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| View from the back or back |
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| Toward the back (like in dog analogy) |
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| Toward the belly (dog analogy) |
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| or median (right and left halves) exactly the midline is midsagittal |
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| (frontal) makes an anterior and posterior cut- front and back |
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| Superior and Inferior cut - top and bottom. |
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| study of anatomy of the nervous system |
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| study of the function of the nervous system |
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| study of the interaction of chemical agents in nervous system |
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| study of diseases of nervous system and looks at clincal aspects |
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| MRI, fMRI, PET, SPECT scans of the brain |
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| the study of people who cannot understand words and signs |
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| CSF; contains sodium and not so much protein and is clear and colorless |
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| founded COW (circle of willis) which is how the blood flows in the brain |
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| found Schwann cells responsible for Myelin sheath aound nerves int PNS |
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| Brain and Spinal cord protected by skull and spinal collum |
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| Peripheral Nervous System |
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| Cranial and Spinal nerves are the components of this system |
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| Basic component and independent of nervous system. is a cell that can conduct signals and messages to other neurons |
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| contains neucleus; neucleus has chromosomes (23 pairs) which contain 25,000 genes and 3.2 billion strands of DNA |
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| Delicate branches of neuro fibers that project from the soma. They bring information to the neuron |
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| Large strand of neuro fibers (ONE) and takes AWAY information from neuron to neuron |
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| cover over the axons act like an insolator; increase speed of transmission of nerve impulses. increase diameter = faster speed |
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| aka glyal cells; help with nutrition recycle of dead cells |
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| Action potential; neural signal results in conduction message from one neuron to another |
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| Accumulation of cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system |
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| Accumulation of cell bodies the central system |
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| outer most layer of the brain; 90% of cortex has 6 layers |
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| bundle of the neurofibers that travel together in the peripheral nervous system |
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| tissue in the brain that contains fibers with myelin sheath around them. concentration of axon of neurons |
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| neural kiss; when 2 neurons meet they are chemical and electrical. |
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| increase number of action potential |
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| Inhibitory Nerve implulse |
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| decrease number of action potential |
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conduct message from center to perephery
Center --> perephery
ex: brain tells arm to move |
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Conduct message from perephery to center
Perephery --> Center
ex: if you hear something like a noise |
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| connect other neurons ro another and can be motor or sensory |
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| largest visual part of central nervous system contains 1)Cerebrum 2)Brainstem 3)Medula Obglangata |
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| most inferior part of the brain stem |
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| Middle part of brain stem (the bridge) |
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| superior part of brainstem |
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| a lot of function with balance; knowing where your body is in time and space |
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| means between brain located between brainstem and cerebral hemispheres contains large neucleus called 'Thalamus' which is a sensory gateway of the brain all senses passes through thalamus except olfactory |
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| largest portion of brain has two hemispheres, right and left made of cerebro lobes |
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| Temporal, Occipital, Frontal, Pareital, Insula |
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midbrain, pons, medula oblangata (attaches to spinal cord)
Cerebellum - small brain |
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| also known as Longitudenal fischer, the line that separates 2 hemisphere |
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| convolutions (or bumps) lumps on the brain |
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| valleys in the brain; separating the brain |
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| largest interhemispheric connection - connection between two hemispheres, inferior view |
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| motor activity, also the largest lobe |
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| good for sensory processing |
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| associated with hearing and emotion due to lymbic system; and language processing |
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| associated with vision, and visual processing |
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| not visibile from outside, large association with Lymbic system (emotion) |
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| separates frontal and parietal lobe |
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| 60 different areas; based on cytoarchitecture tissue |
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| speech production area; located in frontal lobe |
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| associated with language understanding |
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| unable to understand speech |
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| connection between borcas and wernickes; term that connects them |
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| is where the CSF fluid is stored in the brain |
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| each neuron is a separate and independent cell said by santiage cajal |
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| all parts of both plants and animals are made of cells and products of those cells |
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| 12 cranial nerves (peripheral nervous sytem) |
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| 31 spinal nerves (peripheral neverous system) |
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| cover surface of the brain |
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attached to inner surface of skull, also known as tough matter; is the outer most fiberous tissue; closest to skull.
potential space = epidural |
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thin and non vascular membrane(no blood) located between dura and pia matter, filled with CSF
Potential space = subdural |
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nearest to the brain; sits on the brain, transparent membrane made of collagenous tissue. Attached to surface of brain
potential space = subarachnoid |
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| knife shape portion of the menegies tissue of dura matter that is inserted inter the interhemispheric fischer |
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| layer of dura matter that separates hemispheres of the cerebellum |
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| 'tent' separates cerebrum from cerebellum |
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| where the cerebrospinal fluid is stored; clear and colorless |
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| Choroid Plexis of Ventricles |
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| most visible portion of brain; compused of multiple gyri |
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| largest hemispheric fischer that separates right and left hemisphere |
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| separates frontal and parietal lobes |
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fischer that separtes frontal and temporal lobes
AND
posteriorally separates temporal parietal |
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| separates cerebrum from cerebellum |
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| located in occiptal lobe and separates primary visual cortex from upper and lower operculum portion |
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| separates parietal lobe and occipital lobe |
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| largest gyrus of temporal lobe |
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most anterior of the brain
brocas area located here
speech production cortex |
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| small lobe that contains pre/post central gyrus |
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| representation of brocas area in the inferior frontal gyrus |
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| contributes to variety of cognitive function such as pragmatics, decision making, reasoning and abstract thinking |
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| positioned posterior to frontal lobe |
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| positioned posterior to central sulcus; primary somesthetic or somasensory cortex is the primary distinction of somasensory cortex |
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| every part of body is represented in the somatosensory cortex, large portions are head (face) lips and hands |
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| inferior surface of parietal lobe; acts like a boarder between occipital/ pareital lobe |
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(within) separates parietal lobe into 2 halves
1)Superior Lobule
2)Inferior Lobule |
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| 2 portions - angular and supramarginal gyrus; damage to these areas will result in dyslexia; alexia; agraphia; and acalculia |
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| located inferior to the frontal and pareital lobes and anterior to occipital lobe |
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| where wernickes area is located langauge and auditory area - auditory cortex |
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| Transverse Gyri of Heschel |
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| located within one of the major sulci of the brain (lateral sulcus) separates temporal lobe and pareital lobe |
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| located at posterior aspect of superior temporal gyrus - continuation of wernickes area |
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| is noticed on the medial surface of temporal gyrus; surrounds hippocampus and is important for memory retrieval and encoding memory |
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| also located at medial aspect of temporal lobe near hypothalamus; considered our emotional brain; controls rage, fear, and emotional feelings - lymbic system functions |
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| Occipital Lobe (position) |
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| most posterior lobe of cerebrum |
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| located below calcarine fischer |
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| aka island; can only be seen inside; one on each hemisphere; located within depth of lateral sulcus |
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parallel from eachother; function is with lymbic system also fight or flight responses
-controls blood pressure, degree of pain, vestibular sensation; full bladder |
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| bridge that connects right and left hemisphere; visibile mainly in midsagittal view |
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| most anterior part of corpus callosum; attached to knee or genial |
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| most posterior portion of corpus callosum |
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| associated with corpus callosum right under rostrum |
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| large gyrus above corpus callosum associated with lymbic system |
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| 3rd Ventricle (of Ventricular system) |
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| located at level of midbrain very thin, located between right and left Thalami |
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| is where right and left thalamic adhersion meet; also located to lateral ventricles by foreamen of monro |
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| contains important cranial neuclei |
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| tube like structure that connects 3rd and 4th ventricle together |
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| Anterior Ventral - of brain stem |
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is associated motor function
VENTRAL is ALWAYS MOTOR function |
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| Posterior or Dorsal of brain stem |
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| is associated with sensory function |
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has two major pathways
-Fasciculus Gracilis
-Fasciculus Cuneatus |
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| inferior tip of the 4th ventricle that is seen at the level of medula oblangata |
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| anterior/ventral view of medula; longitudinal swelling on surface of medula and has motor fibers |
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| contain motor information from otor cortex to spinal cord in order to activate skeletal muscules |
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| crossover that happens in ventral aspect of the medula |
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| Inferior Olivary Neucleus |
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| located lateral and dorsal to pyramid sends fibers to cerebellum via structure called inferior cerebellum peduncle |
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| Cranial Nerves 9 10 11 12 and some of 6 |
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| all emerge from Medula Oblangata |
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| Cerebello Pontineangle (CPA) |
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where pons medula and cerebellum come together
cranial nerves 7 and 8 emerge from here
most common place for tumors |
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| swelling on floor of 4th ventricle that corresponds to underline cochlear and vestibular neuclei |
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| Cardiac Center- of Medula |
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| control and monitors diameter of blood vessels |
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| Respiratory Center - of medula |
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controls rythym and rate fo breathing
in ventral surface of pyramid |
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belly structure superior ro medula oblangata
is the intermediate part of brain stem |
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| Middle Cerebellar Peduncle |
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Definition
| of pons; connects brain stem to cerebllar fibers |
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| Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle |
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| of pons; Each cerebellar inferior peduncle connects the medulla spinalis and medulla oblongata with the cerebellum |
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| Superior Cerebellar Peduncle |
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| projects from brain stem to cerebellum |
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meshwork of fibers that travel from different portions of brain; originated at the level of midbrain
controls incoming stimuli involved in sleep and awake cycles, arousal, attention, sleep and motor cycles |
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| aka crus cerebri located at anterior and lateral view of midbrain; contains motor fibers |
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| Interpeduncle Fassa sulcus |
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| 3rd cranial nerve originates from here; occulomotor - controls eye movement |
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positioned at dorsal aspect of midbrain; has 4 Neucei
-2 top: Superior Colliculi
2 bottom: inferior Colliculi |
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| associated with visual reflexes |
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| large neuclei tjat relays auditory connection |
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| associated with visual reflexes |
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| large neuclei tjat relays auditory connection |
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| roof of midbrain important in mediation of visual reflexes |
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| central part of midbrain and within neucleus; red neuclus formation within it |
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| inferior to thalamus; various neuclei regulates autonomic and endocrine function such as body heat, water intake and hormone production |
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| associated with auditory system |
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| associated with visual processing |
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| Pulvunar Neucleus of Thalamus |
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| associated with visual reflexes |
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| place thats located inferior to diencephalon place where optic tracts crossover (meet) |
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| bundle of optic fibers that travel to and from optic chaism, bring visual information to lateral geneculate body; is part of the thalamus |
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| posterior to optic chiasm, swelling part of hypothalamus |
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aka hypophosis, or master gland; weighs 1/2 gram; secretes hormones like oxcytosin, TSH is important for growth; blood pressure, sex hormones and thyriod function
located ventral to corpus callosum |
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| ventral aspect of brain stem associated with lybic system activities in hypothalamus |
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| aka massa intermedia; place when 2 thalami touch done through 3rd ventricle |
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| aka epiphysis, considered as a portion of the epithalamus located in corpora quadragemina in dorsal aspect of brainstem secretes seretonin and melatonin |
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| process that helps us have wake and sleep cycles |
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| pyramidal siber tracts; terminate in spinal cord/brainstem |
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| arch like structure considered as fiber tract right below corpus callosum |
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| thin membrane between fornix and corpus callosum |
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| major connection between diencephalon and corpus callosum |
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| important for motor activity found in CNS |
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is considered the small brain
attached to the pons posteriorally via three cerebellar peduncles on each side
contributes to equilibrium and motor activities; has connection to spinal cord brainstem and inner ear |
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| small convolutions of the cerebellum |
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| aka tree of life; white matter fibers inside cerebellum thats seen in sagittal cut of cerebrum |
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| made of nodulus and floccus in the 3rd lobe of cerebellum |
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| aka worm medial and longitudinal strip of cerebellum which separates cerebellum into right and left hemispheres |
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Major part of blood supply in brain from internal carotid artery positioned deep in lateral fischer; provides blood supply to frontal, temporal, and parietal lobe
where most stroke occur; damage in the area is called aphasia |
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| originated from middle cerebral artery and provides blookd supply to pareital and frontal lobe (the medial surfaces) |
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| originates from basilar artery and provides blood to posterior part of frontal lobe |
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| when the arteries come together to describe the bloodflow to the brain |
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| brings blood back to heart |
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| carry deoxygenated blood (CO2) |
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| brings used blood back to heart |
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| passes through middle ear |
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| cappilary cells that protect brain from harmful material that may get to brain from the bloodstream |
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| CSF; clear and colorless, located in ventricular system made by choriod plexus. Is a protection/shock absorber, regulates brain fluid, and collects waste |
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