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| Initiation sequence in Eukaryotes for translation which includes start dodon and other coding sequences |
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| Initial tRNA is formulated in Prokaryotes. Initiation sequence |
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| Kozac sequence and is the optimal context for initiation of translation (start codon) in Eukaryotes |
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| GTP-Dependent release factors |
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| A block in a biosynthetic pathway where an enzyme the organism needs is nonfunctioning and the product is not being produced |
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| Organism can not degrade a metabolite because of a nonfunctioning organism |
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| First level of folding including the Alpha-helices and Beta-pleated sheets |
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| 3D structure of a single protein molecule |
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| 2 or more proteins that interact |
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Set of bases that encode for a single amino acid
mRNA |
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Change in base at the third position in a codon
Rules: 1) Normal pairing occurs 2)G pairs with U 3) I will pair with U, C, or A |
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| Transcription won't start without molecule attached to DNA. Presence of molecule on DNA depends on concentration of trigger molecule |
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| Transcription starts and molecule is used to block RNA polymerase from transcribing |
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Presence of trigger molecule turns transcription off
Ex. Trp operon |
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REpressor is off DNA when trigger molecule is present in high concentration
Ex. Lac operon |
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| transcriptional activator |
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| Change in DNA sequence that does not change amino acid sequence |
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| change in DNA that causes substitution of one amino acid for another |
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| Mutation changing a stop codon into one of the 20 amino acids |
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| Mutationthat modifies the interon splicing site infomration |
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| Makes a stop codon out of normal amino acid |
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| Changes among cis-elements may change way gene is regulated. Different Tissue |
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| Changes among cis-elements may change way gene is regulated. Different Time |
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| Where canges will turn off expression of a gene. Occurs through substitutions or length mutations |
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| Trinucleotide Expansion Diseases p267 |
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| Number of repeats in TREDS increase through generations when too many copies are present and symptoms get worse |
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| Mutation from pyrimidine to pyrimidine |
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| Mutation from pyrimidine to purine and vice versa |
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| Chemicals that insert themselves into the DNA stack and act like base pair analogs. DNA replication and TRanscription can not occur |
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| Repairs Dimerization and some base analogs. Does not replace altered nucleotides, but changes back into correct structure |
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| Repairs many types of base substitutions including errors in DNA replication. Polymerase backs up and takes out the nucleotide just added and replaces through normal elongation |
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Repairs abnormal bases, modified bases
Process 1) Cut out base 2) Excise ribose and phosphate 3)Replase |
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| Production of some product the organism needs. |
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| Degradation of some product the organism needs to eliminate. |
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