We communicate to:

1.  Direct

    2.  Influence

                   3.  Inform our audience

Every communication has a sending and a receiving audience. 

The sending audience is the group we represent.

The receiving audience is the group with whom we are communicating.

1.  Library

  2.  Internet

             3.  Reference books

     4.  Individuals

1. Almanacs

   2. Dictionaries

       3.  Encyclopedias

     4.  Thesauruses

    5.  E-resources

1.  Definitions explain of clarify unfamiliar items.

   2.  Examples provide an illustration of what we are trying t o communicate. 

    3.  Comparisons provide a reference to a similar and usually better known item. 

    4.  Testimony expresses the item through the words and thoughts of others. 

  5.  Statistics show relationships and/or summerize collections of facts or data.

Types of patterns include:

1.  Topical

                   2.  Time or chronological

3.  Reason

               4.  Problem - Solution

                     5.  Spatial or geographical

This lesson covers four outline types. 

1.  Scratch

2.  Formal

  3.  Informal

        4.  Talking paper

Ensure you:

1.  Double space text.

2.  Ensure all main points are adequately supported; paper lengths will vary depending on topic and/or requirements.

3.  If computer-generated, us a 12- point, Times New Roman font; maintain one inch margins all around; align text to left margin; do not center or justify text.

4.  If handwritten, print or write legibly; use standard 8.5" by 11" college-ruled notebook paper; remove any frayed, spiral, or perforated edges; ensure capital letters are distinguishable from the lower case letters. 

              1.  Technical accuracy and coverage

2.  Arrangement and flow

      3.  Readability and mechanics

It is the least hostile and most intimate form of communications with the audience. 

You are able to speak "off the cuff"

Able to use speaking aids such as index cards, outlines, etc.

Technical accuracy and coverage

Arrangement of flow

Presentation

Delivery

Decide what you are going to write about, and tailor the subject to fit the specific occassion or audience.

1.  Selecting and narrowing your subject

2.  Determining the reason

3.  Analyzing your audience

Time management

Definitions

Examples

Comparisons

Testimony

Statistics

Introduction

Body

Conclusion

Topical

Time or chronological

Reason

Problem-Solution

Pro-con

Spatial or geographical

Cause and effect

Asserted conclusion

Faulty analogy

Emotional appeal

Faulty dilemma

Hasty generalization

Loaded question

Non Expert opinion

Non sequitur

Post hoc

Primacy of print

Stacked evidence

Using transitions

Patterns of presentation

Mind mapping

Outlining

Logic

Flow

Arrangement and Flow

Technical accuracy and coverage

Readability and mechanics

(ORAL only) Presentation and delivery

Purpose

Motivation

Overview

Your ability to gain consistent and willing effort for the tasks to be done depends on your ability.

Subordinates have an equal responsibility to convey their ideas and attitudes to you so that you will have the information necessary to make decisions and judge their effectiveness.

It is the exchange and comprehension of verbal and nonverbal meaning between superiors and subordinates, or co-workers to enhance accomplishment of the mission.  Since communications is the vehicle by which any organization progresses, the responsibilities of commanders and supervisors, their staffs and their subordinates are to:

Keep communication channels open

Maintain an environment conducive to communication

Communicate effectively

Language

Misuse of abstractions

Lack of common core of experience

Managerial

Psychological

Keep communication channels open

Maintain an environment conducive to communication

Communicate effectively

Organizational:   result of personnel not understanding their responsibilities and the lines of authority within a given organizational structure. 

Language: result from our inability to use the proper words to communicate with our receiver.

Managerial: Stem from managers not listening and not taking an understanding attitude toward information and suggestions that reach them. 

Psychological: psychological needs are not being met.  These needs are a feeling of security, opportunity for advancement, a desire to be treated fairly, and a realization that one's work is both useful and important.

There are two steps:

1.  Establish an organizational policy that defines lines of responsibility and authority, establishes communication channels, provides a climate for for effective communication and keeps key people informed.

2.  Increase skills in written and oral expression.             

Communications flow in three directions:

Upward

Downward

Lateral

Concrete noun: refers to objects that humans can directly experience.

Abstract noun: tends to be vague and open to interpretation, and often leads to confusion.

Clique: direct result of our social instinct to band together in groups. 

Can bind people together by enhancing unit morale

However,

Cliques may take on a life of its ownand become independent of organization objectives.

Review different parts of a sentence and see how they work together.  Keep in mind, a sentence expresses a complete thought and consists of two parts:

Subject-person, place or thing that performs the action or that has the state of being indicated by the verb.

Predicate-consists of all words stating or asking something about the subject. 

Faulty order of sentence parts and misplaced modifiers

Faulty parallelism

Faulty relationship of ideas

Pronoun reference

1.  Topic sentence

2.  Supporting sentences

3.  Closing or transitional sentence

The reader will understand the meaning the first time.  Require two parts:

Subject

Predicate

A clause is a group of words with a subject and a predicate that can function either as a complete sentence or as part of of a sentence. 

Two classifications:

Independent clauses: express complete thoughts and can function either as a separate sentence or as an integral part of a sentence. 

Dependent clauses (subordinate clauses): Do not make sense if on their own.  May function as an adverb, adjective, or noun.

Simple: Express on complete thought

Compound: Union of two or more simple sentences containing two or more main/independed clauses, usually, linked by a conjunction of semicolon.

Complex: Simple sentence with a depended clause attached to it.

Compound-Complex: Combination of the compound and complex sentences.

Sentence mechanics are practices that tell writers how to punctuate and capitalize properly.

THe mechanics of writing are signs and signals used to guide readers through the writer's ideas.

What are the three basic components of paragraph unity?  

1. Topic sentence: Key to a good paragraph-should express the main idea of the paragraph and prepare the reader for supporting information.

2.  Supporting sentences: provide the details, facts, figures and examples that you need to "sell" your controlling idea.

3.  Closing or transitional sentences: Should restate the topic sentence and summarize the support material in the paragraph.  Will also transition into the next paragraph or introduce the next main point.

When the writer has arranged all of its parts so that their relationship is clear to the reader. 

Include:

Patterns

Transitions

Relationship

Conjunctions

Point of view

Tense (past/present/future)

Voice

Number

Represents the circumstances that exist between the writer and the reader.

(1st/2nd/3rd person)

Voice is a verb that shows whether the subject acts or is acted upon. 

Active voice: express an action performed by a subject

Passive voice:  (connected to some form of "to be") express an action performed upon the subject or expresses that the subject receives or is the result of the action.

A number is the form of a noun, pronoun, verb or demonstratvice adjective (this or those) that indicates one or more than one.

Keep all ideas in a paragraph singular OR plural.

1.  Set aside enough time to get the job done.

2.  Work in an area where you will be as free from interruption as possible.

3.  Try to keep your train of thought; interruptions will make your concentration difficult.

4.  Be as fluid as possible, especially on the first draft.

5.  Use the editing phase to pick up any mistakes or throw out the unwanted stuff.  Resist self criticism, especially during the first draft.

6.  Don't worry too much about style, grammar, punctuation, and spelling.  Editing will fix these problems. 

Be your own critic by:  

Read for content

Use reasoning and logic

Read for arrangement and flow

Read and check readability and mechanics

Edit ruthlessly

     1. Pre-writing

  2. Drafting

 3. Editing

   4. Revising

1. Selecting your purpose and objective

2.  Analyzing your audience

3.  Researching your subject

4.  Selecting a pattern

5.  Outlining

          1. Introduction

2. Body

        3. Conclusion

        4. Transitions

    5. Support

Look for basic grammatical errors and correct format

Check for complete paragraphs and sentences

Compare it to your outline to ensure you have included all of the main points and subpoints you intended to cover.

1.  Simple sentence: expresses on complete thought

2.  Compound sentence: a union of two or more simple sentences.

3.  Complex sentence: a simple sentence with a dependent clause attached to it.

4.  Compound-complex sentence: a combination of a compound and a complex sentence.

Punctuation

Capitalization

Abbreviation

1.  Faulty order of sentence parts and misplaced modifiers--sentence parts are not in the correct order.

2.  Faulty parallelisms--similar ideas or parts are not expressed in a parallel way.

3.  Faulty relationship of ideas--reader cannot tell the relationship of sentence parts due to dangling modifiers or omissions.

1. Topic sentence

   2. Support sentence

  3. Closing sentence

But

Still

However

Nevertheless

Yet

1. Past--express actions or make a statement about something that happened in the past.

2.  Present--expresses action or makes a statement about something happening in the present time.

3. Future--expresses action or make a statement about something happening at a future time.

Content

Arrangement and flow

Readbility and mechanics

1.  Single idea

2.  Single accomplishment

Explain the following formula:

SAB=SAC+2

A single accomplishment bullet(SAB) consists of the following attributes:

Specific

Accurate

Concise

single accomplishment/achievement

Impact

EPR

Award/decoration nomination

Talking paper

There are THREE:

Action verb bullet

Modified verb bullet

Specific achievement bullet

Talking paper

Point paper

Bullet background paper

EPRs

Awards/Decoration nomination package

Rhetorical questions

Direct questions

Quotations

Illustrations

Startling statement

Unusual or dramatic devices

References to the importance of the theme

Pre-writing

Drafting

Editing

Presenting

Three types:

1.  Eye contact

2.  Body movment

3.  Gestures

Quality

Intelligibility

Variety

Articulation

Pronunciation

Vocal pauses

Overuse of stock expressions

Substandard volume

Rate

Volume

Force

Pitch

Emphasis