Term
| Name the region of the human body where lumbar punctures are done |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two enlarged regions of the spinal cord? |
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Definition
| Cervical (C3-T1) and Lumbosacral (L1-S2) |
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Term
| Humans have how many pairs of spinal nerves? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 5 regions of the spinal cord? |
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Definition
| Moving caudally, the five regions are cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal |
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Term
| what are mammillary bodies? |
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Definition
| either of the two small round masses of gray matter in the hypothalamus located close to one another in the interpeduncular space. They may be involved with olfactory reflexes. |
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Term
| True or false: White matter is comprised of tracts and commissures? |
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Definition
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Term
| In which division of the nervous system are Schwann cells located? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| tracts that cross the middle of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| a bundle of peripheral nervous system axons |
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Term
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Definition
| nerve cell bodies AND supporting cells in the PNS |
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Term
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Definition
| a collection of axons in the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| nerve cell bodies of the CNS |
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Term
| T/F Afferent neurons are sensory |
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Definition
| True; afferent neurons take input fron the PNS and send it to the CNS |
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Term
| Where in the spinal column are afferent neurons located? |
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Definition
| Afferent cell bodies are located in the dorsal root ganglia |
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Term
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Definition
| SVZ stands for subventricular zone, which is characterized by the presence of astrocytes |
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Term
| Name the primary function of microglial cells |
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Definition
| microglial cells are scavengers; they remove cellular debris. a secondary function is to regulate local inflammation and influence cell survival |
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Term
| From where are microglial cells derived? |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F Schwann cells possess stem-cell like properties |
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Definition
| True, Schwann cells can generate new Schwann cells in response to injury |
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Term
| In which division of the nervous system are Schwann cells located? |
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Definition
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Term
| In which division of the nervous system are oligodendrocytes located? |
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Definition
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Term
| Compare astrocytes to stem cells |
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Definition
| astrocytes have the ability to enter mitosis and generate all of the cell classes found in the nervous system |
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Term
| What is the primary function of an astrocyte? |
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Definition
| maintain an appropriate chemical environment |
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Term
| In which division of the nervous system are astrocytes located? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 5 functions of glial cells |
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Definition
1. maintain a specific ionic balance
2. modulate rate of signal propagation
3. modulate uptake/metabolism of neurotransmitters at the synaptic cleft
4.provide a scaffold for neural development
5. aid in recovery from neural injury |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of differentiated glial cells? |
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Definition
| astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglial cells |
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Term
| What is the ratio of glial cells to neurons in the brain? |
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Definition
| There are three times as many glial cells as there are neurons |
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Term
| In general, how does a neurotransmitter function? |
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Definition
| A neurotransmitter modifies the electrical properties of its target cell |
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Term
| What is another term for an electrical synapse? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which type of synapse is more abundant, chemical or electrical? |
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Definition
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Term
| Compare and contrast convergence and divergence, as they relate to a specific neuron |
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Definition
| convergence describes the number of inputs into a single neuron, while divergence describes the number of targets a particular neuron is affecting |
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Term
| T/F: Neuronal dendrites have a higher concentration of ribosomes than somatic cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 4 functions of the cytoskeleton |
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Definition
1. Assist in migration of nerve cells
2. Involved in growth of axons and dendrites
3. trafficking of organelles
4. Involved in the exocytosis and endocytosis underlying the release of neurotransmitters |
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Term
| T/F: Proteins are expressed in greater quantities in an axon than in somatic cells |
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Definition
| False; protein synthetic organelles are largely excluded from axons |
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Term
| T/F: Mitochodria are highly concentrated at synapses in neurons |
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Definition
| True, they play a role in neurotransmitter release |
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Term
| Name 3 functions of glial cells |
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Definition
1. Act as stem cells
2. Promote regrowth of damaged neurons
3. Preventing regeneration of inappropriate cell types |
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Term
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Definition
| a network of axons, dendrites, and glial cells comprising the gray matter in which neuronal cell bodies are embedded |
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Term
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Definition
| sheet-like arrangements of nerve cells (e.g. in cerebrum and cerebellum) |
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Term
| What are the 3 subdivisions of the visceral motor system? |
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Definition
| The sympathetic (fight or flight), the parasympathetic (rest and digest), and the enteric. The enteric system is comprised of small ganglia and single neurons scattered throughout the gut |
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Term
| Describe the locations of the subdivisions of the visceral motor system |
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Definition
| In the sympathetic nervous system, axons run along, or in front of, the vertebral column. In the parasympathetic, axons run along or adjacent to the organs they innervate |
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Term
| Where are postganglionic neurons located? |
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Definition
| within the autonomic ganglia. (recall that ganglia refers to a grouping of nerves) |
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Term
| What is the primary function of postganglionic neurons? |
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Definition
| the control of involuntary behavior |
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Term
| define preganglionic neuron |
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Definition
| a neuron which has its soma in the CNS |
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Term
| What are the two subdivisions of the motor portion of the PNS? |
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Definition
1. somatic: axons that connect the brain and spinal cord to skeletal muscles
2. visceral (aka autonomic) cells and axons that innervate smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands |
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Term
| What are the three functional distinctions of the nervous system? |
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Definition
1. sensory: information can have both external and visceral origins
2. motor: responds to sensory info
3. association: facilitates communication between the sensory and motor components. *(this portion is the least well-characterized) |
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Term
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Definition
| of, or relating, internal organs |
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Term
| What are the 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system? |
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Definition
1. sympathetic (localized to the thoracic columbar region)
2. parasympathetic (cranial sacral region) |
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Term
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Definition
| functionally independent; not subject to voluntary control |
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Term
| What is the difference between afferent and efferent? |
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Definition
| Afferent neurons carry sensory information toward the CNS, while efferent neurons carry motor responses away from the CNS. (Efferent neurons Exit) |
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Term
| What is the myotatic spinal reflex? |
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Definition
| The most basic neural circuit in the human body; the knee-jerk reflex. It consists of an efferent nerve, an interneuron, and an efferent nerve |
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Term
| What are the 3 sensory cranial nerves? |
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Definition
| olfactory (1st cranial nerve), optic (2nd cranial nerve), and vestibulocochlear (8th cranial nerve) |
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Term
| What are the 5 motor cranial nerves? |
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Definition
| oculomotor (3rd cranial nerve), trochlear (4th cranial nerve), abducens (6th cranial nerve), accessory (11th cranial nerve), and hypoglossal (12th cranial nerve) |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of brainstem motor nuclei? |
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Definition
1. somatic motor
2. branchia motor
3. visceral motor |
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Term
| What is the primary function of the precentral gyrus? |
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Definition
| The precentral gyrus is the primary motor cortex |
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Term
[image]
Identify region 1 |
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Definition
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Term
[image]
Identify region 2 |
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Definition
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Term
[image]
Identify region 3 |
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Definition
| Primary somatic sensory cortex |
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Term
[image]
Identify region 4 |
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Definition
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Term
[image]
Identify region 5 |
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Definition
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Term
[image]
Identify region 6 |
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Definition
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Term
| define intervertebral foramina |
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Definition
| holes within the vertebral column through which the spinal nerves leave the CNS |
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Term
| What are the 3 functions of the brainstem? |
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Definition
1. Target and/or source for the cranial nerves
2. Functions as a channel for the CNS portions of various neural circuits
3. Regulates the level of consciousness via the reticular formation |
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Term
| The 12 cranial nerves reside on the ________ (dorsal or ventral) side of the brainstem |
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Definition
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Term
| From where does the vertebrate artery arise? |
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Definition
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Term
| From where does the internal carotid arise? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the artery responsible for anterior cranial circulation |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the artery responsible for posterior circulation |
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Definition
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Term
| Which artery is responsible for facial circulation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the names of the 2 branches of the internal carotid artery? |
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Definition
| anterior cerebral artery and middle cerebral artery |
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Term
| How many vertebrate arteries do humans have? |
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Definition
| Two; one on each side of the body (e.g. left and right) |
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