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Neoplasia
Nomenclature, Basic Concepts, and Clinical Concepts of Cancer
11
Pathology
Graduate
01/28/2010

Additional Pathology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

 

 

Benign vs. Malignant

Definition

Benign: expansive growth, slow growth, doesn't metastasize, systemic effects rare, well differentiated(looks like parent organ), normal mitoses

 

Malignant: infiltrative growth, rapid growth, able to metastasize, may have systemic effects, range from well-differentiated to anaplastic, mitoses increases number and/or abnormal shapes

Term

 

 

Carcinoma

Definition

 

 

A cancer that arises in the epithelium

Term

 

 

Sarcoma

Definition

 

 

A malignancy arising in connective tissue such as muscle, fat, blood vessels

Term

 

 

Hematologic Malignancies

Definition

 

 

Leukemias(bone marrow and circulating blood)

Lymphomas (lymph nodes)

Term

 

 

"In situ"

Definition

 

 

Cancerous cells have not penetrated the basement membrane

Term

 

 

Knudson's 2-hit hypothesis

Definition

 

 

1. genetic abnormality

2. environmental change

ex. pt has predisposition for lung CA and begins to smoke will give rise to disease

Term

 

 

What are the general characteristics of solid tumor malignancy?

Definition

 

- invades locally

- grow locally

- involves lymph nodes

- sometimes size is an issue

- metastasis

- example of a solid tumor malignancy: Superior Vena Cava Syndrome

Term

 

 

Describe Grade and Stage

Hint: TNM

Definition

 

Grade: what it looks like under a microscope

High - less differentiated

Low - looks like the tissue of origin

Stage: describes growth of tumor

T = tumor size T0,1-4

N = lymph nodes 1-3

M = metastases binary either M0/M1

 

Term

 

 

Clinical Presentations of CA

Local signs and symptoms

 

 

Definition

- mass

- necrosis

- obstruction

- bleeding

- change in wart/mole

- pain

- ABCD's asymmetry, borders, color, diameter

Term

 

 

Clinical Presentation

Systemic Symptoms

Definition

- unexplained weight loss

- cachexia "wasting"

- anemia

- infections

- bleeding

- paraneoplastic syndromes

- metastases may be first sign

 

Term

 

 

Diagnostic Tests

Definition

- Blood tests: CBC w/ diff; evidence of cell destruction; tumor markers(exs. CEA: adenocarcinomas; AFP: liver; PSA: prostate) genetic markers (philadelphia chromosome)

- Imaging studies: CT, MRI, Plain films

- Tissue: fine needle aspiration; biopsy

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