Term
| Reduced renal perfusion (prolonged vasoconstriction; shock or hemorrhage) |
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Definition
| Hemodynamic renal failure |
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Term
| Inflammation of the renal tubules and the interstitial tissue between the glomerulus and the tubules |
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Definition
| Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) |
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Term
| Most common cause of acute renal failure |
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Definition
| Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) |
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Term
| May be caused by specific problems with the body's immune system, but the precise cause of most cases is unknown |
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Definition
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Term
| Renal dysfunction due to a structural or functional hindrance of normal urine flow |
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Definition
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|
Term
| decreased renal blood flow, decreased glomerular filtration rate --> ischemia |
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Definition
| Prolonged vasoconstriction |
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|
Term
| decreased blood pressure, decreased blood flow --> ischemia |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ACEIs, ARBs, Aspirin, Ibuprofen |
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Definition
| cause hemodynamic failure |
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Term
| prevents conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II |
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Definition
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|
Term
| blocks angiotensin II receptor |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| renin-angiotensin-aldosterone cycle inhibition |
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Definition
| causes vasodilation, decreasing perfusion pressure and decreasing glomerular filtration --> ARF |
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|
Term
| causes hemodynamic acute renal failure especially in patients with pre-existing renal artery stenosis |
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Definition
| renin-angiotensin-aldosterone cycle inhibition |
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|
Term
| inhibition of cyclooxygenase |
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Definition
| block prostaglandin synthesis |
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|
Term
| facilitating renin secretion, vasodilation of the afferent arteriole and regulation of sodium excretion |
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Definition
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|
Term
| can be nephrotoxic in patients with borderline renal function. renal arterial stenosis, hypovolemia, sepsis, severe chronic heart failure and kidney disease |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| accounts for up to 15% of hospital admissions for acute renal failure |
|
Definition
| acute interstitial nephritis |
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|
Term
| AIN: most common culprit are NSAIDs but other drugs are also implicated |
|
Definition
| Acetaminophen, Beta Lactam antibiotics |
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|
Term
| ATN: most frequent cause is ischemic tubular necrosis caused by failure of renal perfusion as a result of: |
|
Definition
| prolonged hypotension, hypovolemic shock, excessive blood loss |
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|
Term
| Induce injury to proximal convoluted tubules |
|
Definition
| Antibiotics (aminoglycosides, amphotericin B); NSAIDs |
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|
Term
| Is NOT associated with prominent tubular inflammation |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| bind to phospholipids in the mitochondrial and lysosomal membranes of proximal convoluted tubular cells |
|
Definition
| Aminoglycosides (Gentamicin, Karamycin, etc) |
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|
Term
| Aminoglycosides can be detected by monitoring this |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Occurs in 80% of patients after a cumulative dose of 3-4 grams |
|
Definition
| Amphotericin B- induced acute tubular necrosis |
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|
Term
| affect both proximal and distal convoluted tubules to increase permeability, increase oxygen requirements and cause vasoconstriction |
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Definition
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|
Term
| most common cause of nephritic syndrome in children |
|
Definition
| Minimal change disease (MCD) |
|
|
Term
| Minimal change disease (Nephrotic syndrome) |
|
Definition
| caused by NSAIDs, Rifampin and other drugs |
|
|
Term
| Nephrotic Syndrome (Glomerulonephritis) |
|
Definition
| Minimal change disease; Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis; Thin basement membrane nephropathy; membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis |
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|
Term
| regionalized scarring of glomerulus caused by heroin; most common cause of nephritic syndrome in adults |
|
Definition
| Focal segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) |
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|
Term
| Most common cause of asymptomatic hematuria (blood in urine) |
|
Definition
| Thin Basement Membrane Nephropathy (TBMN) |
|
|
Term
| Thin Basement Membrane Nephropathy |
|
Definition
| Caused by NSAIDs, Mercury, Penicillamine, Gold therapy |
|
|
Term
| Immune deposits in intraglomerular mesangium caused by hydralazine (Apresoline) |
|
Definition
| Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) |
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|
Term
| Categories of obstructive nephropathy |
|
Definition
| Urate nephropathy; Drug-induced crystalluria; Retroperitoneal Fibrosis |
|
|
Term
| crystallization of urate and drugs within the renal tubules |
|
Definition
| direct interstitial toxicity |
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|
Term
| crystal and stone formation within the ureteres |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Tumor lysis syndrome (cancer patients) in which uric acid is cleared by renal excretion |
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Definition
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|
Term
| presence and excretion of rather insoluble metabolic products in crystalline form in urine |
|
Definition
| Drug-induced crystalluria |
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|
Term
| associated with crystalluria, especially during dehydration (may cause obstructive nephropathy) |
|
Definition
| sulfonamides; ciprofloxacin |
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|
Term
| caused by proliferation of fibrous tissue in the retroperitoneum which may prevent the ureters from carrying urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| in most cases occurs as an idiosyncratic type B adverse drug reaction |
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|
Term
| Retropreitoneal fibrosis is a recognized complication of these |
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Definition
| ergot derivatives, methotrexate, and other drugs |
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|
Term
| heart failure as a risk factor for nephrotoxicity |
|
Definition
| decreased cardiac output = decreased blood flow to the kidney = reduced renal perfusion |
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|
Term
| reduced renal function is result of nephrotoxic drugs |
|
Definition
| hemodynamic renal failure |
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|
Term
| adjacent to glomerulus; increases release of renin when blood volume is decreased/decrease in renal perfusion |
|
Definition
| juxtaglomerular apparatus |
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|
Term
| renin's natural polypeptide that is released from the liver and reduced from 12 peptides to 10 and then to 8 |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| is the most active member of the angiotensin family |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Angiotensin II stimulates adrenal cortex to release this to act on kidney and increase reabsorption of sodium ion and chloride ion (and promotes excretion of potassium ion) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor |
|
Definition
| BP increases and more water retention and increased salt in body= increased blood volume = greater perfusion of juxtaglomerular apparatus = inhibition further release of renin |
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|
Term
| after long use of ACEIs and ARBs |
|
Definition
| reduced renal blood flow= reduced glomerular filtration rate = ischemia of kidney; kidney will still release renin but renin won't work b/c of the drugs being used |
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|
Term
| precursor to all prostaglandins |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) |
|
Definition
| intense inflammation of nephron tubules |
|
|
Term
| happens BEFORE blood gets to kidney. (low blood pressure and/or blood loss) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| are all intrinsic classes of nephrotoxicity |
|
Definition
| AIN, ATN, and glomerular nephropathy |
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|
Term
| POST kidney; they affect the kidney but also affect the ureters (interfere with flow of urine) |
|
Definition
| Obstructive nephropathy (urate nephropathy, crystalluria, retroperitoneal fibrosis) |
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