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Neuro Midterm
the brain
156
Pathology
Graduate
10/01/2009

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Term
efferent
Definition
are descending to the body from the brain to muscles
Term
afferent
Definition
are ascending coming from the skin, ears, eyes, going UP to brain
Term
neurology
Definition
the diagnosis and treatment of nervous system disorders
Term
neurosurgery
Definition
surgical removal or remediation of pathologies in the Nervous System
Term
neuroanatomy
Definition
structural framework of nervous system, consisting of nerve cells (neurons) and their tracts (fibers)
Term
neuroradiology
Definition
imagina techniques for differentiating pathologic changes of CNS; radiation therapy for NS tumors is a subspecialty
Term
neuroembryology
Definition
embryologic origins and development of NS
Term
neurophysiology
Definition
chemical, electrical, and metabolic functions of NS
Term
neuropathology
Definition
characteristics and origins of diseases and their effects on NS
Term
3 major components of Neurological Exam
Definition
1)Motor Examination
2) Sensory Examination
3) Mental Functions
Term
responsible forĀ  integrating all incoming and outgoing information and for generating appropriate responses to the information received
Definition
CNS
Term
Interconnectivity of the brain:
All functionally specific primary sensory and motor regions in the ______ are connected through _____ and _____ fibers
Definition
-cerebellum
-association
-commussural fibers
Term
The cortical association areas are _____ connected to each other, whereas the primary cortical areas are _____ connected through cortical association areas.
Definition
-directly
-indirectly
Term
The homologuos areas of the two hemispheres are connected through the ________
Definition
interhemispheric commissural fibers
Term
What is the CNS responsible for?
Definition
intergrating all incoming and outoging information adn for generating appropriate responses to the information received.
Term
The response can be ______
Definition
Volitional (internally generated)
Term
The response can be _______
Definition
reflex (environmentally elicited)
Term
Heirarchy of Neuraxial organization
Definition
simple to complex
low to high
Term
The lowest level of organization, serves simple sensorimotor functions in the form of basic reflexes that are partly influenced by the upper axial levels
Definition
spinal cord
Term
The complexity of information processing increases as the level of processing becomes more ______________
Definition
cephalic or brain controlled
Term
The hightest organizational level, is responsible for complex sensorimotor integration and higher mental functions (cognition, language, & speech)
Definition
cerebral cortex
Term
Functionally different neuronal structures also exist in the ____________ and ___________
Definition
brainstem and diencephalon
the intermediate level of organization
Term
What may be considered the nonthinking part of the brain?
Definition
Intermediate level of organization
Term
The intermediate lebel of organization is tightly intergrated with the _______ which serves the highest organization level of decision making
Definition
cerebral cortex
Term
3 most important aspects of brain organization are
Definition
1)bilateral anatomic symmetry
2)Unilateral functional differences
3) contralateral sensorimotor control of the NS
Term
bilateral anatomic symmetry bwt the 2 hemispheres
Definition
2 hemispheres are essentially similar with minor differences:lang. dominacne there is differential function of 1 region of the temporal lobe(planum temporal) btw the 2 sides of the brain.
Term
Both hemispheres are connected through the _________
Definition
corpus callosum
Term
corpus callosum
Definition
is the largest of the commissural fibers
Term
unilateral functional differences
Definition
immediately after birth, the 2 cerebral hemispheres are functionally equipotential; each hemisphere has the functional capacity to develop all types of skills
Term
contralateral sensorimotor control of the NS
Definition
a unique aspect of brain organization is that all sensory and motor fibers in the NS decussate (cross) the body's midline
Term
specialization
Definition
your neurological systems are functionally specialized. They perform speical functions and do specific things. If things are not getting some get seizures or strokes
Term
topographic organization
Definition
-more to help you study!
-there is a spacial arrangement of functions on the brain
-fingers are bigger because of fine motor so you need more representation to get things done
Term
the cerebral cortex is organized with
Definition
somatosensory homunculus
Term
plasticity
Definition
the brain's ability to REORGANIZE and MODIFY TISSUE functions and ADAPT to external and internal changes
Term
internal=
external=
Definition
-stoke
-concussion, gunshot wound
Term
Inflammatory responses, scar tissue, and protein expression, interfere with but do not necessarilty prevent the establishment of
Definition
axonal regeneration in the CNS
Term
what has greater opportunity to re-establish connections?
Definition
PNS
Term
fine tuning o fhte internal system is best illustrated by
Definition
acquisition of a 2nd lang. or musical knowledge in the early years
Term
rostral
Definition
toward the head
Term
caudal
Definition
toward the tail
Term
dorsal
Definition
toward the back
Term
ventral
Definition
toward the belly
Term
sagittal
Definition
down the middle
Term
coronal
Definition
front and back halves
Term
horizontal
Definition
top and bottom halves
Term
midsaggital
Definition
exactly dead in the middle
Term
transverse
Definition
cross cut-always at a right angle to your longitudinal axis
Term
lateral
Definition
toward the side
Term
lateral view=
Definition
outside view
Term
medial
Definition
toward the middle
Term
gyrus
Definition
peak (crest or swelling)
Term
convolution
Definition
swelling or crest
Term
sulcus
Definition
(sulci) fissure, groove or cracks
Term
fissure
Definition
grooves or cracks (DEEPER THAN SULCUS)
Term
Opercular
Definition
marginal surrounding (like a corner
Term
commisure
Definition
connecting band of fibers
Term
calvarium
Definition
skull, cranium
Term
meninges
Definition
to protect and nurture
Term
outer most layer.
durable or tough mamma. looks like wax paper but can't tear it.
Definition
dura mater
Term
protective-covers CNS
Definition
arachnoid
Term
inner most layer-little momma
Definition
pia mater
Term
most common cause for cutting the 3 layers
Definition
head injury
Term
neuron
Definition
highly irritable and highly reactive to change
Term
2 main parts of a neuron
Definition
1)cell body
2)axon
Term
cell body
Definition
nucleus and dendrites
Term
these receive the messages
Definition
dendrites
Term
branch off the cell body
Definition
axon
Term
tendoradrites
Definition
are spirals and reach out to the next dendrite to send messages
Term
telodendria
Definition
send the messages-tail of axon
Term
synapse
Definition
space btw one neuron and the next
Term
acetylcholine
Definition
most important to speech!!!
neuro transmitter
Term
CNS
Definition
brain and spinal cord: made up of neurons-indirect communication to the brain
Term
spinal cord sends motor____
sensory____
Definition
-down
-up
Term
well defined collection of nerve cells in the CNS is called__________
Definition
nucleus or cell column
Term
sympathetic
Definition
fight or flight
Term
parasympathetic
Definition
seeks homeostasis state
Term
PNS
Definition
cranial nerves and spinal nerves
Term
similar connection of nerves in PNS is called
Definition
ganglion
Term
ANS
Definition
involuntary functions-reflex, heart rate, perspiration
Term
ANS
Definition
sympathetic and parasympathetic
Term
SNS
Definition
voluntary movement
Term
prosencephalon
Definition
telencephalon and diencephalon
Term
mesensephalon
Definition
midbrain
Term
midbrain connectes:
Definition
prosencephalon and rhonbencephalon
Term
rhombencephalon
Definition
metencephalon and myelincephalon
Term
metencephalon
Definition
pons and cerebellum
Term
myelincephalon
Definition
medulla omblongata
Term
spinal cord
Definition
1)spindal cord proper
2) cauda equina
Term
ventricular system:
4 ventricles connect to each other by the ________
Definition
spinal canal- runs directly through spinal cord
Term
corpus collosum
Definition
connects the hemispheres
Term
bands of baillarger
Definition
association pathways-lobe to lobe within hemispheres
Term
projection fibers
Definition
project they go far/cortex to distant regions of CNS
project from the brain down into spinal cord
Term
calvarium
Definition
outer most layer of meneniges
Term
do we have more neurons or neuroglial
Definition
neuroglial
Term
all of our communication is either ____ or _____
Definition
-inhibit-squash it
-excite- send it on
Term
oligodentroglial
Definition
forms myelin (one to every 25 neurons)
Term
nodes of ranvier
Definition
intervals btw segments of myelin sheath, helping message jump and speed up transmittion
Term
telodendria
Definition
finger like projections; terminal brancehs off axon
Term
synaptic vescles
Definition
release neuro trnsmitters
Term
presynaptic
Definition
one sending
Term
postsynaptic
Definition
receiving
Term
absolute refractory period ___________ And is___________
Definition
DOES NOT FIRE!!!! and is HYPERPOLARIZED
Term
Depolarized
Definition
more positive on inside action potential
Term
polarized
Definition
negative on inside and resting
Term
what are the 3 factors that increase the speed of impulse conduction?
Definition
1)large in diameter of axon
2) pressure-intensity
3) nodes of ranvier
Term
telencephalon: cerebral cortex
Longitudinal:
Definition
interhemispheric fissure; divides righ and left hemispheres
Term
central fissure:
Definition
on top, almost halfway back; divides frontal lobe from parietal
Term
lateral fissure:
Definition
most consistent; seperates temporal lobe from pariatel lobe
Term
left hemisphere:
Definition
-most aspects of language
-verbal memory
-anylitical thought process
Term
right hemisphere:
Definition
-facial recognition
-perception of emotion
-spatial conceptualization
-nonverbal lang.
-perception of music and art
-gestalt/holistic process
Term
frontal lobe:
Definition
front pole to central fissure; inferiorly by the lateral fissure
Term
parietal lobe:
Definition
central fissure; blends posteriorly with occipital lobe along hte parieto- occipital sulcus; blends inferiorly with temporal lobe
Term
temporal lobe:
Definition
superiorly by lateral fissure; blends posteriorly with occipital and parietal lobes
Term
occipital lobe:
Definition
blends anteriorly with parietal adn temporal lobes at the parieto-occipital sulcus
Term
insular:
Definition
deep to the lateral fissure; bounded by curcular sulcus, 2 gyri, limen insula (hidden by opercula of frontal, lateral and temporal lobes)
Term
basil ganglia
Definition
contol circuit
Term
internal capsule
Definition
main pathway
Term
rhinencephalon
Definition
limbic system
Term
telencephalon (concerned with muscular precisions)
Basil Ganglia 3main portions:
Definition
1) lenticular nucleus
2) caudate nucleus
3) amyglada
Term
-telencephalon: internal capsule
-3 PARTS:
-main function
Definition
-white fiber tract from CORONA RADIATA-2 limbs and bend
-all sensory and motor tracts btw teh cortex and the thalamus travel through here
Term
telencephalon: rhinencephalon (limbic system)
-function
Definition
-motivation, emotions, sex drive
Term
zygote
Definition
once the egg has been fertilized
Term
zygote has 3 layers
Definition
endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm
Term
blastocyst
Definition
fluid filled sack
Term
neural tube is completely formed by what week?
Definition
4th week
Term
cell differentiation begins with formation of _________
Definition
endoderm
Term
dense connective tissue around the brain
Definition
skull
Term
myotome=
Definition
muscles
Term
scletotome protects teh
Definition
spinal cord
Term
neural tube is fused by day
Definition
22
Term
the end of neural tube that is closed off first is ______ on day______
Definition
rosteral closes on day 25
Term
the vessicles are formed during week ____ are optic nerves and then soon after another pair of diverticula, the telencephalic vessivles
Definition
week 4
Term
motor=
Definition
in front
Term
sensory=
Definition
in back
Term
endoderm
Definition
-digestive tract
-trachea, bronchi, lungs
-pharynx, thyroid gland, eustachian tubes
Term
mesoderm:
Definition
-head: skull, teeth
-dorsal: skeleton connective tissue
-lateral: lungs, heart, vascular system
Term
ectoderm:
Definition
-neural tube: neural crest, brain, CNS, PNS
-eye lens, inner ear
-outer epithelium: oral, enamel nose
Term
what results from the thickening of ECTODERM immediately over the notochord
Definition
Medullary or neural plate
Term
lateral margins grow UPWARD to form the _____ which bound the neural groove
Definition
neural folds
Term
neural folds eventually fuse to form _____ (future CNS)
Definition
neural tube
Term
this chain of events is complete by ____
Definition
beginning of week 3
Term
segmentation of mesoderm forming somites at week
Definition
3
Term
1st pair forms day ___; by the 4th week there are ____pairs of somites
Definition
16 and 30 pairs
Term
somites:
_ occipital, _ cervial, _ thoracic, _lumbar, ___ coccygeal
Definition
3, 8, 12, 5, 5-8
Term
the NS is fully formed from the
Definition
ectoderm
Term
neural tube:
rosteral portion-
narrow caudal portion-
lumen
Definition
-ulimately dev into brain
-dev into spinal cord
-dev into the ventricular system
Term
caudal neural tube: eventually becomes
Definition
spinal cord and roots to spinal nerves
Term
ventral portion becomes
Definition
motor in function
Term
dorsal portion becomes
Definition
sensory in function
Term
cerebral hemispheres are prominent by week
Definition
6
Term
during what month does gray matter migrate to margin and begins proliferating much faster than the white matter
Definition
month 3
Term
fissures appear in month
Definition
4
Term
also in month 4 what has developed
Definition
corpus callosum
Term
during what month does the cerebral hemispheres overtake the diencephalon, mesencephalon and part of cerebellum
Definition
month 5
Term
PNS overall derived from
Definition
neural tube
Term
most what are derived from neural crest?
Definition
sensory nuclei
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