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Neural Bases of Speech
Test 1
192
Speech-Language Pathology
Undergraduate 1
02/05/2013

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Term
Anterior
Definition
View from the front
Term
Posterior
Definition
View from the back or back
Term
Distal
Definition
Farther away
Term
Proximal
Definition
Closer to the midline
Term
Dorsal
Definition
Toward the back (like in dog analogy)
Term
Ventral
Definition
Toward the belly (dog analogy)
Term
Inferior
Definition
From bottom to top
Term
Superior
Definition
From top to bottom
Term
Lateral
Definition
Side of midline
Term
Medial
Definition
Closer to midline
Term
Rostral
Definition
Towards the head
Term
Caudal
Definition
Towards the tail
Term
Sagittal
Definition
or median (right and left halves) exactly the midline is midsagittal
Term
Coronal
Definition
(frontal) makes an anterior and posterior cut- front and back
Term
Transverse
Definition
Superior and Inferior cut - top and bottom.
Term
Neuroanatomy
Definition
study of anatomy of the nervous system
Term
Neurophysiology
Definition
study of the function of the nervous system
Term
Neurochemistry
Definition
study of the interaction of chemical agents in nervous system
Term
Neurology
Definition
study of diseases of nervous system and looks at clincal aspects
Term
Neuroimaging
Definition
MRI, fMRI, PET, SPECT scans of the brain
Term
Neuroaudiology
Definition
the study of people who cannot understand words and signs
Term
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Definition
CSF; contains sodium and not so much protein and is clear and colorless
Term
Thomas Willis
Definition
founded COW (circle of willis) which is how the blood flows in the brain
Term
Theo Schwann
Definition
found Schwann cells responsible for Myelin sheath aound nerves int PNS
Term
Central Nervous System
Definition
Brain and Spinal cord protected by skull and spinal collum
Term
Peripheral Nervous System
Definition
Cranial and Spinal nerves are the components of this system
Term
Neuron
Definition
Basic component and independent of nervous system. is a cell that can conduct signals and messages to other neurons
Term
Cell Body/Soma
Definition
contains neucleus; neucleus has chromosomes (23 pairs) which contain 25,000 genes and 3.2 billion strands of DNA
Term
Dendrites
Definition
Delicate branches of neuro fibers that project from the soma. They bring information to the neuron
Term
Axon
Definition
Large strand of neuro fibers (ONE) and takes AWAY information from neuron to neuron
Term
Myelin Sheath
Definition
cover over the axons act like an insolator; increase speed of transmission of nerve impulses. increase diameter = faster speed
Term
Satelite Cells
Definition
aka glyal cells; help with nutrition recycle of dead cells
Term
Nerve Impulse
Definition
Action potential; neural signal results in conduction message from one neuron to another
Term
Ganglion
Definition
Accumulation of cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system
Term
Neucleus
Definition
Accumulation of cell bodies the central system
Term
Cortex
Definition
outer most layer of the brain; 90% of cortex has 6 layers
Term
Tract
Definition
bundle of the neurofibers that travel together in the peripheral nervous system
Term
White Matter
Definition
tissue in the brain that contains fibers with myelin sheath around them. concentration of axon of neurons
Term
Synapse
Definition
neural kiss; when 2 neurons meet they are chemical and electrical.
Term
Excitatory Nerve impulse
Definition
increase number of action potential
Term
Inhibitory Nerve implulse
Definition
decrease number of action potential
Term
Sir Charles Sherrington
Definition
first describes synapse
Term
Motor (Efferent)
Definition
conduct message from center to perephery
Center --> perephery
ex: brain tells arm to move
Term
Sensory (Afferent)
Definition
Conduct message from perephery to center
Perephery --> Center
ex: if you hear something like a noise
Term
Interneurons
Definition
connect other neurons ro another and can be motor or sensory
Term
Brain
Definition
largest visual part of central nervous system contains 1)Cerebrum 2)Brainstem 3)Medula Obglangata
Term
Medula Oblangata
Definition
most inferior part of the brain stem
Term
Pons
Definition
Middle part of brain stem (the bridge)
Term
Midbrain
Definition
superior part of brainstem
Term
Cerebellum
Definition
a lot of function with balance; knowing where your body is in time and space
Term
Diencephalon
Definition
means between brain located between brainstem and cerebral hemispheres contains large neucleus called 'Thalamus' which is a sensory gateway of the brain all senses passes through thalamus except olfactory
Term
Cerebrum
Definition
largest portion of brain has two hemispheres, right and left made of cerebro lobes
Term
Cerebral Lobes
Definition
Temporal, Occipital, Frontal, Pareital, Insula
Term
Brainstem
Definition
midbrain, pons, medula oblangata (attaches to spinal cord)
Cerebellum - small brain
Term
Interhemispheric Fissure
Definition
also known as Longitudenal fischer, the line that separates 2 hemisphere
Term
Gyri (gyrus)
Definition
convolutions (or bumps) lumps on the brain
Term
Sulci (sulcus)
Definition
valleys in the brain; separating the brain
Term
Corpus Collosum
Definition
largest interhemispheric connection - connection between two hemispheres, inferior view
Term
Frontal Lobe
Definition
motor activity, also the largest lobe
Term
Parietal Lobe
Definition
good for sensory processing
Term
Temporal Lobe
Definition
associated with hearing and emotion due to lymbic system; and language processing
Term
Occipital Lobe
Definition
associated with vision, and visual processing
Term
Insula
Definition
not visibile from outside, large association with Lymbic system (emotion)
Term
Central Sulcus
Definition
separates frontal and parietal lobe
Term
Broadmans Area
Definition
60 different areas; based on cytoarchitecture tissue
Term
Broadman Area 17
Definition
primary visual cortex
Term
Broadman Area 44
Definition
Brocas Area
Term
Broadman Area 22
Definition
Wernickes Area
Term
Brocas Area
Definition
speech production area; located in frontal lobe
Term
Wernickes Area
Definition
associated with language understanding
Term
Brocas Aphasia
Definition
unable to produce speech
Term
Wernickes Aphasia
Definition
unable to understand speech
Term
Arcuate Fasiculus
Definition
connection between borcas and wernickes; term that connects them
Term
Embyology
Definition
study of embryo
Term
Ventricular system
Definition
is where the CSF fluid is stored in the brain
Term
Neuron Doctrine
Definition
each neuron is a separate and independent cell said by santiage cajal
Term
Cell theory
Definition
all parts of both plants and animals are made of cells and products of those cells
Term
Cranial Nerves
Definition
12 cranial nerves (peripheral nervous sytem)
Term
Spinal Nerves
Definition
31 spinal nerves (peripheral neverous system)
Term
Fontella
Definition
soft spot on babies head
Term
Menengies
Definition
cover surface of the brain
Term
Dura Matter
Definition
attached to inner surface of skull, also known as tough matter; is the outer most fiberous tissue; closest to skull.
potential space = epidural
Term
Arachnoid
Definition
thin and non vascular membrane(no blood) located between dura and pia matter, filled with CSF
Potential space = subdural
Term
Pia matter
Definition
nearest to the brain; sits on the brain, transparent membrane made of collagenous tissue. Attached to surface of brain
potential space = subarachnoid
Term
Falx Cerebri
Definition
knife shape portion of the menegies tissue of dura matter that is inserted inter the interhemispheric fischer
Term
Falx Cerebelli
Definition
layer of dura matter that separates hemispheres of the cerebellum
Term
Tentorium
Definition
'tent' separates cerebrum from cerebellum
Term
Ventricular System
Definition
where the cerebrospinal fluid is stored; clear and colorless
Term
Choroid Plexis of Ventricles
Definition
what CSF is made of
Term
Cerebrum
Definition
most visible portion of brain; compused of multiple gyri
Term
Longitudinal Fischer
Definition
largest hemispheric fischer that separates right and left hemisphere
Term
Central Sulcus
Definition
separates frontal and parietal lobes
Term
Lateral Sulcus
Definition
fischer that separtes frontal and temporal lobes
AND
posteriorally separates temporal parietal
Term
Transverse Fischer
Definition
separates cerebrum from cerebellum
Term
Calcarine Fischer
Definition
located in occiptal lobe and separates primary visual cortex from upper and lower operculum portion
Term
Parieto-occipital Sulcus
Definition
separates parietal lobe and occipital lobe
Term
Superior Temporal Gyrus
Definition
largest gyrus of temporal lobe
Term
Frontal Lobe
Definition
most anterior of the brain
brocas area located here
speech production cortex
Term
Paracentral Lobule
Definition
small lobe that contains pre/post central gyrus
Term
Precentral central gyrus
Definition
primary motor cortex
Term
Angular Triangularis
Definition
representation of brocas area in the inferior frontal gyrus
Term
Prefrontal Cortex
Definition
contributes to variety of cognitive function such as pragmatics, decision making, reasoning and abstract thinking
Term
Parietal lobe (position)
Definition
positioned posterior to frontal lobe
Term
Post Central gyrus
Definition
positioned posterior to central sulcus; primary somesthetic or somasensory cortex is the primary distinction of somasensory cortex
Term
Homonculus
Definition
every part of body is represented in the somatosensory cortex, large portions are head (face) lips and hands
Term
Priocciptal notch
Definition
inferior surface of parietal lobe; acts like a boarder between occipital/ pareital lobe
Term
Intrapareital sulcus
Definition
(within) separates parietal lobe into 2 halves
1)Superior Lobule
2)Inferior Lobule
Term
Inferior Lobule
Definition
2 portions - angular and supramarginal gyrus; damage to these areas will result in dyslexia; alexia; agraphia; and acalculia
Term
Temporal Lobe (position)
Definition
located inferior to the frontal and pareital lobes and anterior to occipital lobe
Term
Superior Temporal Gyrus
Definition
where wernickes area is located langauge and auditory area - auditory cortex
Term
Transverse Gyri of Heschel
Definition
located within one of the major sulci of the brain (lateral sulcus) separates temporal lobe and pareital lobe
Term
Broadmans area 41
Definition
primary auditory cortex
Term
Planum temporale
Definition
located at posterior aspect of superior temporal gyrus - continuation of wernickes area
Term
Parahippocampal Gyrus
Definition
is noticed on the medial surface of temporal gyrus; surrounds hippocampus and is important for memory retrieval and encoding memory
Term
Uncus
Definition
also located at medial aspect of temporal lobe near hypothalamus; considered our emotional brain; controls rage, fear, and emotional feelings - lymbic system functions
Term
Occipital Lobe (position)
Definition
most posterior lobe of cerebrum
Term
Lingual Gyrus
Definition
located below calcarine fischer
Term
Primanry Visiual Cortex
Definition
broadmans area 17
Term
Insula
Definition
aka island; can only be seen inside; one on each hemisphere; located within depth of lateral sulcus
Term
Insular Gyri
Definition
parallel from eachother; function is with lymbic system also fight or flight responses
-controls blood pressure, degree of pain, vestibular sensation; full bladder
Term
Interoception
Definition
Term
Corpus Callosum
Definition
bridge that connects right and left hemisphere; visibile mainly in midsagittal view
Term
Rostrum
Definition
most anterior part of corpus callosum; attached to knee or genial
Term
Splenium
Definition
most posterior portion of corpus callosum
Term
Septal Region
Definition
associated with corpus callosum right under rostrum
Term
Singulate Gyrus
Definition
large gyrus above corpus callosum associated with lymbic system
Term
3rd Ventricle (of Ventricular system)
Definition
located at level of midbrain very thin, located between right and left Thalami
Term
Interthalamic Adhesion
Definition
is where right and left thalamic adhersion meet; also located to lateral ventricles by foreamen of monro
Term
4th Ventricle
Definition
contains important cranial neuclei
Term
Cerebral Aqueduct
Definition
tube like structure that connects 3rd and 4th ventricle together
Term
Anterior Ventral - of brain stem
Definition
is associated motor function
VENTRAL is ALWAYS MOTOR function
Term
Posterior or Dorsal of brain stem
Definition
is associated with sensory function
Term
Medula Oblangata
Definition
has two major pathways
-Fasciculus Gracilis
-Fasciculus Cuneatus
Term
Obex
Definition
inferior tip of the 4th ventricle that is seen at the level of medula oblangata
Term
Pyramid
Definition
anterior/ventral view of medula; longitudinal swelling on surface of medula and has motor fibers
Term
Pyramis Tract
Definition
contain motor information from otor cortex to spinal cord in order to activate skeletal muscules
Term
Pyramidal Decussation
Definition
crossover that happens in ventral aspect of the medula
Term
Inferior Olivary Neucleus
Definition
located lateral and dorsal to pyramid sends fibers to cerebellum via structure called inferior cerebellum peduncle
Term
Cranial Nerves 9 10 11 12 and some of 6
Definition
all emerge from Medula Oblangata
Term
Cerebello Pontineangle (CPA)
Definition
where pons medula and cerebellum come together
cranial nerves 7 and 8 emerge from here
most common place for tumors
Term
Acustic Tubercle
Definition
swelling on floor of 4th ventricle that corresponds to underline cochlear and vestibular neuclei
Term
Cardiac Center- of Medula
Definition
controls hear rate
Term
Vaso-motor of medula
Definition
control and monitors diameter of blood vessels
Term
Respiratory Center - of medula
Definition
controls rythym and rate fo breathing
in ventral surface of pyramid
Term
Pons
Definition
belly structure superior ro medula oblangata
is the intermediate part of brain stem
Term
Middle Cerebellar Peduncle
Definition
of pons; connects brain stem to cerebllar fibers
Term
Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle
Definition
of pons; Each cerebellar inferior peduncle connects the medulla spinalis and medulla oblongata with the cerebellum
Term
Superior Cerebellar Peduncle
Definition
projects from brain stem to cerebellum
Term
Reticular Formation
Definition
meshwork of fibers that travel from different portions of brain; originated at the level of midbrain
controls incoming stimuli involved in sleep and awake cycles, arousal, attention, sleep and motor cycles
Term
Midbrain
Definition
superior to pons
Term
Cerebral Peduncle
Definition
aka crus cerebri located at anterior and lateral view of midbrain; contains motor fibers
Term
Interpeduncle Fassa sulcus
Definition
3rd cranial nerve originates from here; occulomotor - controls eye movement
Term
Corpora Quadrigemina
Definition
positioned at dorsal aspect of midbrain; has 4 Neucei
-2 top: Superior Colliculi
2 bottom: inferior Colliculi
Term
Superior Colliculi
Definition
associated with visual reflexes
Term
Inferior Colliculi
Definition
large neuclei tjat relays auditory connection
Term
Superior Colliculi
Definition
associated with visual reflexes
Term
Inferior Colliculi
Definition
large neuclei tjat relays auditory connection
Term
Tectum
Definition
roof of midbrain important in mediation of visual reflexes
Term
Tegmentum
Definition
central part of midbrain and within neucleus; red neuclus formation within it
Term
Hypothalamus
Definition
inferior to thalamus; various neuclei regulates autonomic and endocrine function such as body heat, water intake and hormone production
Term
Medial Geneculate Body
Definition
associated with auditory system
Term
Lateral Geneculate Body
Definition
associated with visual processing
Term
Pulvunar Neucleus of Thalamus
Definition
associated with visual reflexes
Term
Optic Chiasm
Definition
place thats located inferior to diencephalon place where optic tracts crossover (meet)
Term
Optic Tract
Definition
bundle of optic fibers that travel to and from optic chaism, bring visual information to lateral geneculate body; is part of the thalamus
Term
Tubercinerum
Definition
posterior to optic chiasm, swelling part of hypothalamus
Term
Pituitary Gland
Definition
aka hypophosis, or master gland; weighs 1/2 gram; secretes hormones like oxcytosin, TSH is important for growth; blood pressure, sex hormones and thyriod function
located ventral to corpus callosum
Term
mamillary Bodies
Definition
ventral aspect of brain stem associated with lybic system activities in hypothalamus
Term
Interthalamic Adhesion
Definition
aka massa intermedia; place when 2 thalami touch done through 3rd ventricle
Term
Pineal Body
Definition
aka epiphysis, considered as a portion of the epithalamus located in corpora quadragemina in dorsal aspect of brainstem secretes seretonin and melatonin
Term
Circadian Rythym
Definition
process that helps us have wake and sleep cycles
Term
Cerebral Peduncle
Definition
pyramidal siber tracts; terminate in spinal cord/brainstem
Term
Fornix
Definition
arch like structure considered as fiber tract right below corpus callosum
Term
Septum Pellucidum
Definition
thin membrane between fornix and corpus callosum
Term
Internal Capsle
Definition
major connection between diencephalon and corpus callosum
Term
Basal Ganglia
Definition
important for motor activity found in CNS
Term
Cerebellum
Definition
is considered the small brain
attached to the pons posteriorally via three cerebellar peduncles on each side
contributes to equilibrium and motor activities; has connection to spinal cord brainstem and inner ear
Term
Folia
Definition
small convolutions of the cerebellum
Term
Arbor Vitae
Definition
aka tree of life; white matter fibers inside cerebellum thats seen in sagittal cut of cerebrum
Term
Flocculonodular Lobe
Definition
made of nodulus and floccus in the 3rd lobe of cerebellum
Term
Vermis
Definition
aka worm medial and longitudinal strip of cerebellum which separates cerebellum into right and left hemispheres
Term
Middle Cerebral Artery
Definition
Major part of blood supply in brain from internal carotid artery positioned deep in lateral fischer; provides blood supply to frontal, temporal, and parietal lobe
where most stroke occur; damage in the area is called aphasia
Term
Anterior Cerebral Artery
Definition
originated from middle cerebral artery and provides blookd supply to pareital and frontal lobe (the medial surfaces)
Term
Poterior cerebral artery
Definition
originates from basilar artery and provides blood to posterior part of frontal lobe
Term
Circle of Willis
Definition
when the arteries come together to describe the bloodflow to the brain
Term
Venus Drainage
Definition
brings blood back to heart
Term
Arteries
Definition
carry oxygenated blood
Term
Veins
Definition
carry deoxygenated blood (CO2)
Term
Juggular Vein
Definition
brings used blood back to heart
Term
Carotid Artery
Definition
passes through middle ear
Term
Blood Vein Barrier
Definition
cappilary cells that protect brain from harmful material that may get to brain from the bloodstream
Term
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Definition
CSF; clear and colorless, located in ventricular system made by choriod plexus. Is a protection/shock absorber, regulates brain fluid, and collects waste
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