Term
Name the following cortical regions.
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Definition
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Term
Name the following multimodal association cortices.
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Definition
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Term
Name the following ventral and dorsal processing streams.
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Definition
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Term
Name the major cognitive dysfunctions associated with the following functions:
- language
- memory
- visuaospatial skills
- attention
- executive processing |
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Definition
language - aphasia
memory - agnosia
visuospatial - apraxia
attention - negelect
exec. processing - dysexecutive syndromes |
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Term
| Describe the difference between a transcortical motor and transcorticl sensory aphasia. |
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Definition
transcortical motor - NON-fluent speech, can comprehend, can repeat; caused by stroke within watershed region surrounding Broca's area.
transcortical sensory - fluent speech, CAN'T comprehend; can repeat; caused by stroke within temporal lobe near Wernicke's area; pt can't attach meaning to words |
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Term
Describe the affect that a lesion in the right hemishpere would have on attention.
[image]
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Definition
| The figure shows a right hemisphere-dominant directed attention model. Therefore, a lesion to the right (dominant) side results in hemi-inattention to the left side. |
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Term
The following drawing was by a patient who suffered an infarct within which lobe?
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Definition
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Term
| During habituation (implicit memory), which short-term and long-term effects occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the process of long-term potentiation in the hippocampus. |
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Definition
Rapid, intense presynaptic firing elicits post synaptic AP's. Sustained presynaptic firing evokes a stronger postsynaptic response.
[image] |
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Term
| How do NMDA blockers, like memantine, aid in memory dysfunction? |
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Definition
| With age, NMDA receptors remain partially open, allowing toxic levels of glutamate to enter the cell (excitotoxicity). By blocking NMDA receptors drugs like memantine fix this leak. |
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Term
Name the hidden components of the polysynaptic pathway of memory and emotional processing (Papez circuit).
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Definition
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Term
What post-surgical effects can be expected from the following patient?
[image] |
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Definition
- complete anterograde amnesia (unabe to form new explicit memories!)
- partial retrograde amnesia
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Term
| Bilateral destruction of the amygdala and inferior temporal lobe are categorized as which syndrome? What is the core deficit of this syndrome? |
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Definition
Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
core deficit: inability to learn the emotional significance of external events |
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Term
| What is the core deficit associated with an orbital or medial prefrontal cortex lesion? |
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Definition
| insensitivity to the emotional consequence of one's own actions; lack of empathy. |
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Term
| How is the simultaneous awareness of a sensory input and the reaction to it achieved? |
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Definition
| Each second, a large number of neurons within the region of the cerebral cortex that receives the sensory input oscillate at once (upon being triggered to do so by the thalamus). Cortex cells coherently fire back at the thalamus, "binding" the sensation to a unified cognitive act. |
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Term
Complete the following segmental reflex chart.
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
| List the 4 types of LMN lesions. |
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Definition
Hypotonia
Hyporeflexia
Atrophy
Fasiculations |
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Term
Describe the somatotropic organization and course of the corticospinal tracts at the:
- cortex
- internal capsule
- brainstem
- spinal cord |
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Definition
- cortex: precentral gyrus and supplementary motor area
- internal capsule: posterior limb (genu for corticobulbar tracts)
- brainstem: face--->more medial; arms and legs--->more lateral; taper together further caudally
- spinal cord: medial to lateral---> CTLS (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral); legs: most lateral; arms: more medial. So a compression injury would affect the sacral region, lower limbs. |
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Term
| Differentiate between decorticate and decerebrate posturing. |
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Definition
Decorticate - disinhibition of brainstem---> hyperactivation of brainstem---> both medial and lateral indirect activation pathways active---> arms flexed (lat. pathway); everything else extended (medial pathway, brace against gravity).
Decerebrate - compression of upper brainstem---> effects red nucleus---> NO flexion---> everything primarily extended |
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Term
Name the concealed components of the medial and lateral pathways of the indirect activation pathway.
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Definition
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Term
| What is the pattern of weakness seen with patients suffering from an upper motor neuron lesion? |
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Definition
upper extremities: extensor weakness
lower extremities: flexor weakness |
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Term
Which central motor feedback tract is described below?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
Which central motor feedback tract is described below?
[image] |
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Definition
| posterior (dorsal) spinocerebellar tract |
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Term
Which central motor feedback tract is described below?
[image] |
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Definition
| anterior (ventral) spinocerebellar tract |
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Term
List the concealed components of the cerebellar and basal ganglia control circuits.
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
| What causes the pigmentation of the substantia nigra? |
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Definition
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Term
Identify the following components
[image] |
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Definition
| clockwise from top: cerebral aqueduct; cerebral peduncle; substantia nigra (dark section: pars compacta; light section: pars reticulata); red nucleus. |
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Term
| What net effect does DA from the substantia nigra compacta have on motor programs? |
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Definition
| easier selection of motor programs by facilitating stimulation of the direct pathway (D1 receptors) and inhibition of the indirect pathway (D2 receptors) |
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Term
Describe the concealed components of the cerebellum.
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
List the concealed elements of the afferent and efferent cerebellar tracts of the three cerebellar peduncles.
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
List the concealed components of the functional subdvisions of the cerebellum.
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Definition
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