Term
| How do you classify the nutrient requirements of a microorganism? |
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Definition
Macro- involved in cell structure and metabolism (Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Hydrogen)
Micro- involved in specific cell functions (enzymes), (Calcium, Manganese, Iron, Zinc and other metals) |
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Term
| What are the most common elements found in living organisms, what are the elements used for? |
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Definition
Proteins -> enzymes,
Nucleic acids -> chromosomes,
Carbs -> cell wall/PG/glycocalyx,
Lipids -> membranes |
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Term
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Definition
| Organism that relies upon organic compounds for carbon and energy needs |
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Term
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Definition
| Organism that requires only inorganic compounds and who's sole source of carbon is CO2 |
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Term
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Definition
| Organism that utilizes light for energy, and CO2 for its carbon needs |
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Term
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Definition
| Organisms that derive nutrients from organic sources |
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Term
| Discuss the function of a selectively or differentially permeable membrane in osmosis. Also, what role does the cell membrane play in bacterial eating? |
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Definition
| Selective permeable membrane keeps ion compounds on their respective sides based on size. Enables pinocytosis from plasma membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane in the direction of higher ion concentration |
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Term
| 3 feature of active transport |
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Definition
1- move specific nutrients against their concentration gradient
2- gradient uses cell membrane transport proteins
3- pumps used which require energy |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement of molecules randomly down their concentration gradient until they reach equilibrium |
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Term
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Definition
| Move specific nutrient molecules down their concentration gradient using cell membrane transport proteins, or receptors (uses no energy) |
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Term
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Definition
| Solute concentration inside and out at equilibrium |
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Term
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Definition
| Solute concentration outside of the cell is lower than inside the cell. Brings water into cell, can cause osmolysis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Solute concentration outside is greater than inside of cell. Releases water, can cause plasmolysis |
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Term
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Definition
| Lag phase, exponential growth phase, stationary phase, death phase |
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Term
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Definition
| Mesophile, survives 15-33 degrees celsius. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lives in high salt concentration |
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Term
| Why are enzymes so important to life? How would we get a chemical reaction to proceed if there weren't enzymes? |
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Definition
| Catalyse to build larger molecules (anabolism), and break down molecules to derive energy (catabolism). Heat and substrate concentration. |
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Term
| Compare/Contrast simple enzymes and conjugated enzymes (different types of apoenzymes) |
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Definition
Simple enzymes = protein only
Conjugated = consists of protein (inactive) and non-protein molecule (active). Apoenzyme (protein is inactive), needs coenzyme to fit substrate |
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Term
| Describe how enzymes function at the molecular level |
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Definition
| Enzyme is a protein that helps catalyze reactions by substrates into product |
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Term
| Compare/Contrast constitutive enzyme and regulated enzyme |
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Definition
Constitutive is always present in the cell
Regulated are turned on (induced) or turned off (repressed) in response to substrate availability |
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Term
| Discuss ways enzymes are sensitive to their environments |
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Definition
| temperature, pH, osmotic pressure. All of these denature enzymes, causing a disruption and loss of function |
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Term
| Describe all the ways to regulate enzymes |
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Definition
Expression - constiutive vs. regulated
Environment - temp/ph/osmotic pressure
Action - comp inhibition vs. non comp
Synthesis |
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Term
| Compare/Constrast comp inhibition vs non competitive |
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Definition
comp - mimics the substrate for the biding site, enzyme shuts down
non comp- negative feedback of regulatory molecule (other product) can slow enzyme activity once a concentration of products is produced |
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Term
| Draw/label redox reactions (LEO GER) |
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Definition
Loss of E- = oxidation
Gain of E- = Reduction |
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Term
| What is NAD and why is it significant? |
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Definition
| NAD is a common molecular shuttle that carries electrons and hydrogens from one substrate to another (is a coenzyme) |
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Term
| How is ATP used as molecular $$? How do we spend ATP? ADP? AMP? |
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Definition
| Chemical energy from e- is stored at ATP, we spend ATP in catabolic run, ADP and AMP releasees energy when the bonds are broken down by hydrolysis |
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Term
| Describe the main catabolic rxns in cellular respiration |
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Definition
| Catalyse glucose to form pyruvates (Krebs cycle) |
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Term
| Aerobic respiration (36-38 ATP) |
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Definition
Glycolysis - glucose cut into 2 pyruvates (start with 6 C sugar)
Krebs- pyruvate enters a cyclical pathway to reduce molecular carries
ETC- reduced molecular carriers produce energy. O2 is the final electron acceptor |
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Term
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Definition
Doesn't use free O2, uses ions containing ions
(SO42-, NO3-, CO32-) |
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Term
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Definition
Acids, gases or alcohols / incomplete oxidation
Yields small amount of ATP but gains an advantage if a bacteria, can produce energy
Can switch to aerobic resp in the presence of O2 FAST |
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Term
| How many turns of the Krebs wheel do we get from one glucose molecule and why is that significant? |
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Definition
2 turns of the krebs cycle for every glucose
Pyruvate converted to 2 Aceytl CoA which transfers stored energy to NAD+ and FAD+ |
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Term
| CO2 is given off in which metabolic pathway, and how much and where does it come from? |
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Definition
| Comes from Krebs cycle, gives off 1 CO2, comes from when NADH is formed |
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Term
| How much ATP is synthesized during glycolysis and Krebs and is that significant? What is also made during glycolysis and Krebs, why are these important? |
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Definition
ATP: Glycolysis = 2 ATP / Krebs = 1 ATP per pyruvate = total of 2
NADH: Glycolysis = 2 NADH / Krebs = 4 NADH per pyruvate = total 8
FADH2: only 2 in Krebs |
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Term
| Explain the steps of the ETC |
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Definition
Made up of enzyme chain that receives e- from reduced molecular carriers (NADH, FADH2) via glycolysis/krebs
e- are transferred from e- enzyme to another by redox rxn, giving up energy along the way
MAIN GOAL: energy from electrons is used to create proton gradient |
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Term
| What is oxidative phosphorlyation? Why is H2O generation important to maintaining the ETC? |
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Definition
Protons fall down the elctrochemical gradient via the ATP synthase which cranks the ATP synthase to produce ` ATP molecule from ADP + Pi (proton motive force).
In aerobes, O2 is the terminal e- acceptor in the ETC, and forms H2O with 2 protons. This mains the gradient and allows the system to continue. |
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Term
| How is eukaryotic cellular respiration different than prokaryotic? |
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Definition
| Some bacteria lack cytochrome numbers, and this variation can be used to differentiate species. Lots of variation in bacterial ETC chain |
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Term
| Define fermentation and explain the different type (and how they are diff). Why is it advantageous? |
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Definition
Fermentation is the incomplete oxidation of glucose in the absence of oxygen
alcoholic- pyruvate converted to ethanol
acidic- homo/hetero pyruvate = lactic acid
Mixed acid- multiple acids present |
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Term
| Explain how proteins and fat can be used as substrates for metabolism. |
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Definition
Proteins deanimnate and enter the krebs cycle as various intermediates
fats broken down by glycerol and fatty acids glycerol enter glycolysis
fatty acids can be converted to Acetyl CoA in a process called beta oxidation, proteins can be broken down |
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