Term
| what are the two main types of depression |
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Definition
major depressive disorder
bipolar |
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Term
| what is bipolar somtimes called? |
|
Definition
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Term
depression is what type of disorder- effective or affective?
what does that mean?
what is another name for this? |
|
Definition
affective
disroder of inner emotions
mood disorder |
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Term
| how difficult is it to identify depression? |
|
Definition
| hard- bc you cant see someon's inner thoughts |
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Term
| major depression is not just sad or grief but also- |
|
Definition
| negative emotions that debalitate ability to function |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of interest in normal pleasure activites |
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Term
| signs and Symptoms of depressoin-3 |
|
Definition
persistant sad/anxiety
anhedonia
irratibility |
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Term
| how does depression disrupt the sleep cycle-3 |
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Definition
early morning awaken
disruption of circadian
REM is earlier or too often |
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Term
| what are the presistant physical symtpoms-4 |
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Definition
| headache, digestive, pain, stop caring for themself |
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Term
| what 4 disruptions does MDD involve |
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Definition
| emotional, behavior, social, congnitive |
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Term
| what % of the population experiences depresison in their life? |
|
Definition
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Term
| does depression normally just occur once or have recurrent episodes? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| what vitamin deficiency can cause depression? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| what is a medical condiiton that can associate with depression? |
|
Definition
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Term
| if a pt has depression and halluncinations/distubred reality together what are the 2 possibilites for diagnoses? |
|
Definition
MDD + schiz
psychotic depression |
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Term
| this depression subtype is less severe but lasts for months at a time |
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Definition
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Term
| what predisposes a person for MDD? |
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Definition
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Term
with MDD, does less or more sleep show to have beneficial effects?
what returns the pt back to depressin? |
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Definition
less sleep
just 1 night of recovery sleep |
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Term
| what is the definiton of seasonal affective disoder? |
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Definition
| pt is worse in the winter and better in the spring bc there are more daylight hours in the spring |
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Term
| what type of therrapy cna be used for ppl with seasonal affective disorder? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| how many women undergo postpartum depression |
|
Definition
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|
Term
common triggers for depression-3
what are the 3 factors that combine to cause it? |
|
Definition
stress, drugs, udnerlying medical condition
genetics, psychological, environment |
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|
Term
| what type of ppl are more prone to depressin? |
|
Definition
| low-self esteem and pessimistic |
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|
Term
| what age range is the highest for onset of depressin? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| 1/3 of unipolar depressive ppl have some type of? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
depression is homeogenous or heterogenous?
what does this mean? |
|
Definition
heterogenous
etiology varies |
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|
Term
| evidence for different etiology of deprresison-2 |
|
Definition
women have 2x more chance of it
women experience it differently |
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|
Term
is depression heriditary?
what does that mean? |
|
Definition
yes
there is some sot of genetic link |
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|
Term
what is the heritablity number for depresison?
what does that mean? |
|
Definition
.35
65% of phenotypic effects are due to env or random events |
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Term
| new gentic technologies have helped devlop what hypothesis for depression |
|
Definition
| the common variant hypothesis |
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|
Term
| is depresison polygenic or monogenic? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| some major genes thought to be involved in depression- 3 |
|
Definition
5HT transporter (SERT)
Trp hydoxylase (TPH-2)
brain derived neurotrophic factor- BDNF |
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|
Term
people with what genotype of SERT are at higher risk for MDD?
what ppl normallyhave this genotype? |
|
Definition
S/S (so produces less SERT)
abused as child or had stressful event in childhood |
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Term
| why would TPH-2 be an allele causing depression? |
|
Definition
| bc it is the catalyst of the rate limitng step of 5HT synthesis in the brain |
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Term
| polymorphism in the Brain derived NF has more evidence for an assoc with what disease? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what is the function of the BDNF? |
|
Definition
| synaptic plasitcity and neuronal survival/differentiation |
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|
Term
BDNF is reduced by what?
where at? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what is the missense mutaiton that affects the synthesis of BDNF? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
what gave rise to the monoamine hypothesis?
what is its meaning? |
|
Definition
the use of SSRIs and NRIs for depression
depresison is caused by serotonin and noradrenergic hypofunction |
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|
Term
what behaviors does 5HT control?
what can it be converted to and then control? |
|
Definition
eating, sleep, libido, body temp
melatonin- circadian rythm |
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|
Term
you measurfe 5HT to be low by getting the conc where?
what is the susbtance that you are measuring? |
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Definition
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|
Term
what drug helps with the monoamine hypoth by being known to induce depression?
what does it do?
what plant is it from? |
|
Definition
reserpine
causes release and destuciton of NTs
Rauwolfia |
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|
Term
Ne and 5HT are in the brainstem, but what specific parts:
NE-
5HT- |
|
Definition
locus coreleus
raphe nuclei |
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|
Term
| what is the problem with the monoamine theroy?-2 |
|
Definition
no specificity for a cetsin region in the brain for mood
antidepressants take weeks to work even tho NT and 5HT conc are elevated immediately |
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|
Term
| what are the 2 areas of the brain invovling the inner emtions of a person |
|
Definition
prefrontal cortex
limbic system |
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|
Term
| prefrontal cortex is resp for what- 4 |
|
Definition
elaboraiton of thoughts
executive control of seterotypical actions
motivaiton, memory |
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|
Term
the limbic systme is a lot of structures to funtion for-
what does it also interact with? |
|
Definition
beahvori and emotion
prefrontal cortex |
|
|
Term
| what are the regions in the limbic system?-5 |
|
Definition
hypothalmus
amygdala
hippocampus
accumbens
cingulate cortex |
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|
Term
| what is the effervent axis of the limbic system? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| hjypothalmus regulates what 2 functions - |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| activaiton of _ system by hypothalmus gives the warm fuzzy feelings |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| activaiton of sympathetic systme by the hypothalmus is assoc with what?-2 |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| what part of the limbic system controls the display of emotions |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| evidence to a disruption in the hypothalmus during depression is that 50% of ppl |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| what is the dexamethasone suppression test? |
|
Definition
| treatment with dexamethasone would reduce ACTH and cortisol to help with depresisonq |
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|
Term
this part of the limbic syst is invovled in inner emotions?
ex: |
|
Definition
amygdala
joy, hope, fear, etc |
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|
Term
| the amygdala recives info from what to apply emotion to it? |
|
Definition
| orbitofrontal cortex (part of the prefrontal) |
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|
Term
| functions of the hippocampus-3 |
|
Definition
memory consolidaiton
timing mechanisms
inhibitng hypothalmus |
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|
Term
| what part of the limbic syst is called the reward center? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| the accumbens functions how |
|
Definition
| responds to DA and applies postive reinforcement to thoughts/actions |
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|
Term
| what part of the limbic system links good and bad outcomes to memories/actions |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| what is the function of the cingulate cortex? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| what is the evidence for pathology in the emtional networks?-2 |
|
Definition
reduced volume of hippocampus
metabolic rates of glucose lowered |
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|
Term
| what is the evidence that shows there isnt neurodegeneration in MDD?-2 |
|
Definition
depresison can be reversed
no astrocytosis/microgliosis |
|
|
Term
what is tissue atrophy in depresison due to?
what may be a cause fo this? |
|
Definition
synapses loss in tissue parenchyma
overstimulation of GSK3 |
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|
Term
| where are neurons constantly being gneerated? |
|
Definition
| DENTATE GYRUS OF HIPPOCAMPUS |
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|
Term
| what does elevated cortisol do to the huppocampusF |
|
Definition
| impairs neurogensis and hippocampus functoin and sometimes atrophy |
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|
Term
| hat can enhance hippocampus neurogensis?-3 |
|
Definition
exercise, antidepressants
BDN |
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|
Term
what is hte new susbtance shown to have antidepressive acitons?
how long does it take effect? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| what isnt so wonderful about ketamine?-2 |
|
Definition
dissociative analgesic
psychotomimetic |
|
|
Term
ketamine MOA
-need what other substance for its effect |
|
Definition
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