Term
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Definition
1. epithelial
2. connective & muscle
3. nerve
4. lymphoid
5. hematopoietic |
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Term
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Definition
Neoplasms end with the suffix “oma” (not OMG!)
When benign & malignant tumors are classified by cell types, they are named by the tissue of origin. Remember
epithelial
connective and muscle
nerve
lymphoid
hematopoietic |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
No metastasis
Encapsulated
Non-invasive
Slow-growing
Well differentiated
Little or no anaplasia
In benign tumors they grow independent of tissue and continue to grow but do NOT metastasize
A benign tumor may still kill you, for example, if a benign tumor starts in the brain, by growing, it will push against structures and disrupt those structures. |
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Term
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Definition
Metastasis
Non-encapsulated
Invasive
Rapid growth
Poorly differentiated
Anaplasia to varying degrees |
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Term
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Definition
It doesn’t break through the basement membrane
It is a tumor that is sitting there waiting!! |
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Term
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Definition
Changes in B & B habits
A sore that does not heal in six weeks
Unusual bleeding or discharge (continues)
Thickening or lump (breast or elsewhere)
Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing
Obvious change in wart or mole
Nagging cough or hoarseness
It is a cluster of these that should be considered |
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Term
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Definition
is when a neoplasm grows w/in a connective tissue or capsule. Most encapsulated neoplasms are benign.
Whereas, most malignant neoplasms grow with no connective tissue capsule. |
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Term
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Definition
| is the process of being in one tissue and invading another tissue. Malignant neoplasms invade adjacent tissue. Patterns of metastasis differ from cancer to cancer. |
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Term
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Definition
| when there are differences w/in the actual cell types. For example, one CAncer cell doesn't look like the next cell & doesn't look like the next cell. So cellular atypii or anaplasia or "do the cells look like the other cells?” The clinical example here is a PAP smear |
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Term
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Definition
1. Pain-acts as a warning sign
2. Obstruction-when a tumor compresses a passageway. May restrict bloodflow to an area.
3. Tissue necrosis & ulceration may lead to infection around the tumor. For example, in the infection occurring with CA in the mouth. |
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Term
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Definition
| wasting away of the body-weight loss and wasting due to illness |
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Term
| systemic effects of malignant tumors |
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Definition
1. weight loss & cachexia.
2. anemia-decreased hemoglobin. Results from poor intake, chronic bleeding w/iron loss & bone marrow destruction
3. fatigue-caused by inflammation, cachexia, anemia, stress & tx.
4. infections such as pneumonia
5. bleeding due to erosion of the blood vessels in the area of the tumor
6. paraneoplastic syndromes-caused by tumor cells releasing substances that effect neurological fx thereby causing hormonal change |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| increased risk of spread because of tumor size |
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Term
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Definition
| local CA has spread but may not be disseminated to distant regions |
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Term
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Definition
| CA has spread & disseminated to distant sites |
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Term
| risk factors for developing CA |
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Definition
Geographical
Age
Nutritional
Cultural
Genetic factors |
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Term
| median age for all cancers |
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Definition
70
Older people may be more susceptible to CA simply because they have been exposed to carcinogens longer than younger people.
Tobacco use remains the most important cause of CA. |
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Term
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Definition
Curative if tumor is small & localized
Palliative if CA is advanced
Chemotherapy & radiation therapy are administered in repeated doses to maximize tumor cell death but minimize normal tissue effects.
Total parenteral nutrition—nutrients administered directly through a vein |
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Term
| functional and structural unit in the body |
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Definition
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Term
| cause of cell function loss |
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Definition
| disorganization or undifferentiated or growth becomes uncontrolled, their specialized functions are lost. |
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Term
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Definition
| granules that produce proteins |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| contain digestive enzymes to break down unwanted materials |
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Term
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Definition
| process and release proteins |
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Term
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Definition
process of cell reproduction resulting in two daughter cells with the same DNA as the parent cell
regulator genes control mitosis for diff. types of cells
Growth factors, such as cytokines, signal proliferation while inhibitors inside cells prevent excessive growth |
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Definition
| a change in the genetic make up (DNA) of a cell, which will be inherited |
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Definition
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Definition
spontaneously during mitosis
result of exposure to chemicals, viruses, radiation and other environmental hazards
rapid rates of mitosis associated with tissue trauma may increase risk |
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Term
| cell type with most rapid rate of mitosis |
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Definition
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Term
| cells that never undergo mitosis |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| s an organized structure of DNA and protein that is found in cells. It is a single piece of coiled DNA containing many genes, regulatory elements and other nucleotide sequences. |
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Term
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Definition
(tumor) is a cellular growth that is no longer responding to normal body controls. The cells continue to reproduce when there is no need for them.
This excessive growth deprives other cells of nutrients
The expanding mass creates pressure on surrounding structures |
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Term
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Definition
| study of malignant tumors |
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Term
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Definition
| the development of new capillaries in the tumor, thus promoting tumor development. |
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Term
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Definition
based on the degree of differentiation
grade I tumor-well differentiated cells similar to the original cells
grad IV tumor is undifferentiated with cells varying in size and shape (anaplasia).-highly malignant |
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Term
| why is infection likely to occur at the tumor site? |
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Definition
| tissue necrosis and ulceration may lead to infection around the tumor, particularly in areas where normal flora can become opportunistic |
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Term
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Definition
decreased hemoglobin
decreases the O2 available to cells, leading to fatigue and poor tissue regeneration |
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Term
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Definition
associated with certain tumors
tumor cells release substances that affect neurologic function or blood clotting or have hormonal effects.
EX: bronchogenic carcinoma cause release of ACTH leading to manifestaions of cushings syndrome. |
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Term
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Definition
-oma by itself means benign
carcinoma-malignant
sarcoma-malignant |
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Term
| reasons for pain of tumors |
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Definition
pain-direct pressure of the mass on sensory nerves. Can be stretching of a visceral capsule. INflammation because of increased pressure on the nerves.
can be:
infection, ischemia and bleeding.. Blood can irritate tissues and if collection in an area can cause pressure on nerves |
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Term
| reason for bleeding of tumors |
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Definition
| tumor cells may erode the blood vessels or cause tissue ulceration. Bone marrow depression and hypoproteinemia may contribute to poor clotting |
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Term
| reason for weight loss with tumors |
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Definition
| and cachexia- anorexia, fatigue, pain, stress and increased demands placed on the body by reproducing tumor cells (nutrient trapping) altered carbohydrate and protein metabolism and cachectic factors produced by macrophages in response to tumor. |
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Term
| reasons for fatigue with tumors |
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Definition
| inflammatory changes, cachexia, anemia, stress and treatment schedules. Psychological factors involved in facing a life-threatening illness can also lead to depression. |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormally low number of thrombocytes or platelets |
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Term
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Definition
| substances, enzymes, antigens or hormones produced by some malignant cells and circulating in the blood or other body fluid. |
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Term
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Definition
| a radioactive form of an element, giving off radiation (beta or gamma) in the body, used in diagnosis and therapy |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| three mechanisms for the spread of cancer |
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Definition
invasion-local spread, secrete lytic enzymes that break down tissue
metastasis-spread to distant sites by blood or lymph channels.
seeding-spread of cancer cells in body fluids or along membranes, usually in body cavities. cells break away and travel easily with the movement of fluid and tissue. EX: ovarian cancer |
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Term
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Definition
small metastasis that are found traveling through lymph or blood on their way to form tumors at other sites.
-too small to be detected |
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Term
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Definition
based on the extent of the disease and therefore provides a basis for treatment and prognosis
based on :
size of primary tumor (T)
extent of involvement of regional lymph nodes(N)
spread (M) mestastasis
Only stage IV has metastasis showing up |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells |
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Term
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Definition
initiating factors-cause change in DNA-first mutation-does not mean active neoplasm
exposure to promoters- further changes to DNA and less differentiation and increased mitosis-dysplasia or anaplasia evident here
continued exposure and changes in DNA
changes in regulation of growth- metastasis-cells capable of detaching and moving on |
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Term
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Definition
| metastasize readily and exhibit cells that reproduce quickly |
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Term
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Definition
cecum
liver
jejunum
stomach
ilium
transverse colon
sigmoid colon |
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Term
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Definition
| intended to reduce the manifestations and complications related to the cancer and to prolong life. |
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Term
| radiofrequency ablation (RFA) |
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Definition
used for small tumors of the lungs and liver
radiologist uses CT scans and ultrasound to guide and needle and electrodes to tumor. Heat is supplied in the form of radio waves to destroy the malignant cells and tissue immediately surrounding the tumor. |
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Term
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Definition
may be used alone or with other treatments
causes mutations or alterations in the targeted DNA, thus preventing mitosis or causing immediate cell death. It also damages blood supply to the tumor.
Most effective on rapidly dividing cells |
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Term
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Definition
| blood in the stool or vomitus |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| chemotherapy adverse effects |
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Definition
bone marrow depression is the limiting factor
normal cells also damaged, most commonly skin, mucosa, bone marrow and gonads. |
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Term
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Definition
| point of lowest cell count |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| chemotherapy kills rapidly dividing cells and epithelial cells are rapidly ongoing mitosis. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| major risk with thrombocytopenia |
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Definition
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Term
| common problems with neutropenia, septicemia, tumors of intestinal tract. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| prednisone use with neoplasms |
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Definition
| used to decrease mitosis and increase erythrocyte counts. Improve appetite and sense of well-being. Decrease inflammation and swelling around the tumor. |
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Term
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Definition
estrogen-blocking agent
most effective in post-menopausal women |
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Term
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Definition
fewer side effects than tamoxifen in advanced cases of post-menopausal, hormone dependent breast cancer in which tamoxifen is not effective.
this drug blocks the conversion, by the enzyme aromatase of androgens to estrogens |
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Term
| biologic response modifiers (BRMs) |
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Definition
agents that augment the natural immune response in the body to improve the surveillance and removal of abnormal cells.
EX: natural product of interferon and bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine (for TB) BCG stimulates the movement of macrophages and T-lymphs to the site where they may destroy the tumor cell. |
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Term
| angiogenic inhibitor drugs (angiostatin, endostatin) |
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Definition
| angiogenesis means new blood vessels and as a tumor grows and spreads, so must new blood vessels. Antiangiogenesis drugs block the stimulus for endothelial cell (blood vessel walls) growth by various mechanisms and therefore reduce local blood flow and starve the tumor cells. Also reduces the delivery of chemotherapy to the cells in the tumor. |
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Term
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Definition
pain control
doses are increased with tolerance |
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Term
| reasons of malnourishment in cancer patients |
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Definition
| change in taste, anorexia, vomiting, sore mouth, loss of teeth, pain and fatigue, malabsorption due to inflammation in the GI tract, altered metabolism and nutrient trapping by the tumor. Can be because of tumor or treatments. |
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Term
| total parenteral nutrition (TPN) |
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Definition
| administration of a nutrient mixture directly into a peripheral vein. |
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Term
| alternative treatments for cancer |
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Definition
| called "complementary" non-medical treatments. |
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Term
| definition of a "cure" of cancer |
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Definition
| 5-year survival without recurrence after diagnosis and treatment. |
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Term
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Definition
most common form of skin cancer
lack of pain, pruritis and persistence
lesion remains and grows slowly
invasive into the subcutaneous tissues |
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Term
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Definition
highest rate of recurrence
occur mostly on head, neck and back
fair skin increases risk
over 40 increases risk |
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Term
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Definition
poor prognosis
tumor is "silent" in peritoneal cavity
tumor spreads by lymph vessels and seeding
also invades uterus and pelvis
chemo, radiation and surgery |
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Term
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Definition
may be benign or malignant
space-occupying mass that creates pressure
even small can cause death if on brainstem or cerebellum.
can be diff. to remove
can originate from neurons, neuroglial cells, blood vessels or connective tissue.
signs are seizures or signs of pressure such as a headache, drowsiness, vomiting, visual problems or impaired motor function.
don't metastasize beyond CNS but other types of cancers can metastasize here. |
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Term
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Definition
| cause neurologic dysfunction and hormonal abnormalities |
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Term
| tumors in interior of brain |
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Definition
| can shift ventricles and interfere with flow of cerebrospinal fluid |
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