Term
| how do hyperplasia and neoplasia differ? |
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Definition
| hyperplasia is more cells which are the same cells, where as neoplasia is more cells that are not the same cells |
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Term
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Definition
| replication of DNA to daughter cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| adapted response, increase in cell numbers, it is the process by which they multiple and bear ospring. |
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Term
| T OR F: what stage of cellular growth increases in cancer patients? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| it evolves a specialized function |
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Term
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Definition
| usually not harmful. encapsulated. cannot metastitize. can cause pressure, cut off blood flow, and nerve discomfort. |
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Term
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Definition
| it is metastatic, NON encapsulated, it will hog the oxygen and nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
| skin and glandular, tend to grow slow, grows through the blood stream and lymphocytes. |
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Term
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Definition
| connective tissue, bone(not marrow!), muscles, liver, breast etc. they grow fast |
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Term
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Definition
| localized, preinvasive. it is encapsulated. you can remove it. it stays encapsualted for a certain amount of time before encapsualting. it takes a while tobreak through the basement membrane |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what kind of division helps with cell proliferation? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the checks and balances of normal skin and dead skin? |
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Definition
| cell proliferation controls the number of cells living and dying |
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Term
| what are the two major categories of cells? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| ovum and sperm. they are haploid, have one set of chromosomes from each parent. made for sexual fusion. |
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Term
| after fusion of a gamete, what happens? |
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Definition
| the gametes, which is haploid becomes diploid-it has both sets of chromomes from the parents. |
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Term
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Definition
| diploid. it goes on to form the rest of the body |
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Term
| cell types can be grouped into 3 types, what are they? |
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Definition
| 1. differentiated neurons, cardiac that never divide. 2. progenitor cells like blood, skin that need to divide a lot. 3. undifferentiated stem cells. |
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Term
| what do undifferentiated stem cells produce? |
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Definition
| they produce progenitor cells |
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Term
| what do all cell types originate from? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is the process of differentiation regulated by? |
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Definition
| expression of specific genes and external stimuli provided by neighboring cells. |
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Term
| what makes a cell specific to an organ etc? |
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Definition
| the particular pattern of genes that are expressed |
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Term
| when a cell decides to differentiate, what must happen? |
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Definition
| the cells must become commited to a particular tissue type. certain genes are active while others are turned off permanantly. |
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Term
| As a cell becomes more and more specialized, what decreases? |
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Definition
| as a cell becomes more specialized, the stimuli that can induce mitosis decrease. |
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Term
| what do progenitor and parent cells do? |
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Definition
| they have not lost their ability to divide, they make their daughter cells become differentiated to becoem cells that are in need. |
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Term
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Definition
| incompletely differentiated throughout life. they are reserve cells. |
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Term
| what happens when a stem cell divides? |
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Definition
| one daughter cell will retain the stem cell characteristics, however the other daughter cell will become a progenitor cell and become differentaited. |
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Term
| what do b lymphocytes secrete? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are two important properties of stem cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| self renewal of stem cells |
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Definition
| they can undergo many mitotic divisions without undergoing differentiation |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the ability of the stem cell to undergo differentiation |
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Term
| what kinds of potencies are there? |
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Definition
| totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent, unipotent |
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Term
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Definition
| the first cells produced after fertilization of egg. can form into embrionic and extraembrionic cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| made from totipotent cells. they form the germ layer of the embryo |
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Term
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Definition
| form cells like the hematopoitic cells that only form a few types of cell types. |
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Term
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Definition
| stem cells that produce only one cell type but retain the property of self renewal. |
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Term
| stems cells can be characterized by 2 types, what are they? |
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Definition
| embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. |
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Term
| adult stem cells are also know as? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| pluripotent cells derived from the inner cell mass of the blasteocyte stage of the embryo |
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Term
| what cells are used for organogenesis? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| contribute to homeostasis by tissue regeneration and tissue replacement |
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Term
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Definition
| cancer stem cells. called tumor-initiating cells |
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Term
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Definition
| designating a malignant tumor o epithelal tissue origin |
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Term
|
Definition
| malignant tumor of mysenchymal origin |
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Term
| tumor's with the siffix -oma |
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Definition
| tumors from parenchymal tissue |
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Term
|
Definition
| benign microscopic fiber like projections that grow on a surface |
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Term
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Definition
| a projection that grows on a mucosal surface. |
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Term
| what distinguishes neoplasms? |
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Definition
| chracteristics, growth rate, manner of growth, invasion, potential for causing death |
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Term
| can can benign neoplasm's not do? |
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Definition
| they lack the capactiy to infiltrate, invade, or metastasize. |
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Term
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Definition
| found in carcinoma in situ and benign tumors. it is connective tissue that keeps the cells together |
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Term
| how does a tumor get oxygen and nutrients to circulate near it? |
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Definition
| it relases VEGF, endotheleal growth factor, which will aid its rapid growth |
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Term
| what are the two types of malignant neoplasms? |
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Definition
| solid tumors and hematologic tumors. |
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Term
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Definition
| are initially confined to a specific tissue or organ. |
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Term
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Definition
| cells detach from primary site,invade tissues, enter blood and lymph nodes, and spread to other sites |
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Term
| what are the 2 main features of cancer cells? |
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Definition
| abnormal cell proliferation,loss of differentiation so that they dont appear normal and have dif properties |
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Term
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Definition
| describes the loss of cell differentiation in cencerous tissue |
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Term
|
Definition
| when the cells and nuclei varry in size and shape |
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Term
| what chracteristics do highly anaplastic cells display? |
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Definition
| they begin to resemble undifferentiated or embryonic cells rather that original tissue cells |
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Term
| how do cancer cells differ from regular cells in relation to their growth independence? |
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Definition
| cancer cells can grow without serum, growth factors, and a medium. They are independent |
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Term
| density dependent inhibition |
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Definition
| the cessation of cell growth after cells reach a particular density. they stop growing when they touch each other. cancer cells do not stop growing after touching |
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Term
|
Definition
| they are adhesion molecules that bind one cell to another. they connect to the actin |
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Term
|
Definition
| plays a role in the lack of cohesiveness of cancer cells, allows them to break off and be free |
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Term
|
Definition
| when normal cells become attached from their homes. they become 'homeless'. |
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Term
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Definition
| an enzymes that prevents telomere shortening. cancer cells use this to keep them immortal because the the telomere isn't shortening, and thus not dying |
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Term
| cancer and gros and spreads by? |
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Definition
| sending crablike projections into the surrounding tissues. |
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Term
| how do cancers penatrate the tissues to spread? |
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Definition
| they secrete enzymes that break down the tissue. the cancer then invades and spreads |
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Term
| what is the seeding of cancer cells? |
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Definition
| when the tumor sheds cells into a cavity. tumors in these sites grow in measses and have fluid accumilation. |
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Term
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Definition
| the development of a secondary tumor in a dif location from the primary tumor. occurs through blood or lymph |
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Term
| how do tumors spread from the lymph nodes to the blood? |
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Definition
| they move through the nodes and end in the thoracic duct where it begins to be circulated in the blood. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the first lymph node that the tumor travels to. |
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Term
| why do we commonly get cancer in the liver due to metastasis? |
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Definition
| before entering the blood, all the blood with the cancer cells circulate from the GI, spleen and pancreas and travel through the hepatic portal vein to the liver |
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Term
| why is transferin so important? |
|
Definition
| its a chemical that stimulates the growth of cancer that will evntually metastasize to the lungs |
|
|
Term
| why do particular cancer metastasize to particuar regions? |
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Definition
| more favorable living conditions. a particular ph, growth hormones, blood flow etc. |
|
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Term
| how do a lot of tumor cells protect themselves from anti-tumor host cells? |
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Definition
| they aggregate and bind to platelets to form tumor emboli. |
|
|
Term
| what is laminin important for cancer cells? |
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Definition
| it helps the tumor cell bind to the vessel wall after entering the blood circulation so that it can grow in 2nd place. |
|
|
Term
| what enzymes helps the cancer cell break down the vessels walls for metastasis? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a process by which carcinogens cause normal cells to become cancerous |
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|
Term
| what are the 3 stages of carcinogenesis? |
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Definition
| initiation, promotion, and progression. |
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Term
|
Definition
| involves the exposure of cells to an carcinogen that makes the susceptable to tranformation to cancer cells |
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Term
| T OR F: carcinogenesis is irreversable whether it was several small doses or 1 large dose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the accelerated growth of the 'poisoned' cell. it is reversable if the promoter substance is removed. |
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Term
|
Definition
| they can initiate and promote neoplasmic transformation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the process whereby tumors cells aquire malignant phenotypic changes that encourage the cancerous cell to furthur develop. |
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