undifferentiatied- stem cells

Progenitor cells- liver, skin blood

Differentiatated- Cardiac, neurons

Low specialation- divide easily(epithial)

Mid leval specialation- have progenitor cells that replace tissues as needed(liver)

Highly specialized cells- lose ability to reproduce(cardiac)

1. Make sure cells make protiens needed to seperate choromosomes

2. They check that the dna has been correctly duplicated

3. Measure weather the cell has grown large enough to divide

1.After a cell divides it becomes a permanate cell or a stable cell

2. These cells stop reproducing and get to work for the body

• This means it initiates appropriate cell activitity
• Creates abnormal protiens
• Creats tomuch/to little of a protien
• Inapropriate packaging/dilivery of protien

Mutated tumoor supressors genes

• They fail to supress tumor growth
• they fail to inititate apoptosis

1. Initiation- initital mutation occures

2. Promotion- Mutated cells are stimulated to divide

3. Progression- tumor cells compete with one another and divelope more mutation which makes them more agressive

• look like normal tissue
• can preform normal functions
• secrete hormones(may lead to over secretion)
• ususally have a capsule around them
• usually do not invade surrounding tissue
• but....they can damage near by organs by compressing them

• contain cells that do not look like normal adult cells( do not look like surrounding tissue)
• Divide rapidly(tumors grow quick, and cells mutate fast and change type)
• no clear boundaries and sends legs out into surrounding tissue
• do not preform normal functions of the organ infact they may need secrete hormons associated with other tissues
• can compress/ destroy surrounding tissues

Benign...

• tissue name + oma

Malignant

• Tissue name + carsinoma or sarcoma

• Proliferate to form new tissue
• do not wait for signals/ they just go crazy
• ignor signals to stop dividing
• do not mature normaly(differentiate)
• do not die off(Poptosis)(immortal)
• extent tissue boundaries invading near by tissues
• metastisie

They do not hang together they go off on their own

• Cells in tumor less adhesive
• erodes into vessals or lymph tissue
• travel in blood or lymph and lodge else where

• Changes in organ funtion ( Organ damage, imflamation, Failure
• Local effects of tumors ( Conpression of nerves/veins and gi obstruction)
• Non specific signs or tissue break down ( protien wasting bone break down, basicially sucks up resources)
• Fatigue/ sleep disorders because their resources are being used up

(create abnormal stuff )

1. endocine hormones
2. coagulation/ hematopoietic factors

examples

Lung cancer produce ADH

Pancreatic/lung cancer can produce coagulation factors

Cachexia ...eating allive

• weight lose
• muscle wasting
• weakness
• anorexioa
• enemia
• general exhaustion

• Surgury
• radiation
• hormon therapy
• biotherapy
• chemo therapy

• Surgery is used for solid tumors(this can change activity of tumor) always followed up with radiation to reduce reacurance
• Radiation for tumors that can not be taken out with surgery ... this damages all cells good and bad (activates P53)

• Bone Marrow Suppression(infection bleeding anemia)
• Leukopenia( low wbc count) REALLY OPEN FOR INFECTION
• Thrombosytopenia ( bleeding)
• Gitract suffers the most
• alopetia
• hyperuricemia- uric acid levels high, (Breaks down DNA)
• extravasation- (tissue damge from iv inflatration) this is why chemo is given thru central line to avoid this
• carcinogenises- from dna damage