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Peripheral Nervous System
-nerves and receptors outside of brain and spinal cord |
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| sympathetic nervous system |
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| "fight or flight", speed up |
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| parasympathetic nervous system |
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voluntary control
-afferent + efferent |
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| signal sent from body to brain |
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| signal sent from brain to body |
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-reflex arc, afferent + efferent neurons
-patellar reflex
-below level of consciousness (never reaches brain)
-brain can override reflex |
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| nourishment, immunity, support |
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| take child-like characteristics into adulthood |
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| At birth, how much does a baby's brain weight? |
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| 1/4 - 1/3 of an adult brain |
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Definition
| "neurons that fire together, wire together" - cell assemblies |
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-experiences cause neurons to connect
-practice: more neurons interconnect = skill
-Hebbs Law
-neurons are wired together through experience |
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-cell assemblies
-if cells involved in the skill have been fired together often enough, they become wired
-thus, skills are the result of experience (practice) not genetics or a gift |
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cells that are wired together through practice
-so interconnected they act as a unit = more efficient, require less stimulus |
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afferent
axon toward brain |
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efferent
axon towards muscle |
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| pick up info from other cells |
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start of impulse
-highest density of voltage - gated ion channels |
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| myelin, Nodes of Ranvier, and terminal vesicles |
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lipid insulator laid down in sections produced by Schwann cells
-increases speed + efficiency of stimulus |
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| empty neurotransmitter substance into synapse |
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-electrical synapse: heart + eye
-most are chemical, not electrical
-neurotransmitters |
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Definition
-cell membrane of neuron is selectively permeable = semi-permeable
-ion channels are not evenly distributed
-axon hillock
a. responds more quickly + forcefully than any other part of cell
b. site for origin of an AP |
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Term
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Definition
| if depolarization is sufficient to reach threshold = AP |
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| absolute refractory period |
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Definition
period of time until membrane returns to baseline
-another AP cannot occur during this time |
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| relative refractory period |
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Definition
| hyperpolarization, requires a greater stimulus to evoke an AP |
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Definition
-a neuron either generates an AP or not
-stimulus will either be carried all the way down an axon or not
-no partial or incomplete AP |
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-AP reaches axon terminal
-causes terminal vesicles of axon to open
-release neurotransmitter substances
-our bodies synthesize neurotransmitters from AA |
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| increases by aerobic exercise |
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| influenced by serotonin + aerobic |
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| increased by anaerobic activity |
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| increased by aerobic activity, helps cope w/ stress + anxiety |
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motor neuron + muscle fibers it innervates
-fine + gross motor units |
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| refers to joint movement and rates of mvmt |
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| proprioception provided by... |
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Definition
| sensory receptors from joints, muscles, tendons, +inner ear by afferent neuron to cerebellum ("Center of Coordination") |
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motor strip + sensory strip
-CNS representation of body parts
-amount of representation influenced by significance and accuracy of body part rather than size |
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| Where does neural synthesis occur? |
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Definition
| in some areas of the brain |
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| forming new cell mostly completed by birth |
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| neurons moving to specific areas |
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| begins before birth, continues until midlife |
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forming connections between neurons
-unused connections are severed
-most extensive + rapid during childhood |
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| decline in anabolic + increase in catabolic hormones, loss of motor units |
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| >70%, anaerobic, cytoplasm |
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| aerobic, mitochondira, smaller |
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| What can striated muscle do? |
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Definition
| malleable and adjust metabolic + contractile make up in response to alterations in functional demands |
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central in building CNS
limitation in neural migration |
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| map of sensory + motor representation is misleading because it is constantly adapting and the neural map gets mapped + remapped in response to experience |
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peripheral afferent neurons are gone, but cortical strip is not injured
-neurons can stull fire
-unused nerual space |
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dynamic + continuously modified by experience
can allocate area to represent peripheral source most used |
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| How does human development occur? |
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| proximal to distal, same with experience to performance |
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plastic neural system (can make changes)
-only reflexes born @ birth = rooting and sucking |
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very hard-wired
specific neurons for specific muscles
virtually no flexibility in behavior |
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orderly recruitment
recruit smaller units first, smooth mvmt |
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| gradation of force principle |
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Definition
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| explain neuroplasticity using critical + sensitive periods |
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Definition
| the idea of neuroplasticity has changed the idea that our nervous system was complete in the first years of life. critical periods have been replaced by sensitive periods due to more productivity + efficiency |
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| How does training help the nervous system? |
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Definition
reduces elevation of sympathetic response
-exercise elevates sympathetic
-resting levels of sympathetic reduced
improves regulation + balancing of sympathetic + parasympathetic |
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Definition
sympathetic + parasympathic
dynamic + complex interaction - not opposing forces |
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