Term
| Metaplasia: active replacement of one cell type by another. It's a change in the TYPE of differentiation but not a change in ________ of differentiation. |
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Definition
| AMOUNT. ie change of respiratory epithelium to stratisfied squamous in the trachea and bronchi of smokers--called squamous metaplasia. USUALLY REVERSIBLE when stimulus removed. |
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Term
| The following description describes a ___________: often encapsulated, usually slow growing, well-differentiated, few mitotic figures, homogenous cells, and remain localized. |
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Definition
| BENIGN NEOPLASIA. they do not invade. |
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Term
| Borderline tumors share characteristics of what two growths? |
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Definition
| Some characteristics of benign and some of malignancy. can't be categorized as either so it's called "borderline." |
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Term
| Another phrase for premalignant lesion? |
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Definition
| CARCINOMA IN SITU. premalignant lesions have cells that have all the changes they need to invade and metastasize, but have not done so yet. "in situ" means in place. carcinoma means malignant neoplasm of epithelial cell origin. |
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Term
| Carcinoma are malignant neoplasms of epithelial cell origin, derived from any three germ layers. Type type of carcinoma (how it's named) depends on.... ? |
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Definition
| carcinoma nameing depends on what kind of cell the malignant neoplasm produces: ie if it produces squamous cells, it's a squamous cell carcinoma. |
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Term
| What are the architectural and cytolgic markers of malignancy & metastasis? |
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Definition
Malignant neoplasia: infiltrative borders, often rapidly growing, poorly differentiated, increased mitoses, pleomorphism (change in cell shape and size), and the potential to metastasize.
-pleomorphism
-abundance of DNA (stain quite dark), increased NUCLEUS-to-cytoplasm ratio
-abnormal mitoses and numerous normal.
-loss of polarity (no longer respect their normal orientation)
-also may be tumor giant cells, and centra areas may become necrotic when neoplasm outgrows blood supply. |
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Term
| What is the difference between grading and staging of tumors? |
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Definition
Grading: degree of differentiation of tumor cells and the # of mitoses within the tumor as presumed correlates of neoplasm's AGGRESSIVENESS. Grades I-IV with increasing anaplasia.
STAGING: size of primary lesion, extent of spread to LNs, and presence/absence of blood-borne metastases. T=tumor (primary) size and extent. N=NODe (lymph node). M=metastases. M0=none. M1/M2=blood-borne. |
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Term
| How can tumors metastasize? |
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Definition
1) direct seeding of body cavities
2) travel via lymphatics
3) travel through blood |
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Term
| What is the most important factor in prognosis of a given tumor type? |
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Definition
| STAGING (ie whether it has metastasized... how much) |
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Term
| Direct seeding of body cavities can occur in tumor metastasis of what kind of cancer(s)? |
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Definition
| ovarian cancers. no need for lymph or blood route. |
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Term
| The rate of growth is determined by three main factors: doubling time, fraction of tumor cells in replicative pool, and rate of cells shed/lost. Which factor determines the susceptibility of the tumor to chemo agents? |
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Definition
| Growth fraction: cancers where very few cells are proliferating are not very susceptible to chemo agents b/c chemotherapy attacks DIVIDING cells. Growth of tumors is NOT commonly associated with a shortening of cell cycle time (ie they could have small growth fraction, not many cells replicating despite short cell cycle). |
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Term
| what is a tumor cell embolus? |
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Definition
| In the metastatic cascade, the interaction between cells passing through ECM to the blood WITH host lymphoid cells causes aggregation of tumor cells with platelets; known as tumor cell embolus. Can adhere to basemenent membrane & extravasate OR deposited in distant tissues ( metastaasis) and can grow, stimulating angiogenesis. |
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Term
| Hyperplasia (cell # increase): it is physiologic if ___ and ____. Pathologic can be hormonal in _______ for example; and it can be due to ______. |
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Definition
| Physiologic: hormonal (breast during pregnancy) and compensatory (after partial hepatectomy. Pathologic can be hormonal (endometrium) or due to viral infections. |
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Term
| Hypertrophy of the uterus: is it hormonal or pathologic? |
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Definition
| hormonal during prengnacy. endometrial hypertrophy NOT during pregnancy is pathologic (trick question, sorry). |
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Term
| Name a very common type of COMPENSATORY HYPERTROPHY (non-pathologic)? (in what cells?) |
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Definition
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Term
| Atrophy does nto mean death--it's a reduction of cell mass. It can occur due to diminshed blood supply, but due to what else? (5 things) |
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Definition
| 1) decreased workload 2) loss of innervation 3) inadequate nutrition 4) loss of endocrine stimulation 5) aging. |
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Term
| Name two incidences of SQUAMOUS METAPLASIA and one of COLUMNAR METAPLASIA. |
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Definition
squamous metaplasia (from columnar): respiratory tract due to smoking or stone in pancreatic/bile duct(s).
COLUMNAR METAPLASIA (from squamous): Barrett's esophagus. |
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Term
| Columnar metaplasia is also called _______ metapasia? |
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Definition
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Term
| Dysplasia is an alteration of _______ and a lack of respect for the ________ or cells within a tissue. |
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Definition
| alteration in cellular appearance; lack of respect for architectural orientation of normal cells within a tissue. NOT PHYSIOLOGIC. PATHOLOGIC!!! |
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Term
| T/F: dysplasia always leads to neoplasia. |
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Definition
| False. sometimes reversible. |
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Term
| How is carcinoma in situ different from metastases/malignancy? |
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Definition
| BASEMENT MEMBRANE IS INTACT but all the dysplastic changes of malignancy. |
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Term
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Definition
| benign epithelial neoplasm that forms glandular patterns, or tumors derived from glands but not necessarily reproducing glandular patterns. an adenocarcinoma is malignant tumor with glandular growth pattern. |
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Term
| Carcinoma with recognizable glandular pattern is called .... |
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Definition
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Term
| malignant tumor of epithelial origin was caled carcinoma. What is a malignant MESENCHYMAL (fat, cartilage, bone, fibrous tissue) TUMOR called? |
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Definition
| SARCOMA--these tend to be big and bad, and tend to invade locally. Sarcomas are best treated surgically, because most respond poorly to chemotherapy or radiation. |
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Term
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Definition
| the "lei" refers to smooth muscle tissue origin. the "oma" without the "sarcoma" means BENIGN. leiomyosarcoma is big and bad--malignant. |
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Term
| T/F: Because of the "oma" ending, lymphoma is a benign tumor of the lymphatics system. |
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Definition
| FALSE. the ending of "oma" does mean benign in tumors of mesenchymal origina (fat, fibrous tissue, cartilage, bone). In this case, it means a MALIGNANT NEOPLASM OF LYMPHOID TISSUE. |
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Term
| Carcinoma was of epithelial origin; sarcoma was of mesenchymal tissues; what do you think TERATOMA means? |
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Definition
| benigh OR malignant neoplasm comprised of MORE THAN ONE GERM CELL TYPE (ectoderm, mesodermm, endoderm). |
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Term
| pancreatic tissue in the mucosa of small intestine is an example of WHAT..based on its ectopic rest and being normal tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F HAMARTOMAs are benign. |
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Definition
| TRUE. E.g. hamartoma of the lung. There is aberrant differentiation, produces disorganized MATURE cells INDIGENOUS to the organ. |
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Term
| Architecture: tumors can grow in different ways. What is the 4th?? 1) Sheets 2) glands 3) cribiform 4) ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| The degree of abnormality of an individual tumor cell is called what? |
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Definition
| Cytolgic atypia. Cytolgic also includes pleomorphism, and abnormal nulear morphology (hyperchromasia, increased ratio of N:C; irregular nuclear membrane; nucleoi; mitosis (#, atypical, bizarre); loss of polarity; tumor giant cells |
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Term
| why is lots of anaplasia BAD??? |
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Definition
| Anaplasia means lack of differentiation. undifferentiated neoplasms are the worst... metastasizing etc etc |
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Term
| what is the most common neoplasm? |
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Definition
| mole!! called "benign nevus" and requires a series of transforming events to give rise to malignancy. malignancy is usually a mole that changes shape and grows fast (noticeable change in size in months rather than years). |
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Term
| How is "TGIM" useful in knowing the progression of cancer? |
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Definition
| TGIM: transform, grow, invade, metastasize--tells you how a cancer can be successful (at killing you). |
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Term
| primary tumors of most organs tend to metastasis via hematogenous spread to_____? how about those of the GI tract? |
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Definition
most organs-->LUNGS
GI--> liver |
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Term
| staging of cancer is the single most important factor in ______ of a given tumor type? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT ARE THE THREE MAIN TYPES OF CELLS IN OUR BODY? what does transformation have to do with it??? |
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Definition
1)stable (e.g. liver cells, most cells)
2) permanent (e.g. CNS neuron)
3) labile (e.g. basal epithelium)--more frequently dividing so more vulnerable to transformation by genetic and environmental factors |
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Term
Cancer stem cells are (pick all that apply):
1)initial targets for transformation
2)the aim of cancer treatment
3) identified in lung cancer and PML
4) they are normal cells nearby a tumor that are turned into replicating cancer cells |
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Definition
| 1 and 2 are correct: Cancer stem cells are initial targets for transformation; cells within a tumor that have the capacity to initiate and sustain the tumor; identified in breast tumors and acute myeloid leukemia; cancer tx aimed at eliminating cancer stem cells. |
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Term
| what is a good immunohistochemical staining reaction for sarcomas? |
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Definition
| vimentin--looks brownish. probably not an important details for our final, but important in LIFE. |
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Term
| Retinoblastoma (RB), Familial adenomatous polyposis, and Li-Fraumeni Syndrome are examples of what? |
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Definition
| Examples of autosomal dominant inherited cancer syndromes. RB: mutatnt RB tumor suppressor gene (13q14). FAP: mutant adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumor suppressor gene. they develop colon cancer. Li-Fraumeni Syndrome: mutation of p53 tumor suppressor gene. 25 x more likely to develop cancer. |
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Term
| difference between proto-oncogenes and oncogenes? |
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Definition
| protooncogenes are genes that promote cell growth in NORMAL CELLS (called oncogenes when promoting autonomous cell growth in cancer). |
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Term
| ERB B1,an epidermal growth factor receptor, is overexpressed in 80% of what type of cancers? |
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Definition
| in 80% of squamous cell carcinomas. ERB B@ (HER2): 25% of breast cancer. |
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Term
| how many cycles of proliferation must carcinogen-altered cells undergo for "initiation" stage of chemical carcinogenesis to occur? And what are promoters? |
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Definition
| only 1 cycle of proliferation! promoters: results in proliferation of initiated cells (e.g. hormones, phoneols, alcohol, drugs). |
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