Term
| where are the centers of CV control in the brain ("CV center")? |
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Definition
| in the medulla and pons of the brain stem |
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Term
| what are the 2 specific nuclei associated generally with specifically CV and other visceral function? |
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Definition
| the nucleus solitarius (visceral afferent nucleus) and the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve (visceral parasympathetic efferent nucleus) |
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Term
| what kind of control are the CV center and 2 nuclei associated with? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the neuraxis and how is it activated? |
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Definition
| the neuraxis is the axial part of the CNS, comprising of the brain stem and spinal cord. it is activated by a center in the midbrain (center of consciousness) which uses norepinephrine as its primary neurotransmitter (pupil reactivity is a test to ensure this midbrain center is working) |
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Term
| what are the limbic lobe and system? |
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Definition
| this is the center of emotion and concomitant behavior located deep in the medial sagittal aspects of the cerebrum and has its greatest influence over the hypthalamus |
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Term
| what is the function of the hypothalamus? |
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Definition
| the hypothalamus is the center for convergence and integration of visceral/endocrine activity. in the hypothalamus there are direct connections to the brain stem parasympathetic nuclei and direct connections to the spinal cord sympathetic nuclei |
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Term
| where are the origins for the parasympathetic/craniosacral pathways? |
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Definition
the cranium: 3,7,9,10
the sacral spinal cord: S2,3,4 |
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Term
| where are the origins for the sympathetic/thoracolumbar pathways? |
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Definition
| the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord segments: T1-L2 |
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Term
| what does "origin" of a nerve fiber mean? |
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Definition
| the location of the neuron cell body (life center of the nerve cell) |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS |
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Term
| what are the dorsal root ganglia? |
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Definition
| sympathetic chain ganglia, superior cervical chain ganglia, celiac ganglia, aorticorenal ganglia, submucosal and mesenteric ganglia |
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Term
| what do the rami communicantes usually do? |
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Definition
| provide a link between sympathetic ganglia and spinal nerves |
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Term
| where do visceral afferents enter the spinal segments relative to sympathetic efferents? |
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Definition
| at the same vertebral level |
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Term
| parasympathetic innteravation from what cranial nerve involves the heart? |
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Definition
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Term
| afferent axons paralleling parasympathetics are generally what 2 things in their function? |
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Definition
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Term
| heart muscle would send information about ischmia (due to coronary occlusion) along sympathetic innervation to what spinal cord segments? what other nerves arise from this part of the neuraxis? |
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Definition
| T1-T4, which the ulnar nerve's (C8,T1) innervation is also related to |
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Term
| why is referred pain associated with an MI typically felt on the left? |
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Definition
| the left side of the spinal corde innervates the ventricals predominantly |
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Term
| why would a diabetic be at particularly high risk for problems associated with an MI? |
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Definition
| due to diabetic neuropathy, the nociceptive nerves in the heart may be non-functional |
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Term
| where does convergence occur? |
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Definition
| at the spinal cord dorsal horn of somatic/visceral afferents. spinal cord neurons that transmit information to the cerebrum recieve input from both visceral and somatic structures. because of this convergence and a following single carrier, the cerebrum interprets these signals as arising in essentially the same part of the body |
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Term
| where might divergence of afferent information occur? |
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Definition
| after it has reached the CNS, segments of the neuraxis above and below the entry segment may therefore become activated |
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Term
| what kind of receptors are parasympathetic efferents? |
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Definition
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