The three steps of translation are initiation, elongation and termination

Constitutive proteins are proteins whose level needs to be maintained steadily at all times

Negative regulation occurs when a gene product is turned off by some mechanism (sometimes its own presence turns off its own translation; this is typically the case with essential proteins that are needed in very low quantities)

An allosteric repressor protein is a binding site for repressor molecules

An operon is a cluster of genes which are typically produced together under the direction of the same operator

A regulon is a number of operons which are controlled by the same regulatory protein

A sensor kinase recognizes environmental factors and then autophosphorylates and initiates a response sequence

Diauxic growth means that there are 2 periods of exponential growth

cAMP will also go up

An activator protein is a regulatory protein that binds to specific stes on DNA and stimulates transcription. It is involved in a form of positive control

Attenuation is a mechanism fro controlling gene expression; typically transcription is terminated after initiation but before a full-length mRNA is produced

An autoinducer is a small signal moleckes that takes part in quorum sensing

Catabolite respiration is the suppression of alternative catabolic pathways by a preferred source of carbon and energy

Cyclic AMP is a regulatory mucleotide that participates in catabolite respiration

Heat shock proteins are induced by high temprature (or certain other stresses) that protect against high temperature, especially by refolding partially denatured proteins or by degrading them

The heat shock response is the response to high temperatures that includes the synthesis of heat shock proteins together with other changes in gene expression

Induction is the production of an enzyme in repsonse to a signal (often the presence of the substrate for the enzyme)

Negative control is a mechanism for regulating gene expression in which a repressor proteins prevents transcription of genes

Noncoding RNA is an RNA molecule that is not reanslated into protein

Positive control is a mechanism for regulating gene expression in which an activator protein functions to promote transcription of genes

Quorum sensing is a regulatory system that monitors the population level and controls gene expression based on cell density

A regulatory nucleotide is a nucleotide that functions as a signal rather than being incorporated into DNA or RNA

Repression is the prevention of the synthesis of an enzyme in response to a signal

A repressor protein is a regulatory protein that binds to specific sites on DNA and blocks transcription. They're involved in negative control

A respone regulator protein is on of the members of a two-component system; a protein that is phosphorylated by a sensor kinase and then acts as a regulator, often by binding to DNA

A riboswitch is an RNA domain, usually in an mRNA molecule, that can bind a specific small molecule and alter its secondary structure which in turn controls translation of the mRNA

Stringent response is a global regulatory control that is activated by amino acid starvation or energy deficiency

The two-component regulatory system is a regulatory system consisting of two proteins; a sensor kinase and a response regulator