Term
| Functions of the Nervous System |
|
Definition
Sensory input
Integration
Motor output |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Information gathered by sensory receptors about internal and external changes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Interpretation of sensory input |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Activation of effector organs (muscles and glands) produces a response |
|
|
Term
| Central nervous system (CNS) |
|
Definition
Brain and spinal cord
Integration and command center |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| come off the base of your brain |
|
|
Term
| Peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
|
Definition
| Paired spinal and cranial nerves carry messages to and from the CNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PNS/MOTOR/AUTONOMIC/2 DIVISIONS |
|
Definition
sympathetic
parasympathetic |
|
|
Term
| PNS/MOTOR/AUTONOMIC/sympathetic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PNS/MOTOR/AUTONOMIC/parasympathetic |
|
Definition
| rest and digest and recover |
|
|
Term
| Neurons are: (basic function) |
|
Definition
| —excitable cells that transmit electrical signals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| —supporting cells of neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Astrocytes (CNS)
Microglia (CNS)
Ependymal cells (CNS)
Oligodendrocytes (CNS) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Satellite cells (PNS)
Schwann cells (PNS) |
|
|
Term
| CNS/GLIAL CELLS/ASTROCYTES |
|
Definition
Most abundant, versatile, and highly branched glial cells
Cling to neurons, synaptic endings, and capillaries
Support and brace neurons
Control the chemical environment
Participate in information processing in the brain |
|
|
Term
| CNS/GLIAL CELLS/MICROGLIA |
|
Definition
Small, ovoid cells with thorny processes
Migrate toward injured neurons
Phagocytize microorganisms and neuronal debris |
|
|
Term
| CNS/GLIAL CELLS/EPENDYMAL CELLS |
|
Definition
Line the central cavities of the brain and spinal column – some are cilliated
Separate the CNS interstitial fluid from the cerebrospinal fluid in the cavities |
|
|
Term
| CNS/GLIAL CELLS/Oligodendrocytes |
|
Definition
Branched cells
Processes wrap CNS nerve fibers, forming insulating myelin sheaths |
|
|
Term
| PNS/glial cells/satellite cells |
|
Definition
| Surround neuron cell bodies in the PNS |
|
|
Term
| PNS/glial cells/schwan cells |
|
Definition
Surround peripheral nerve fibers and form myelin sheaths
Vital to regeneration of damaged peripheral nerve fibers |
|
|
Term
| Neurons/special characteristics: |
|
Definition
Long-lived ( 100 years or more)
Amitotic—with few exceptions
High metabolic rate—depends on continuous supply of oxygen and glucose
Plasma membrane functions in:
Electrical signaling
Cell-to-cell interactions during development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Direct cell division by simple cleavage of the nucleus, without spindle formation or the appearance of chromosomes. |
|
|
Term
| Three Parts of the Neuron |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clusters of cell bodies in the CNS are called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clusters of cell bodies in the PNS are called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The central nervous system (CNS) is |
|
Definition
| the part of the nervous system that integrates the information that it receives from, and coordinates the activity of, all parts of the bodies of bilaterian animals—that is, all multicellular animals except sponges and radially symmetric animals such as jellyfish. It contains the majority of the nervous system and consists of the brain and the spinal cord. |
|
|
Term
| Bundles of processes in the CNS are called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bundles of processes in the PNS are called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Short, tapering, and diffusely branched
Receptive (input) region of a neuron
Convey electrical signals toward the cell body as graded potentials |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a specialized part of the cell body (or soma) of a neuron that connects to the axon. As a result, the axon hillock is the last site in the soma where membrane potentials propagated from synaptic inputs are summated before being transmitted to the axon. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
One axon per cell arising from the axon hillock
Long axons (nerve fibers)
Occasional branches (axon collaterals) |
|
|
Term
| Axon terminals (synaptic knobs or boutons) |
|
Definition
Secretory region of neuron
Release neurotransmitters to excite or inhibit other cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Conducting region of a neuron
Generates and transmits nerve impulses (action potentials) away from the cell body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Segmented protein-lipoid sheath around most long or large-diameter axons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Protect and electrically insulate the axon
Increase speed of nerve impulse transmission |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| concentric layers of Schwann cell membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| peripheral bulge of Schwann cell cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dense collections of myelinated fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mostly neuron cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers |
|
|
Term
| Functional Classification of Neurons/Three types: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Functional Classification of Neurons/Sensory (afferent) |
|
Definition
| Transmit impulses from sensory receptors toward the CNS |
|
|
Term
| Functional Classification of Neurons/Motor (efferent) |
|
Definition
| Carry impulses from the CNS to effectors |
|
|
Term
| Functional Classification of Neurons/Interneurons (association neurons) |
|
Definition
| Shuttle signals through CNS pathways; most are entirely within the CNS |
|
|
Term
| CNS Protection: meninges layers - |
|
Definition
* dura mater
* arachnoid mater
* pia mater |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Skin of scalp
Periosteum
Bone
Dura Mater
Arachnoid Mater
Pia mater |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ventricles of the brain and provides liquid buoyancy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the
choroid plexus of each
ventricle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ventricles and into the
subarachnoid space via the
median and lateral apertures.
Some CSF flows through the
central canal of the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mylenated nevous tissues have: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interior of brain; exterior spinal cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interior of spinal cord; exterior brain |
|
|
Term
| spinal cord/ Sensory information comes in through |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The anterior horn contains |
|
Definition
| motor neurons that affect the axial muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a fold in the cerebral cortex of brains in vertebrates. Also called the central fissure, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A cortical column, also called hypercolumn or sometimes cortical module,[1] is |
|
Definition
| a group of neurons in the brain cortex which can be successively penetrated by a probe inserted perpendicularly to the cortical surface, and which have nearly identical receptive fields. |
|
|
Term
| Dendrites (from Greek δένδρον déndron, “tree”) are |
|
Definition
| the branched projections of a neuron that act to conduct the electrochemical stimulation received from other neural cells to the cell body, or soma, of the neuron from which they project. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a response that varies directly with the strength of the stimulus. |
|
|
Term
| Saltatory conduction (from the Latin saltare, to hop or leap) is |
|
Definition
| the propagation of action potentials along myelinated axons from one node of Ranvier to the next node, increasing the conduction velocity of action potentials without needing to increase the diameter of an axon. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
3 basic levels of neural integration in
sensory systems: |
|
Definition
Stimuli
Transmission
Integration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
thousands of nerve fibers(axons) and supply all parts of the body except head
and some areas of the neck |
|
|
Term
| Spinal nerves Named according to: |
|
Definition
| the point of issue from the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| Spinal nerves Classified according to: |
|
Definition
| Direction, motor, sesnory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one of our twenty tigers ate five very gentle visitors after hours. |
|
|
Term
| General Sensory Receptors Classified by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A Nissl body (or Nissl granule or tigroid body) is |
|
Definition
| a large granular body found in neurons. These granules are rough endoplasmic reticulum (with free ribosomes) and are the site of protein synthesis. |
|
|
Term
| The ANS consists of motor neurons that: |
|
Definition
| Innervate smooth and cardiac muscle and glands |
|
|
Term
| ANS pathway is a 2-neuron chain: |
|
Definition
Preganglionic neuron (in CNS) with a thin, lightly myelinated preganglionic axon
Postganglionic neuron lightly myelinated axon that extends to the effector organ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an enclosed, cable-like bundle of peripheral axons |
|
|
Term
| Nongated channels are located |
|
Definition
| in the cell membrane all over the neuron—on dendrites, the cell body, and the axon. |
|
|
Term
| For the most part, chemically-gated channels are located |
|
Definition
| on the dendrites and cell body of the neuron. |
|
|
Term
| For the most part, voltage-gated channels are found |
|
Definition
| on the axon hillock, all along unmyelinated axons, and at the nodes of Ranvier in myelinated axons. |
|
|
Term
| Nongated channels are responsible for |
|
Definition
| the resting membrane potential. |
|
|
Term
| Chemically-gated channels are responsible for |
|
Definition
| synaptic potentials, the incoming signals to the neuron. |
|
|
Term
| Voltage-gated channels are responsible |
|
Definition
| generation and propagation of the action potential, the outgoing signal from the neuron. |
|
|
Term
| Relative refractory period |
|
Definition
| Follows the absolute refractory period; interval when a threshold for action potential stimulation is markedly elevated. |
|
|
Term
| Absolute refractory period |
|
Definition
| Period following stimulation during which no additional action potential can be evoked. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a condition typified by partial loss of voluntary movement or by impaired movement. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| balance and coordination dysfunction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| brief loss of consciousness, like daydreaming |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a brief lapse in muscle tone that are caused by temporary alterations in brain function. The seizures are brief - usually less than fifteen seconds. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a distinctive feeling or some other warning sign when a seizure is coming. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| seizure activity that lasts longer than 30 minutes or series of seizure that occur in rapid succession |
|
|
