Term
•Chemoreceptors
• Respond to changes in chemical concentrations
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Definition
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Term
•Pain receptors (nociceptors)
• Respond to tissue damage
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Definition
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Term
•Thermoreceptors
• Respond to changes in temperature
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Definition
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Term
•Mechanoreceptors
• Respond to mechanical forces
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Definition
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Term
• Photoreceptors
• Respond to light
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Definition
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Term
Free nerve endings
• Common in epithelial tissues
• Simplest receptors
• Sense itching
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Definition
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Term
Tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscles
• Abundant in hairless portions of skin and lips
• Detect fine touch; distinguish between two points on the skin
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Definition
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Term
Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles
• Common in deeper subcutaneous tissues, tendons and ligaments
• Detect heavy pressure and vibrations
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Definition
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Term
• Warm receptors
• Sensitive to temperatures above 25oC (77o F)
• Unresponsive to temperature above 45oC (113oF)
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Definition
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Term
• Cold receptors
• Sensitive to temperatures between 10oC (50oF) and 20oC (68oF)
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Definition
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Term
• Pain receptors
• Respond to temperatures below 10oC
• Respond to temperatures above 45oC
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Definition
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Term
•Thalamus
• Allows person to be aware of pain
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Definition
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Term
•Cerebral cortex
• Judges intensity of pain
• Locates source of pain
• Produces emotional and motor responses to pain
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Definition
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Term
•Pain inhibiting substances:
•Enkephalins
•Serotonin
•Endorphins
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Definition
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Term
•Mechanoreceptors
Send information to spinal cord and CNS about body position and length, and tension of muscles
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Definition
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Term
•Main kinds of proprioceptors:
•Pacinian corpuscles – in joints
•Muscle spindles – in skeletal muscles*
•Golgi tendon organs – in tendons*
considered to be stretch receptors
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Definition
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Term
• Once olfactory receptors are stimulated, nerve impulses travel through
• Olfactory nerves olfactory bulbs olfactory tracts limbic system (for emotions) and olfactory cortex (for interpretation)
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Definition
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Term
•Taste buds
• Organs of taste
• Located on papillae of tongue, roof of mouth, linings of cheeks and walls of pharynx
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Definition
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Term
•Taste receptors
•Chemoreceptors
• Taste cells – modified epithelial cells that function as receptors
• Taste hairs –microvilli that protrude from taste cells; sensitive parts of taste cells
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Definition
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Term
external ear
•Auricle
• Collects sounds waves
•External auditory meatus
• Lined with ceruminous glands
• Carries sound to tympanic membrane
• Terminates with tympanic membrane
•Tympanic membrane
• Vibrates in response to sound waves
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Definition
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Term
middle ear
•Tympanic cavity
• Air-filled space in
temporal bone
•Auditory ossicles
• Vibrate in response to tympanic membrane
•Malleus, incus and stapes
• Hammer, anvil and stirrup
•Oval window
• Opening in wall of tympanic cavity
• Stapes vibrates against it to move fluids in inner ear
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Definition
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Term
•inner ear
Three (3) parts of labyrinths:
•Cochlea
• Functions in hearing
•Semicircular canals
• Functions in equilibrium
•Vestibule
• Functions in equilibrium
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Definition
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Term
•Static equilibrium
• Vestibule
• Senses position of head when body is not moving
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Definition
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Term
•Dynamic Equilibrium
• Semicircular canals
• Senses rotation and movement of head and body
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Definition
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Term
SEMI CIRCULAR CANALS
•Three (3) canals at right angles
•Ampulla
• Swelling of membranous labyrinth that communicates with the vestibule
•Cristaampullaris
• Sensory organ of ampulla
• Hair cells and supporting cells
• Rapid turns of head or body stimulate hair cells
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Definition
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Term
EYELID
•Palpebra
• Composed of four (4) layers:
• Skin
• Muscle
• Connective tissue
• Conjunctiva
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Definition
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Term
EYELID
•Orbicularisoculi – closes eyelid
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Definition
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Term
•Levatorpalpebraesuperioris – opens eyelid
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Definition
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Term
•Tarsal glands – secrete oil onto eyelashes
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Definition
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Term
•Conjunctiva – mucous membrane; lines eyelid and covers portion of eyeball
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Definition
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Term
•Lacrimal gland
• Lateral to eye
• Secretes tears
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Definition
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Term
•Canaliculi
• Collect tears
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Definition
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Term
•Lacrimal sac
• Collects from canaliculi
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Definition
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Term
•Nasolacrimal
duct
• Collects from lacrimal sac
• Empties tears into nasal cavity
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Definition
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Term
•Superior rectus
• Rotates eye up and medially
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Definition
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Term
•Inferior rectus
• Rotates eye down and medially
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Definition
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Term
• Medial rectus
• Rotates eye medially
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Definition
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Term
• Lateral rectus
• Rotates eye laterally
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Definition
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Term
• Superior oblique
• Rotates eye down and laterally
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Definition
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Term
• Inferior oblique
• Rotates eye up and laterally
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Definition
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Term
OUTER TUNIC•Cornea
• Anterior portion
• Transparent
• Light transmission
• Light refraction
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Definition
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Term
OUTER TUNIC
• Sclera
• Posterior portion
• Opaque
• Protection
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Definition
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Term
MIDDLE TUNIC
• Iris
• Anterior portion
• Pigmented
• Controls light intensity
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Definition
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Term
MIDDLE TUNIC
•Ciliary body
• Anterior portion
• Pigmented
• Holds lens
• Moves lens for focusing
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Definition
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Term
MIDDLE TUNIC
• Choroid coat
• Provides blood supply
• Pigments absorb extra light
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Definition
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Term
LENS
•Transparent
• Biconvex
• Lies behind iris
• Largely composed of lens fibers
• Elastic
• Held in place by suspensory ligaments of ciliary body
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Definition
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Term
IRIS
•Composed of connective tissue and smooth muscle
•Pupil is hole in iris
• Dim light stimulates radial muscles and pupil dilates
• Bright light stimulates circular muscles and pupil constricts
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Definition
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Term
INNER TUNIC
•Retina
• Contains visual receptors
• Continuous with optic nerve
• Ends just behind margin of the ciliary body
• Composed of several layers
•Macula lutea – yellowish spot in retina
•Fovea centralis – center of macula lutea; produces sharpest vision
•Optic disc – blind spot; contains no visual receptors
•Vitreous humor – thick gel that holds retina flat against choroid coat
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Definition
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Term
VISUAL RECEPTORS
• Rods
• Long, thin projections
• Contain light sensitive pigment called rhodopsin
• Hundred times more sensitive to light than cones
• Provide vision in dim light
• Produce colorless vision
• Produce outlines of objects
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Definition
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Term
VISUAL RECEPTORS
•Cones
• Short, blunt projections
• Contain light sensitive pigments called erythrolabe, chlorolabe, and cyanolabe
• Provide vision in bright light
• Produce sharp images
• Produce color vision
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Definition
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Term
VISUAL PIGMENT
•Rhodopsin
• Light-sensitive pigment in rods
• Decomposes in presence of light
• Triggers a complex series of reactions that initiate nerve impulses
• Impulses travel along optic nerve
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Definition
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Term
VISUAL PIGMENTS
•Pigments on cones
• Each set contains different light-sensitive pigment
• Each set is sensitive to different wavelengths
• Color perceived depends on which sets of cones are stimulated
•Erythrolabe – responds to red
•Chlorolabe – responds to green
Cyanolabe – responds to blue |
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Definition
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