Term
| What are paroxysmal depolarizing shifts (PDS)? |
|
Definition
| High voltage, long duration depolarizations with high frequency bursts of action potentials. |
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Term
| Extracellular K and intracellular Ca concentrations __________ and contribute to neuronal excitability during PDS. |
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Definition
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Term
| What drugs are used to treat partial seizures? |
|
Definition
| carbamazepine, phenytoin, clonazepam, and primidone. |
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Term
| What drugs are used to treat petit mal seizures? |
|
Definition
| ethosuximide, valproate, clonazepam, and trimethadione |
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Term
| What drugs are used to treat grand mal seizures? |
|
Definition
| phenytoin, carbamazepine, phenobarbital, primidone |
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Term
| What is status epilepticus? |
|
Definition
| A series of seizures without regaining consciousness between seizures. |
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Term
| What drugs are used to treat status epilepticus? |
|
Definition
| lorazepam, diazepam, and phenytoin |
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Term
| florazepam, triazolam, temazepam lorazepam, diazepam, clonazepam are... |
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Definition
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Term
| What is phenytoin (Dilantin)? |
|
Definition
Used for partial seizures, grand mal seizures, and status epilepticus.
Stabilizes membrane by decreasing Na conductance during high frequency repetitive firing. |
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Term
| Dilantin can cause what ocular side effect? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is carbamazepine (Tegretol) used for? |
|
Definition
| Grand mal seizures, partial seizures, bipolar disease, and trigeminal neuralgia |
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|
Term
| How does valproic acid (Depakote) work? |
|
Definition
| It inhibits the enzymes responsible for the breakdown of GABA. |
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|
Term
| What is valproic acid (Depakote) used for? |
|
Definition
| Absence seizures and sometimes Grand Mal seizures. |
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|
Term
| What are side effects of valproic acid (Depakote)? |
|
Definition
| Anorexia, nausea, birth defects, pancreatitis, and liver failure. |
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Term
| What kind of seizure is ethosuximide (Zarontin) used for? |
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Definition
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Term
| Phenobarbital binds to allosteric site on _____ receptors cause ____ influx with resultant membrane hyperpolarization. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the drug of choice for Generalized seizures and Status Epilepticus in infancts and children? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which seizure medication can cause physical and psychological dependence? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Primidone is metabolized to __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Generalized tonic-clonic seizures and partial seizures |
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|
Term
| Primidone cause what blood related side effects? |
|
Definition
| Leukopenia, thrombocytopenia |
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|
Term
| Benzodiazepines work like |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| diazepam and lorazepam are the preferred drugs for |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Clonazepam is the preferred drug for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What depletes monoamines and causes depression? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Imipramamine and fluoxetine are what kind of drugs? |
|
Definition
| Re-uptake inhibitors used to treat depression. |
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|
Term
| Phenylzine and Deprenyl are what kind of drugs? |
|
Definition
| MAO inhibitors used to treat depression. |
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Term
| Patients taking antidepressants should eliminate _______ from their diet to prevent going into hypertensive crisis. |
|
Definition
Foods containing tyramine.
Some fish, red wine, cheese |
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|
Term
| How does Tianeptine work? |
|
Definition
| It accelerates serotonin reuptake. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Depressed patients with sleep and anxiety disorders. |
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|
Term
| What is used to treat bipolar disorder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects of Lithium? |
|
Definition
| Tremor, renal toxicity, thyroid toxicity, and GI disturbance. |
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|
Term
| Which barbituate has the longest half life? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What barbituate has the shortest half life? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Benzodiazepines modulate what kind of receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ gate Cl channels independently, while ______ can not. |
|
Definition
| Barbituates, benzodiazepines |
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|
Term
| What two things contribute to the development of tolerance to barbituates? |
|
Definition
| Downregulation of GABA-A receptors and induction of P450 metabolizes drug faster. |
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|
Term
| Buspirone is an agonist for ________ and _______. |
|
Definition
| Serotonin 5HT1 and Dopamine D2 |
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|
Term
| Which inhalational anesthetic can produce diabetes insipidus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which inhalational anesthetic can cause hepatotoxicity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IV aesthetics enhance ________ transmission. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What IV anesthetic can cause malignant hyperthermia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What IV anesthetic can cause phychosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Drugs to treat insomnia are _________ receptor agonists. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Benzodiazepines increase the frequency of bursts of ______ channel openings. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Benzodiazepines bind to plasma proteins. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Ramelteon is a ___________ agonist. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Ramelteon is used for this kind of insomnia: |
|
Definition
| Difficulty FALLING asleep. |
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|
Term
| Depression results from underactivity of _________ and ________. |
|
Definition
| Norepinephrine, serotonin |
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|
Term
| Which SSRI has no active metabolites? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Accelerating serotonin reuptake |
|
|
Term
| This medicine stabilizes neuronal membrane, while still allowing normal action potentials. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Dilantin is used for all types of seizures except ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which medication produces atropine like symptoms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which drug inhibits the enzymes responsible for the breakdown of GABA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which seizure medication is not protein bound? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| If you have grand mal seizures, which medication should you not take? (It makes them worse) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does phenobarbitol work? |
|
Definition
| Binds to allosteric site on GABA receptors causing Chloride flux and makes the membrane hyperpolarized. |
|
|
Term
| Which drug should you not use if you have petit mal seizures (makes them worse?) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main treatment strategy when dealing with psychosis? |
|
Definition
| Antagonize dopamine receptors. |
|
|
Term
| When studying dopamine pathways, the substantia nigra projects to the _______ and is responsible for ______ activity. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| When studying dopamine pathways, the ventral tegmental area (VTA) projects to the ________ and is responsible for ______ activity. |
|
Definition
| Nucleus accumbens and frontal cortex, emotional |
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|
Term
| What anti-psychotic drug class is the first line of defense? |
|
Definition
| Atypical Non-Phenothiazine |
|
|
Term
| Phenothiazines and Typical Non-Phenothizines have an affinity for ____ receptors, while Atypical non-phenothizines have an affinity for _____ and ______ receptors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The part of the brain that has the most dopamine receptors is the... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Atypical Antipsychotic drugs block presynaptic ______ receptors, causing more dopamine release. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which antiphsycotic medicine causes an increase in prolactin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which anti-physcotic has a high chance of weight gain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which antiphyscotic has the greatest muscarinic effects? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which antipsychotic has the least muscarinic effects? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome |
|
Definition
| A Calcium metabolism defect - DA receptor 2nd messenger. |
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|
Term
| Fever, cognitive, autonomic signs, and muscular rigity are all signs of what? |
|
Definition
| Neuroleptic malignant syndrome. |
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|
Term
| What is the advantage of using atypical non-phenothiazines? |
|
Definition
| No extrapyramidal effects |
|
|
Term
| What is the major opoid receptor in the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main endogenous ligand to the Mu receptor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the main endogenous ligands for kappa receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This opiod receptor mediates dysphoria, hallucination, and psychosis. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Which analgesic has the longest half life? |
|
Definition
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