease
Tx: Benzodiazepines
Valproate
Steroids/ACTH
Vigabatrin in Tuberous Sclerosis patients |
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Term
| What patients with febrile seizures are more likely to develop epilepsy late in life |
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Definition
Underlying Neurologic Abnormality
Those w/ Complex Seizures |
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Term
| What is the age range for febrile seizures and how are they treated |
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Definition
6 months-5 years
Tx: If repetitive, give Diazepam |
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Term
| Seizure related signs that persist after the duration of the seizure suggest what about the cause of the seizure |
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Definition
| Pre-existing Structural Lesion |
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Term
| What are some factors that increase the likelihood of diagnosing epilepsy in the future in a patient with a single seizure episode? |
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Definition
Neurological Injury
Structural Lesion
Abnormal EEG
Family History |
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Term
| What are the anti-epileptics that are inducers of the p450 system |
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Definition
Carbamezipine
Phenytoin
Phenobarbital
Primidone |
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Term
| Which Anti-Epleptics are not hepatically eliminated |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some lifestyle modifications to try in epileptics |
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Definition
Ketogenic Diet
Avoid Alcohol
Prevent Sleep Deprivation |
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Term
| What are some surgical procedures to treat seizures |
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Definition
Lobe Resection
Lobectomy
Corpus callosum Cut
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Term
| What is the definition of status epilepticus |
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Definition
A seizure lasting longer than ten minutes or
Two consecutive seizures spanning ten minutes w/o full recovery between seizures |
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Term
| What is the treatment for status epilepticus? |
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Definition
6-10 minutes: IV Lorazepam or Diazepam
10-20 minutes: IV Fosphenytoin
10-60 minutes: IV Midazolam, Phenobarbital, Propofol, or Valproate |
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Term
| What antiepileptic is the worst teratogen |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the presentation and the treatment of Lennox-Gastaust Syndrome |
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Definition
1-7 yr old with:
Slow wave seizures
Multiple seizure types
Mental Retardation
Also, West like syndrome presentation(25%) and Status Epilepticus
Tx: Ketogenic Diet or VNS |
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