Term
| T/F Anaplasia is the hallmark of cancer. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the cellular signs of anaplasia? |
|
Definition
| cytologic and nuclear pleomorphism, hyperchromatic nuclei, large nucleoli, high mitotic rate, abnormal mitoses, and high nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio |
|
|
Term
| T/F Well differentiated tumor cells usually don't retain normal functional capabilities e.g. mucin production, enzyme or hormon production. |
|
Definition
| False they usually retain those functions if they are well differentiated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| exuberant production of collagenous stroma induced by the tumor cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| peripheral, circumferential fibrous connective tissue rim around benign tumors. Absent in cancers |
|
|
Term
| Is metaplasia a type of neoplasia? |
|
Definition
| no, metaplasia is when one type of mature cell changes to another type of mature cells and is non-neoplastic and reversible |
|
|
Term
| T/F Benign tumors generally don't resemble the surrounding parenchyma. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| benign tumor of glandular epithelium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| benign tumor of fibrous tissue= |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| benign tumor of muscle origin= |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| benign tumor of striated muscle= |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| benign tumor of smooth muscle= |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| benign tumor of cartilage= |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| benign tumor of blood vessel= |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| benign tumor of lymph vessel= |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| benign tumor of meninges= |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| benign tumor of fibrous tissue and fat= |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| benign tumor of fibrous tissue/gland= |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| malignant tumor of any mesenchymal tissue |
|
|
Term
| What are the four types of malignant tumors? |
|
Definition
| carcinoma, sarcoma, lymphoma, leukemia |
|
|
Term
| T/F Lymphomas are always malignant. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cancer of hemopoietic cells of bone marrow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a benign epithelial tumor protruding from an epithelial surface e.g. colonic or gastric polyp |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a benign tumor arising from an epithelial surface showing gross or microscopic finger-like projections from the surface e.g. squamous or transitional cell papilloma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| benign epithelial tumor producing cysts, which are sacs containing liquid or semisolid material |
|
|
Term
| What is papillary cystadenoma? |
|
Definition
when papillary epithelial cells line the cyst mass e.g. ovarian cystadenoma
can be mucinous or serous |
|
|
Term
| What is pleomorphic adenoma? |
|
Definition
| benign tumor arising from salivary gland epithelium showing differentiation into myxoid stroma, cartilage, or even bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a benign tumor composed of various parenchymal cells representative of more than one germ layer, usually all three. The totipotential cells of testis or ovary can differentiate along various germ lines producing tissues e.g. skin muscle, fat, gut, tooth, brain, etc. in such a tumor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a localized overgrowth of mature cells normally found in an organ. The disorganized mature cells produce a mass that looks like a tumor but it is completely benign. Common site: lung and liver. |
|
|
Term
| What is scirrhous (desmoplastic) carcinoma? |
|
Definition
| marked fibrotic stroma makes the tumor stony hard e.g. scirrhous carcinoma of breast |
|
|
Term
| What is medullary carcinoma? |
|
Definition
| soft consistency of the tumor is due to very little connective tissue stroma e.g. medullary carcinoma of breast |
|
|
Term
| What is colloid carcinoma? |
|
Definition
aka mucinous carcinoma
excessive mucus is produced by the tumor cells e.g. colloid carcinoma of breast, colon |
|
|
Term
| What is a signet-ring cell carcinoma? |
|
Definition
| adenocarcinoma where the malignant cells look like signet rings microscopically. usual site is in the stomach |
|
|
Term
| What is clear cell carcinoma? |
|
Definition
| another name for renal cell carcioma because the neoplastic cells have clear cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| What is small cell carcinoma? |
|
Definition
aka oat cell carcinoma.
an undifferentiated carcinoma of neuroendocrine origin, usually in lung. Cells are lymphocyte-like or oat-like on microscopy |
|
|
Term
| What do you call the malignant vascular tumor seen in patients with AIDS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a nephroblastoma. A childhood malignant tumor of kidney arising from renal blastema showing mixed embryonal tubular strucutres and sarcomatoid stroma |
|
|
Term
| What is a krukenberg tumor? |
|
Definition
| Ovarian metastatic tumor, usually from a gastric adenocarcinoma |
|
|
Term
| T/F Benign tumors show normal mitosis rates and grow slowly. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which grows faster well, well-differentiated or poorly differntiated cancers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can tumors be influenced by hormonal levels? |
|
Definition
| yes, tumors arising from hormonally responsive tissue like breast, uterus, ovary and prostate may be influenced by hormone levels |
|
|
Term
| What's the difference between a monoclonal and a polyclonal tumour? |
|
Definition
| most tumors are monoclonal and arise from a single cell with neoplastic transformation. Soem are polyclonal (arising from neoplastic transformation of several clones of cells) |
|
|
Term
| What is the Philadelphia chromosome? |
|
Definition
a translocation from chromosome 22 to chromosome 9 in all the neoplastic cells of chronic myelogenous leukemia
(this is a monoclonal cancer) |
|
|
Term
| Is familial colonic polyposis a polyclonal or monoclonal tumour? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long is the latent period before tumors are detected? |
|
Definition
| usually pretty long (years) |
|
|
Term
| What's the average doubling time of cancer of lung or colon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ and _________ are the biologic hallmarks of cancer. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Not all malignant tumors metastasize. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three ways cancer cells spread? |
|
Definition
| 1)lymphatics (then eventually venous) 2) hematogenous (through venous) 3) seeding through body cavities and surfaces |
|
|
Term
| Which is the dominant route of metastasis for carcinomas? |
|
Definition
| lymphatic spread (some spread hematogenously though) |
|
|
Term
| Which is the dominant route of metastasis for sarcomas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which specific carcinomas have propensity for invasion of veins? |
|
Definition
| renal cell and liver cell carcinoma |
|
|
Term
| What is pseudomyxoma peritonei? |
|
Definition
| when mucin-producing cancers may fill up the peritoneal cavity with a gelatinous mass |
|
|
Term
| What are the two most common sties of metastatic tumor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In which cancers is metastasis very rare? |
|
Definition
| skeletal muscle and spleen |
|
|
Term
| Which cancers commonly metastasize to bone? |
|
Definition
| prostate, lung, breast, thyroid, kidney |
|
|
Term
| Which cancers commonly metastasize to the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cancer can metastasize to every organ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are occult malignant tumors? |
|
Definition
| when the primary site of cancer remains unknown despite many metastatic lesions |
|
|
Term
| What are the two basic parts of the extracellular matrix? |
|
Definition
| basement membrane plus interstitial fibrous tissue composed of collagen, glycoproteins, etc. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three steps of metastasis? |
|
Definition
1)tumor cells acquire receptors that bind to laminin and fibronectin of ECM
2)secrete proteolytic enzymes
3) migrate |
|
|
Term
| How many grades of cancer are there? What does the grading mean? |
|
Definition
I-V
I is well differentiated and V is undifferentiated (also with vascular or lymphatic invasion)
higher the grade the worse the prognosis |
|
|
Term
| What is cancer staging based on? |
|
Definition
based on the size of the primary tumor, its extent of spreading to regional lymph nodes and absence or presence of metastasis
can be stages I-IV |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
used for staging cancers
T=primary tumor (T0-T4), N=lymph nodes (N0 to N3), M=metastasis (M0 to M1-2) |
|
|
Term
| Which is of grater clinical value grading or staging? |
|
Definition
| staging because staging tells you if you've caught the cancer early on or too late (irrespective of tumor grade) |
|
|
Term
| What is the two stage hypothesis of carcinogenesis? |
|
Definition
| an agent initiator initiates an irreversible change in the genome of a cell followed by a latent period during which other agents act as promoters that eventually may lead to neoplasia |
|
|
Term
| What's the difference between a complete and an incomplete carcinogen? |
|
Definition
| complete carcinogen can act as an initiator and a promoter. An incomplete carcinogen is purely an initiator |
|
|
Term
| What's the difference between a procarcinogen and an ultimate carcinogen? |
|
Definition
| a procarcinogen is a substance that must be metabolized and converted into an active carcinogen called ultimate carcinogens |
|
|
Term
| What are direct-acting chemical carcinogens? |
|
Definition
| usually weak carcinogens like alkalyting agents used as chemotherapy for cancer |
|
|
Term
| What are polycyclic hydrocarbons? |
|
Definition
| procarcinogens from broiling and smoking meats and fish and also found in cigarrette smoke |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of polycyclic hydrocarbons? |
|
Definition
| benzanthracene (skin cancer, sarcomas) and benzopyrene in tobacco smoke (lung cancer) |
|
|
Term
| What are aromatic amines and azo dyes? |
|
Definition
| procarcinogens such as beta-naphthalamine and butter yellow (a food color for margarine) |
|
|
Term
| What is beta-naphthalamine? |
|
Definition
| an aromatic amine/azo dye that is a procarcinogen and caused bladder cancer among workers with aniline dye and rubber industry |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a procarcinogen produced by aspergillus, a mold growing in stored grains and nuts that can cause hepatocellular carcinoma in Africa and Far East |
|
|
Term
| Aflatoxin may work as a co-carcinogen with _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are nitrosamines and amides? |
|
Definition
| procarcinogens formed endogenously in the stomach |
|
|
Term
| What are nitroso compounds? |
|
Definition
| procarcinogens found in tobacco smoke that can cause lung cancer |
|
|
Term
| What type of cancer does Asbestos cause? |
|
Definition
| mesothelioma and lung cancer |
|
|
Term
| T/F Nitroso, asbestos, vinyl chloride, arsenic, chromium, and nickel are all procarcinogens. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What types of cancer does vinyl chloride cause? |
|
Definition
| hemangiosarcoma of the liver |
|
|
Term
| What type of cancer does arsenic cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What types of cancer do chromium, nickel, and other metal inhalation cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do chemical carcinogens cause cancer? |
|
Definition
| they are mutagens and DNA is the main target for alteration, though they may also react with RNA and other protein |
|
|
Term
| Name examples of radiation carcinogens? |
|
Definition
| UV rays, radioactive elements, x rays, atom bomb radiation, therapeutic radiation to head and neck, thorium |
|
|
Term
| UV rays cause what types of cancer? |
|
Definition
| squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma of skin |
|
|
Term
| X-rays cause what types of cancers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Atom bomb radiation causes what type of cancer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of cancer does therapeutic radiation to the head and neck cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of cancer does thorium cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 different viruses are associated with warts and cancer of cervix? |
|
Definition
| herpes virus type 2 and HPV |
|
|
Term
| What types of cancers have specific chromosomal abnormalities? |
|
Definition
| lymphomas and leukemias and some solid tumors |
|
|
Term
| What are the most common chromosome abnormalities associated with cancer? |
|
Definition
| balanced translocation, chromosome deletion, and cytogenetic manifestation of gene amplification |
|
|
Term
| Translocation between chromosomes 8 and 14 are associated with what cancer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Deletion of chromosome 13 is associated with what cancer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Deletion of chromosome 11 is associated with what cancer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gene amplification via N-myc is associated with what neoplasm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the premalignant lesion associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix? |
|
Definition
| uterine cervical dysplasia |
|
|
Term
| What premalignant condition is associated with gastric carcinoma? |
|
Definition
| chronic atrophic gastritis |
|
|
Term
| What premalignant condition often precedes skin cancer? |
|
Definition
| actinic ceratosis of skin |
|
|
Term
| What is the premalignant condition of squamous cell carcinoma? |
|
Definition
| leukoplakia of oral cavity, vulva, and penis |
|
|
Term
| What premalignant conditions precede adenocarcinoma of the colon? |
|
Definition
| villous adenoma of the colon and familial colonic polyposis |
|
|
Term
| What premalignant condition often precedes malignant brain and nerve tumors? |
|
Definition
| hereditary neurofibromatosis |
|
|
Term
| T/F Most benign tumors remain benign and do not undergo malignant transformation except in rare cases. |
|
Definition
| true! the exception is colon adenocarcinomas which usually arise from preexisting adenomas |
|
|
Term
| T/F All tumors, benign or malignant, may cause morbidity and mortality. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Effects of tumor on host depend on... |
|
Definition
| 1)location an impingement on adjascent structures 2)functional activity 3)ulceration through surfaces with bleeding and infection 4) infarction or rupture of a tumor producing acute symptoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a macrophage product that may be involved in cachexia by mobilizing adipose tissue |
|
|
Term
| What are symptom complexes other than cachexia in cancer patients that cannot be explained by local and distant spread of the tumor or by production of hormones indigenous to the tissue or origin of tumors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percent of cancer patients have paraneoplastic syndromes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fever of unknown origin often occurs in which cancers? |
|
Definition
| lymphoma (especially Hogdkin's), renal carcinoma and osteogenic sarcoma |
|
|
Term
| Cushing's syndrome is associated with what cancer? |
|
Definition
| ACTH due to small cell (oat cell) carcinoma of the lung |
|
|
Term
| What type of cancer is associated with hyponatremia? |
|
Definition
| small cell carcinoma of the lung due to ADH |
|
|
Term
| What cancer is associated with hypercalcemia? |
|
Definition
| PTH from squamous cell carcinoma of the lung, adenocarcinoma of the breast and renal cell carcinoma |
|
|
Term
| What cancer is associated with hypoglycemia? |
|
Definition
| sarcomas and liver cancer (insulin) |
|
|
Term
| Which cancers are associated with carcinoid syndrome? |
|
Definition
| serotonin, histamine, bradykinin due to bronchial carcinoid or metastatic carcinoid to liver |
|
|
Term
| T/F Paraneoplastic syndromes are associated with peripheral neuropathy, dermatomyositis, myasthenia, and polymositis. |
|
Definition
| true! polymositis in small cell carcinoma of lung and myasthenia in thymoma |
|
|
Term
| What paraneoplastic syndrome is associated with GI cancer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What paraneoplastic diseases are associated with lung cancer? |
|
Definition
| clubbing of fingers and hypertrophic osteoarthropathy |
|
|
Term
| Migratory thrombophlebitis and DVT are paraneoplastic syndromes associated with which cancers? |
|
Definition
| pancreatic cancer, GI tract cancer, and lung cancer |
|
|
Term
| Immunosuppressed and immunodeficient persons are prone to develop malignancies, most commonly _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some cancers in humans evoke defensive reactions involving which cells? |
|
Definition
| sensitized cytotoxic T cells, NK cells, and macrophages |
|
|
Term
| What is the best method of diagnosing tumors? |
|
Definition
| biopsy and histologic examination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| biochemical indicators of presence of a tumor, including cell surface antigens, cytoplasmic proteins, enzymes and hormones |
|
|
Term
| How do you detect tumors using immunocytochemistry? |
|
Definition
| you make specific monoclonal antibodies for tumor markers |
|
|
Term
| What are the tumor markers for epithelial cancers? |
|
Definition
| keratin, EMA (epithelial membrane antigen), and CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen) |
|
|
Term
| What are the mesenchymal tumor cell markers? |
|
Definition
| vimentin and desmin (for muscle) |
|
|
Term
| What are the nerve and neuroendocrine tumor markers? |
|
Definition
| neuron specific enolase (NSE) and chromogranins |
|
|
Term
| What are the tumor markers for prostate cancer? |
|
Definition
| prostate specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) |
|
|
Term
| What are the tumor markers for lymphomas? |
|
Definition
| LCA (leukocyte common antigen), T cell, and B cell markers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
carcinoembryonic antigen
normally produced by embryonal gut, pancreas, and liver. Serum level may be high in colorectal, pancreatic, liver, and gastric cancers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
alpha-fetoprotein
normally produced by yolk sac and fetal liver. Blood level goes up in cancer of liver and germ cell tumor of testis |
|
|
Term
| Human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) is elevated in what tumors? |
|
Definition
| trophoblastic (hydatidiform mole, chorionic carcinoma) and germ cell tumors |
|
|
Term
| What is a pancoast tumor? |
|
Definition
| when lung carcinoma in the apex extends to brachial plexus and stellate ganglion |
|
|
Term
| Lung cancer commonly spreads to which lymph nodes? |
|
Definition
| tracheobronchial, mediastinal, scalene nodes |
|
|
Term
| Lung cancer commonly metastasizes to which organs? |
|
Definition
| adrenals (common), liver, brain (10% of cases first presenting with metastsis to brain), bone (common), and kidneys |
|
|
Term
| Right sided colon tumors versus left sided colon tumors |
|
Definition
right side is usually the fungating type producing anemia
left sided tumors are usually stenotic producing obstruction |
|
|
Term
| How does colon cancer implant? |
|
Definition
| peritoneal seeding and ovarian implantation |
|
|
Term
| How does lung cancer implant? |
|
Definition
| pleural seeding with effusion |
|
|
Term
| Which lymph nodes does colon cancer drain to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does colon cancer metastasize? |
|
Definition
| portal vein to liver then metastasis to lung |
|
|
Term
| Breast cancer drains via lymphatics to... |
|
Definition
| axillary, internal mammary, and supraclavicular nodes, opposite breast and liver |
|
|
Term
| Breast cancer performs hematogenous metastasis to... |
|
Definition
| lung, bone, liver, adrenal, ovary, brain |
|
|
Term
| Which part of the prostate is commonly involved in cancer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prostate cancer drains into which nodes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prostate cancer performs hematogenous metastasis to... |
|
Definition
| bone (vertebrae, osteoblastic type), lung, testis, and adrenal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| malignant glioma of neuroglial cells |
|
|
Term
| What is a choriocarinoma? |
|
Definition
| malignant cancer of placental epithelium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| malignant mesothelioma (not to be confused with benign fibrous mesothelioma) |
|
|
Term
| What is a benign tumor of melanocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do you call a benign tumor of squamous epithelium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a transitional cell papilloma? |
|
Definition
| benign tumor of transitional epithelium |
|
|
Term
| WWhat's a benign tumor of kidney cells? a malignant tumor? |
|
Definition
| benign: renal tubular adenoma malignant: renal cell carcinoma |
|
|
Term
| What's another name for multiple myeloma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's a benign tumor of synovium? malignant tumor of synovium? |
|
Definition
benign= synovioma
malignant= synovial sarcoma |
|
|
Term
| What's another name for a benign teratoma? |
|
Definition
|
|
