Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| three layers of connective tissue that protect and nourish the CNS (brain and spinal cord) |
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Definition
| surrounds brain and spinal cord. filled with cerebrospinal fluid. cushions brain and spinal cords, nourishes the CNS and removes waste materials |
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Definition
| formed in the ventricles of the brain and flows through the venticles in the subarachnoid space. |
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Definition
| divided into the right and left cerebral hemispheres |
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Definition
| bundle of nerve fibers responsible for communication between hemispheres of cerebrum. Each hemisphere sends and recieves impulses from opposite sides of body and consists of four lobes. |
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(lobes are composed of)
mediates higher level functions such as memory, perception, communication, and initiation of voluntary movements. |
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| damage to a lobe results in |
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Definition
| impairment of the specific function directed by that lobe |
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Definition
| lies beneath the cerebral hemispheres and consists of the thalamus and hypothalamus. |
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| most sensory impulses travel through |
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Definition
| the gray matter of the thalamus |
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Definition
| responsible for screening and directing impulses to the specific areas in the cerebral cortex |
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Definition
| part of autonomic nervous system, which is part of peripheral nervous system. responsible for regulating many body functions including water balance, appetite, vital signs, sleep cycles, pain perception and emotional status |
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Definition
| located btwn cerebral cortex and spinal cord, consists mostly of nerve fibers and has three parts, midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata |
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Definition
| relay center for ear and eye reflexes, and relays impulses between the higher cerebral centers and lower pons, medulla, cerebellum and spinal cord. |
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Definition
| links cerebellum to cerebrum and midbrain to medulla. responsible for various reflex actions |
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Definition
| contains nuclei for cranial nerves, and has centers that control and regulate respiratory function, heart rate and force, and blood pressure |
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Definition
| located behind brain stem and under the cerebrum, also has two hemispheres. does not initiate movement, but functions include coordination and smoothing of voluntary movements, maintenance of equilibrium, and maintenance of muscle tone. |
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Definition
| located in vertebral canal and extends from medulla oblangata to the first lumbar vertebra. conducts sensory impulses up ascending tracts to the brain, conducts motor impulses down descending tracts to neurons that stimulate glands and muscles throughout the body and is responsible for simple reflex activity. |
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Term
| stretch reflex (knee jerk) |
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Definition
| simplest type of reflex arc, involves one sensory neuron (afferent), one motor neuron (efferent) and one synapse. |
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Term
| sensory impulses travel to the brain by way of |
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Definition
| two ascending neural pathways (spinothalamic tract and posterior columns) |
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Term
| sensations of pain, temperature, and crude and light touch travel by way of the? |
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Definition
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Term
| sensations of position, vibration, and fine touch travel by way of the? |
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Definition
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| motor impulses are conducted to the muscles by |
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Definition
| two descending neural pathways; pyramidal (corticospinal) tract and extrapyramidal tract |
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Term
| impulses from motor neurons of pyramidal tract produce |
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Definition
| voluntary movements that involve skill and purpose |
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Definition
| responsible for speech. (frontal lobe) |
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Definition
| directs voluntary, skeletal actions. influences communication (talking and writing), emotions, intellect, reasoning ability, judgement, and behavior. |
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Definition
| interprets tactile sensations, including touch, pain, temperature, shapes, and two point discrimination. |
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Definition
| influences the ability to read with understanding and is the primary visual receptor center |
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Definition
| recieves and interprets impulses from the ear. contains wernicke's area |
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Definition
| responsible for interpreting auditory stimuli |
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| impulses from motor neurons of the extrapyramidal tract |
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Definition
| maintenance of muscle tone and body control |
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| peripheral nervous system |
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Definition
| carries information to and from CNS. 12 cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves |
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| two types of nerve fibers |
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Definition
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Definition
| carry CNS impulses to voluntary skeletal muscles |
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Definition
| carry CNS impulses to smooth, involuntary muscles (in heart and glands) |
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Definition
| mediates conscious or voluntary activities |
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Definition
mediates unconscious or involuntary activities
maintains internal homeostasis of body |
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Definition
olfactory
carries smell impulses from nasal mucous membrane to brain |
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Definition
optic
carries visual impulses from eye to brain |
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Definition
oculomotor
contracts eye muscles to control eye movements(interior lateral, medial and superior) constricts pupils, and elevates eyelids |
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Definition
trochlear
contracts one eye muscle to control inferomedial eye movement |
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Definition
trigeminal
carries sensory impulse of pain, touch and temperature from the face to the brain. influences clenching and lateral jaw movements (biting, chewing) |
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Definition
abducens
controls lateral eye movements |
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Definition
facial
contains sensory fibers for taste on anterior two thirds of tongue and stimulates secretions from salivary glands and tears from lacrimal glands. supplies the facial muscles and affects facial expressions (smiling, frowning, closing eyes) |
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Definition
acoustic, vestibulococchlear
contains sensory fibers for hearing and balance |
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Definition
glossopharyngeal
contains sensory fibers for taste on posterior third of tongue and sensory fibers of the pharynx that result in the "gag reflex" wehn stimulated
provides secretory fibers to the parotid salivary glands; promotes swallowing movements |
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Definition
vagus
carries sensation from throat, larynx, heart, lungs, bronchi, gi tract, and abdominal viscera. promotes swallowing, talking and production of digestive juices |
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Definition
spinal accessory
innervates neck muscles that promote movement of the shoulders and head rotation. also promotes some movement of the larynx |
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Definition
hypoglossal
innervates tongue muscles that promote the movement of food and talking |
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| sympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
fight or flight
activated during stress, and elicits respnses such as decreased gastric secretions, bronchiole dilation, increased pulse rate and pupil dilation |
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| parasymphathetic nervous system |
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Definition
| functions to restore and maintain normal body functions, for example by decreasing heart rate |
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| loss of sensation or tingling may occur with |
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Definition
| damage to brain, spinal cord, or peripheral nerves |
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Definition
| epilepsy, metabolic disorders, head injury, and high fevers |
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| morning headaches that subside after arising may be an early sign of |
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Definition
| increased intracranial pressure such as with a brain tumor |
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| dizziness or lightheadedness may be related to |
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Definition
| carotid artery dz, cerebellar abscess, meniere's dz, or inner ear infection |
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Term
| imbalance and difficulty coordinating or controlling movements are seen in |
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Definition
| neurologic dz involving cerebellum, basal ganglia, exrapyramidal tracts or vestibular part of cranial nerve VIII(acoustic) |
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| decrease ability to smell may be related to |
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Definition
| dysfunction of cranial nerve I (olfactory) or brain tumor |
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| decrease in ability to taste may be related to |
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Definition
| dysfunction of cranial nerve VII(facial) or IX(glossopharyngeal) |
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| changes in vision may occur with |
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Definition
| dysfunction of cranial nerve II (optic), increased intracranial pressure, or brain tumors. |
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| double or blurred vision may be caused by |
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Definition
| damage to cranial nerves III(oculomotor), IV (trochlear) or VI(abducens) |
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| transient blind spots may be an early sign of |
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Definition
| a cerebrovascular accident |
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| injury to cerebral cortex can impair? |
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Definition
| the ability to use or understand verbal language |
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| difficulty swallowing may relate to |
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Definition
| CVA, parkinsons dz,myasthenia gravis, guillain-barre syndrome or dysfunction of cranial nerves IX(glossopharyngeal), X(vagus) or XII (hypoglossal) |
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Term
| loss of bowel control or urinary retention and bladder distention are seen with |
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Definition
| spinal cord injury or tumors |
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| unilateral muscle weakness or paralysis may result from |
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Definition
| CVA, compression of spinal cord, or nerve injury |
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Term
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Definition
| degenerative neurologic disorders, such as parkinsons dz. (3-6 per second while muscles at rest) or in cerebellar dz and multiple sclerosis |
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Term
| recent memory (24-hr memory) is often impaired in |
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Definition
| amnestic disorders, korsakoff's syndrome, delirium, and dementia |
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| remote memory (past dates and historical accounts) may be impaired in |
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Definition
| cerebral cortex disorders |
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| prescription and non prescription drugs can cause |
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Definition
| various neurologic symptoms such as tremors or dizziness, altered level of consciousness, decreased response times and changes in moods and temperament |
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Term
| peripheral neuropathy can result from |
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Definition
| deficiency in niacin, folic acid and vit. b12 |
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Term
| CVA (stroke) results when |
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Definition
| blood supply to an area of the brain is disrupted. it can cause thrombosis, embolism, infarction, or hemorrhage. |
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Term
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Definition
sudden numbness, esp on one side of body
sudden confusion, trouble speaking or understanding speach, sudden vision problems in one or both eyes
sudden trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance or coordination, sudden severe headache with no known cause |
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Definition
older adulthood
male
african american
hx of stroke
smoking
hypertension |
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Term
| complete neurologic exam consists of evaluating which areas? |
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Definition
| mental status cranial nerves motor and cerebellar system sensory system reflexes |
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Term
| imbalance and coordination problems are seen with? |
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Definition
| problems with crebellum, basal ganglia, extrapyrydamal tracts, of the VIII |
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Term
| a decrease in the ability to smell can be related to? |
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Definition
| a dysfunction of the olfactory nerve or a brain tumor |
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Term
| the loss of ability to taste can be stemed down to? |
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Definition
| damage to cranial nerve VII and IX |
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Term
| a ringin int eh ears can be stemed down to? |
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Definition
| damage to cranial nerve VIII acoustic |
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Term
| damage to cranial nerve III, IV, or VI |
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Definition
| is may cause double vision or blurred vision |
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Term
| damage to the cerebral cortex can cause? |
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Definition
| the impaires ability to understand verbal language |
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Term
| loss of bowel control and urinary retention are seen with? |
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Definition
| damage to the spinal cord and tumors |
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Term
| peripheral neuropathy can be caused by a deficiency in? |
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Definition
| niacin, folic acid, and b 12 |
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Term
| the motor and cerebellar systems |
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Definition
| determines the functioning of pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts. cerebellar helps determine balance ability |
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Definition
| provides info on the integrity of spinothalamic tract, posterior collumns, and parietal lobes of the brain |
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| how to test cranial nerve I |
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Definition
| have patient smell certain scents. |
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Definition
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Definition
| swelling of the optic nerve |
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Definition
| paralysis of oculomotor, trochlear, or abductens |
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Term
| a dilated pupil of 6 to 7 can be indicative of? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| can be due to nrcotic use or damage to pons |
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| unilateral dilated pupils unrespnsive to accomodation or light |
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Definition
| damage to cranial nerve III occulomotor |
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Term
| inability to identify facial stimuli can be due to? |
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Definition
| lesions on the trigeminal nerve. |
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Term
| abesent corneal reflex may be noted with? |
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Definition
| lesions of the trigeminal nerve or damage to the VII facial nerve |
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Term
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Definition
| facial. ask patient to smile, frown, puff cheeks, raise eyebrows, and close eyes. |
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Definition
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| if palate will not rise, suspect? |
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Definition
| damage to cranial nerve X. vagus. |
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| an absent gag reflex may be due to? |
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Definition
| damage to cranial nerves IX glossopharangeal or X vagus |
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Definition
| can be due to damage to IX or X |
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Definition
| ask patient to move their tongue around |
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Definition
| foot to foot walking. drunk driving test |
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Definition
| clinet stands erect with eyes closed and stays in position. |
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Definition
| absecense of touch sensation |
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Definition
| decreased sensitivity to touch |
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Term
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Definition
| increased sensitivty to touch |
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Definition
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Definition
| decreased sensitivity to pain |
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Term
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Definition
| increased sensitivtiy to pain |
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Definition
| the inability to identify objects |
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Definition
| reflexes are less than normal. |
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Definition
| reflexes strgner than normal. 4+ |
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Definition
| bend elbow with palm up. place your thumb over biceps tendon. strike thumb with reflex hammer. Checks C5 and C6. |
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Term
| how to asses the brachioradialis reflex |
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Definition
| flex elbow with palm down and hand resting on lap. tap tendon at the radius 2 inches above wrist. checks C5 and C6 |
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Term
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Definition
| arm patient to hold arm out and let forearm hang freely with nurse supporting it with non dominant hand. tap olecranon process |
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Definition
| ask patient to hang legs freely. tap patellar tendon bellow patella. does L2,3, and 4 |
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Definition
| with leg hanging, dorsiflex leg. tap achilles tendon. does S1 and 2 |
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Term
| t or f: test ankle clonus when the other reflexes have been hyperactive |
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Definition
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Definition
| pain during flexion of the knee |
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Definition
| pain and increased resistance while extending the knee is a positive sign. |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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| the spinal cord mediates? |
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Definition
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Term
| memory problesm stem down to what lobe? |
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Definition
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Term
| what controls vital signs? |
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Definition
| the mid brain: pons, medulla oblongota |
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Term
| people with a past history of an aneorism probably have a history of? |
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Definition
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Term
| transient ischemic attack |
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Definition
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Term
| when do we use a neuro check? |
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Definition
| for rapid repeated checks |
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Term
| to check concentration ask the client to? |
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Definition
| count from 100 backwards by 7's |
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Term
| to check abstract reasoning of a patient ask a patient to? |
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Definition
| reason a roverb of a common phrase like "the grass is always greener" |
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Definition
| ability to identify an object |
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Term
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Definition
| perception of writting on hand |
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Term
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Definition
| ability of the cleint to identify which body part is being touched |
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