Term
| What is the most common construction element for residential & commercial design? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| consists of gypsum core sandwiched between heavy pape/other material |
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|
Term
| how is gypsum wallboard formed? |
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Definition
| factory formed into standard-size sheets ready for dry application onto framing |
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Term
| Advantages of gypsum wallboard: |
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Definition
| low install cost, quick&easy install, fire resistance, sound control capability, easy availability , versatility (variety of uses), ease of finishing/decorating, ease of install of doors & other openings |
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|
Term
| What are common sheet sizes? |
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Definition
| 4'wide in lenths of 8, 10, 12, & 14. Thickness 1/4" - 5/8" |
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Term
| why does one manufacturer make 4' 1/2" wide sheets? |
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Definition
| to reduce # of joints when finishing 9' ceiling when boards are placed horizontally |
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Term
| use of special 1" thick core board? |
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Definition
| for shaft enclosure, manufactured in 2' wide |
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Term
| advantage of special 3/4" thick core board? |
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Definition
| it carries 2 hour fire rating -allows 2 hour rated partition to be constructed w/single layer wo/resorting to standard 2-ply application |
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Term
| What does coreboard thickness depend on? |
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Definition
| application, frame spacing, & code requirement |
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Term
| when is 1/2" coreboard usually used for? |
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Definition
| residential & some commercial applications, such as furred walls |
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Term
| what is 1/4" thick coreboard used for? |
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Definition
| forming curved surfaces & providing new finishes over old wall & ceiling surfaces |
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Term
| when is 3/8" coreboard used? |
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Definition
| some double-layer applications or when applied over other finished walls in remodeling work |
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Term
| When is a double layer application used of coreboard? |
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Definition
| when additional fire resistance required or for extra acoustical control between rooms |
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Term
| most common edge treatment for gypsum wallboard: |
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Definition
| tapered edges on face side along long dimension of panel & square edges @ ends |
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Term
| What does tapered gypsum edges allow for? |
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Definition
| application of reinforcing tape & joint compound wo/o causing bulges @ joints |
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|
Term
| when are square edge gypsum panels used? |
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Definition
| where appearance not a factor, for base layors of 2-layer apps, & for veneer plaster work |
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Term
| What are other available gypsum wallboard types: |
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Definition
| Type X for fire rated partitions, foil backed for vapor barriers, water-resistant for use behind tile & other moisture conditions, backing board for 2 layer apps, predecorated w/viynl wallcoverings already applied, recycled products also available |
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Term
| How is gypsum wallboard applied: |
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Definition
| by nailing or screwing it to wood or metal framing or w/mastic when applying it to smooth, dry concrete or masonary walls or to a base layer of wallboard |
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Term
| How are gypsum wallboard joints finished? |
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Definition
| by embedding paper or fiberglass tape in special joint compound & allowing to dry. Additional layers of joint compound added & sanded after each application to give smooth, finished wall surface |
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Term
| What is used to form wallboard partitions? |
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Definition
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Term
| common stud size for residential: |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of framing common for commercial and why? |
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Definition
| white metal framing because it is noncombustible & easier to install |
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Term
| What does metal framing consist of? |
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Definition
| light -gauge steel studs set in floor & ceiling runners (C-Shaped Channels) |
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Term
| standard depth for metal framing: |
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Definition
| 1 5/8", 2 1/2", 3 5/8", 4", 6" |
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Term
| What is available for high partitions or where other structural considerations are important? |
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Definition
| light weight but heavier gauges (metal framing) |
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Term
| Hat shaped furring channels: |
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Definition
| used for ceiling framing & to fur out from concrete or masonry walls if walls are uneven or if additional depth needed for electrical outlets or insulation |
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Term
| What can be used instead of hat shaped furring channels sometimes? |
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Definition
| wood furring strips of nominal 1" x 2" |
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Term
|
Definition
| used to improve acoustical properties of wall by isolating wallboard from rigid attachment to framing. |
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Term
| What is also used to improve acoustical quality of partition? |
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Definition
| insulation placed in stud cavities |
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Term
| Depth of stud depends on: |
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Definition
| ht of partition, gauge of stud, # of layers of wallboard, & spacing of studs |
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Term
| most common stud depth and what it's used for: |
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Definition
| 2 1/2" - sufficient for normal ceiling hts & slap-to-slab partions & allows enough room for electrical boxes & small pipes |
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|
Term
| How far apart are metal studs normally spaced? |
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Definition
| 16-24" on center - narrower spacing used for residential construction & wider for commercial |
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|
Term
| Why must gypsum wallboard have fabricated edging when exposed? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is cornerbead used for? |
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Definition
| all exterior corners not otherwise protected & various types of edge trim |
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Term
|
Definition
| edge required finishing w/ joint compound |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Edge trim wo/back flange; good for install after walboard has been installed, requires finishing with joint compound |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| used for various thicknesses of wallboard in a kerfed jamb (1 w/ a small slot cut in). Requires finishing with joint compound |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| edge trim that doesn't require finishing w/joint compound, but edge of metal is noticeable. sometimes called j metal by contractors |
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|
Term
| What are the 3 most common types of gypsum wallboard partitions: |
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Definition
| 1)standard wood frame partition used in residential construction 2)Metal frame partitions 3) Slab to Slab partition |
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|
Term
| How is a standard wood frame partition constructed? |
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Definition
| w/ 2" x 4" studs 16" on center, covered with one layer of 1/2" wallboard on each side |
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|
Term
| How is a standard metal frame partition constructed? |
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Definition
| using 2 1/2" or 3 5/8" metal studs paced 24" on center |
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|
Term
| how high does a stadard metal frame partition usually go? |
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Definition
| built-up to supended ceiling |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| used when complete fire rated barrier must be constructed or when sound control needed |
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|
Term
| In slab to slab partition how can 2, 3, & 4 hr fire resistive ratings be obtained? |
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Definition
| by adding additional layers of Type X wallboard |
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Term
| How are 1 & 2 hr fire resistive ratings achieved with slab to slab partitions? |
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Definition
| 1 hr: single layer of 5/8" type x wallboard on each side. 2 hr: 2 layers of 5/8" type x wallboard on each side |
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|
Term
| Where else is gypsum used besides partitions? |
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Definition
| ceilings & to provide fire protection for columns, stairways, & elevator shafts |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| seldom used for standard walls , used in special situations |
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|
Term
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Definition
| finish material made from various types of cementing compounds, fine aggregate, & water |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| over several kinds of base materials in 1-3 coats to form smooth, level surface |
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Term
|
Definition
| exterior type of plaster made of portland cement |
|
|
Term
| what is plaster made from? |
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Definition
| gypsum, lime, water, agregates of sand, vermiculite, or perlite |
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Term
| when is vermiculite or perlite used to make plaster? |
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Definition
| when lightweight, fire resistant plaster needed |
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|
Term
| what type of plaster used in most interior construction? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plaster that has high resistance to abrasion & water penetration |
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|
Term
| when is keen's cement used: |
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Definition
| in wet areas or on walls subject to scratching or other abuse |
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|
Term
| when is portland cement used? |
|
Definition
| as base or as backing for tile walls |
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Term
| What are the 2 common types of plaster constructin? |
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Definition
| 1)trad'l method using metal lath that is attached to wood or metal studs & serves as base for plaster 2) uses gypsum board lath instead of metal lath |
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Term
| 1st coat of plaster in trad'l method: |
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Definition
| about 1/4"-1/2" thick. called scratch coat is applied to metal lath & runs between & partially around lath, firmly keyig the plaster to the lath |
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Term
| For plaster application, what is the scratch coat followed by? |
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Definition
| brown coat - used to level surface (about 1/4" thick) |
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|
Term
| Final coat of plaster application? |
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Definition
| finish coat - provides final leveling & the desired texture to the surface (about 1/8" thick) |
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|
Term
| what size are the special gypsum product designed for plastering available in? & how applied |
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Definition
| 16" x 48" boards applied horizontally to studs or as 48" x 96" sheets |
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|
Term
| How is plaster applied over the special gypsum board product? |
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Definition
| 1 or 2 thin veneer plaster applied over boards |
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Term
| Advantage of using gypsum board lath instead of metal lath? |
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Definition
| reduces labor cuz only 1 coat needed. still retains advantages of plaster - hard durable surface that can be finished w/variety of textures |
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Term
| How should plaster edges be finished? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does trim do for the edging of plaster? |
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Definition
| provides termination point for work. serves as creed to give plasterers guides for maintaining required thickness |
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|
Term
| Where is ornamental plaster casting & plaster molding used? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| brick, concrete blocks, glass block, structural clay tile, terra cotta, gypsum block. Usually part of architectural design of building & part of architect's work |
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Term
| When will a designer generally be involved in specifying masonry? & what type is common? |
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Definition
| may need to spec non-loadbearing wall of masonry. Usually glass block or concrete block |
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Term
| Non loadbearing concrete block partitions: |
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Definition
| specified for interior use to provide strong, durable, fire resistant partition |
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|
Term
| What is non loadbearing concrete block a suitable choice for? |
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Definition
| heavy use -institution, college dorms, etc. |
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|
Term
| Disadvantage of non loadbearing concrete block: |
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Definition
| heavy compared to gypsum & not attractive finish surface. |
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Term
| what must you verify before specifying non load bearing concrete block? |
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Definition
| that existing floor structure can carry weight |
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|
Term
| How is non loadbearing concrete block manufactured? |
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Definition
| with cement, water, & various types of aggregate, including gravel, expanded shale/slate, expanded slag/pumice, or limestone cinders |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| hollow & size based on nominal 4" module w/dimensions being 3/8" less than nominal dimensions to allow for mortar joints. most common sizes: 8 x 8 x 16. 4, 6, 8, 12 also common |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| manufactured as hollow unit w/clear, textured, or patterned face |
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|
Term
| why is glass block popular choice for interiors? |
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Definition
| when combo of light transmission, privacy, & security required |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| manufactured in nominal thickness of 4" & face sizes of 6" x 6", 8"x8", 12"x12", 4"x8" |
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|
Term
| how are glass blocks made into walls? |
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Definition
| walls laid in stack bond (joints aligned other than staggered) with mortar & horizontal & vertical reinforcement in joints |
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|
Term
| why must you provide expansion joints around perimeter of glass block walls? |
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Definition
| because of coefficient of expansion of glass & possibility if deflection of floor structure |
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|
Term
| can glass blocks be load bearing? |
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Definition
| no. individual panels limited to 250sq ft. or 25' in any dimension |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| options for selectively controlling openings between rooms |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| controls passage & sound but admits light & vision |
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|
Term
| 3 major components of door system: |
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Definition
| 1)door itself 2) frame 3)hardware |
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Term
| How must the major componets of a door work together? |
|
Definition
| coordinated together & appropriate for circumstances & design intent |
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|
Term
| What are the two door jambs: |
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Definition
| hinge jamb and strike jamb |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| side where hinge or pivot is installed |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is most common door type for residential & commercial construction? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does door style depend on? |
|
Definition
| functional needs of opening & aesthetic appearance requirements |
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|
Term
| When are panel doors not approptriate? |
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Definition
| for opening in fire-rated partition because wood panel doors don't meet requirements of fire resistance |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| most common & attached to frame w/hinges or pivots |
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|
Term
| benefits of swinging door: |
|
Definition
| easy to install & can accommodate high traffic volume. only type acceptable as required exit door |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hung on top track, used when limited space |
|
|
Term
| disadvantage of pocket door: |
|
Definition
| awkward to operate & should be used when traffic is limited |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| hung from top track & commonly used for closets only |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| used for closets & allows full access |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used to divide spaces or close very wide openings |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| thin, flat veneers laminated to various types of cores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| made of 1 or 3 piles of veneer on each side of cellular interior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| made of solid wood w/ larger blocks of solid wood where latching hardware located |
|
|
Term
| where should hollow core door be used? |
|
Definition
| where only light use expected & cost is consideration |
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|
Term
| hollow cvore fire resistive capabilities: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| made with variety of core types depending on functional requirements of door |
|
|
Term
| what types of cores may solid core doors be? |
|
Definition
| particle board, stave core (solid blocks of wood), or mineral core for fire-rated doors |
|
|
Term
| when are solid core doors used? |
|
Definition
| for fire-resistive properties, as acoustical barriers, for security, & super durability |
|
|
Term
| availible solid core door fire ratings: |
|
Definition
| 20 min, 45, min or 90 min |
|
|
Term
| face venners of wood made from: |
|
Definition
| any available species using rotarty-cut, plain sliced, quarter sliced, rift cut method, as wood paneling is made. veneers of hardboard suitable for painting also available |
|
|
Term
| how are panel doors constructed? |
|
Definition
| of solid pieces of wood that frame various panels |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are higher doors often used? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hollow core - 1 3/8", solid core: 1 3/4" |
|
|
Term
| what are door frames made of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is decision concerning type of frame to use for wood door dependant on? |
|
Definition
| appearance desired, type of partition the opening being installed in, fire rating required, security needed, & durability desired |
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|
Term
| wood frame fire resistance: |
|
Definition
| available for use in 20, 30, & 45 minute fire door assembly but 1 hr door must be installed in a rated steel frame |
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|
Term
| where are metal doors seldom used? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why are metal doors frequently used in commercial? |
|
Definition
| because of durability, security, & fire resistive |
|
|
Term
| most common types of metal doors: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| single smooth surface on both sides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contain 1 or more glass lights |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have opening with metal slats to provide ventilation |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| resemble wood panel doors available with insulated cores for residential where engergy conservation, durability, & traditional appareance required |
|
|
Term
| what types of metals are metal doors available in? |
|
Definition
| steel, stainless steel, aluminum, & bronze (other materials are special order) |
|
|
Term
| most common metal for metal door: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| construction of steel door: |
|
Definition
| constructed w/ faces of cold rolled sheet steel |
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|
Term
| gauges used for steel doors: |
|
Definition
| 18 gauge used for light duty. 16 gauge most common |
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|
Term
| how is steel face attached? |
|
Definition
| to cores of honey comb kraft paper, steel ribs, hardboard, other material |
|
|
Term
| what are edges made of for steel doors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is hardware location reinforced on steel door? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| standard widths of steel doors: |
|
Definition
| 2', 2'4", 2'6", 2'8", 3', 3'4", 3'6", 3'8", 4' |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| standard steel door thickness: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used for steel or wood doors & made from sheet steel bent into shape required for door install |
|
|
Term
| how is steel frame attached to partition? |
|
Definition
| different types of anchoring devices are used inside of frame |
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|
Term
| When are steel frames used exclusively? |
|
Definition
| when fire rating over 20 minute required |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| most common method of attaching door to its frame. consists of 2 leaves w/ odd # of knuckles on 1 leaf & even # of knucles on other |
|
|
Term
| how are knuckles attached? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| formed from knuckle & pin. finished with a tip |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most common type. has both leaves fully mortised into frame & edge of door so hinge is flush with surface of frame & door |
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|
Term
| how can other types of hinges be applied? |
|
Definition
| surfaced applied to door, frame, or both |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| special hinge type used when not room for barrel to extend past door tirm. barrel offset to allow 1 leaf to be mortised into frame |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have special shape allows door to swing 90-95 degrees so full opening of doorway available |
|
|
Term
| Without swing clear hinges, how are door openings decreased? |
|
Definition
| standard butt hinges decrease opening by width thickness of door when open @ 90 degrees |
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|
Term
| what determines what if hinge ball bearings are necessary? |
|
Definition
| door weight & frequency of use |
|
|
Term
| what type of ball bearing/weight do low frequency (like residential) doors use? |
|
Definition
| standard weight, ball bearing hinges |
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|
Term
| what type of ball bearing/weight do high frequency doors use? |
|
Definition
| require heavy weight ball bearing hinges |
|
|
Term
| what type of doors require ball bearing hinges? |
|
Definition
| fire rated assemblies & all doors w/closers |
|
|
Term
| what determines # of hinges needed? |
|
Definition
| height of door. doors up to 60" req 2 hinges (1 pair). from 60"-90" req 3 hinges. 90"-120"require 4 hinges (2 pairs) |
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|
Term
| What is # of hinges commonly reffered to by: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| devices to operate door, hold it in closed position, & lock it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| only holds in place w/no provision for locking. has beveled latchextending from face of door edge & automatically engages strike mounted in frame when door is closed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| has special mechanism that allows door to be locked w/ key or thumb turn |
|
|
Term
| most common types of locks: |
|
Definition
| cylindrical lock, mortise lock, unit lock (preassembled) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| simple to install in holes drilled in door, relatively inexpensive. purchased in grades of light duty, standard duty, & heavy duty. most common for residential, also used in commercial. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| installed in rectangular area cut out of door. generally more secure than cylindrical. offers wider variety of locking options |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mechanism in rectangular box that fits within notch cut in edge of door. easier to install than mortise. |
|
|
Term
| what type of operating latch device required to meet code requirements for accessibility? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alternative way to hang doors where appearance of hinges is objectionable or frameless door design may make impossible to use hinge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| may be hung or offset & are mounted in floor & head of door |
|
|
Term
| advantage of center hung pivot: |
|
Definition
| allows dorr to swing in either direction & can be completely concealed |
|
|
Term
| How can door swing with offset pivot? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| automatically return door to closed position after opened. control distance door can be opened to protect door surrounding construction from damage |
|
|
Term
| how is door closer mounted? |
|
Definition
| surface mounted on either side of door, or in headframe, or concealed in frame or in door. can also be integral w/ pivots mounted in floor or ceiling, either center hung or offset |
|
|
Term
| where are door closers required? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| operating hardware used where required by building code for safe egress by large # of people. Push bars extend across width of door to operate vertical rods that disengage latches @ top & bottom |
|
|
Term
| How are vertical rods installed for panic hardware? |
|
Definition
| surface mounted or concealed in door |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| keeps door from damaging adjacent construction. provides more possible protection thatn closers alone. Small metal fabrications w/rubber bumpers attached. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| for metal doors. small pads of rubber mounted on door stop to cushion door when closed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vertical members used between double doors to seal opening, act as door stop, provide extra security when doors closed |
|
|
Term
| how are astragals attached? |
|
Definition
| to 1 door leaf or be separate unit against which both doors close |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| device that coordinates closing sequence of 2 doors so they close completely rather than having leaf w/astragal close 1st & preventing other leaf from closing |
|
|
Term
| when is door coordinator required? |
|
Definition
| if doors are required exit doors & astragal attached to one of doors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used to operate door that doesn't require auto latching |
|
|
Term
| where are push plates/pull bars commonly used? |
|
Definition
| toilet rooms & commercial kitchens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| devices mounted on surface applied to bottom of door to provide sound or light seal |
|
|
Term
| how do automatic door bottoms work? |
|
Definition
| when door is open the seal is up; as door closed a plunger strikes jamb & forces seal down against floor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used along edges of doors to provide tight seal against smoke, light, & sound. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fire rated seals req on fire doors, other types used for acoustical seperation between 2 rooms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neoprene, felt, metal, & viynl |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used where floor materials change & a door line, where hard surface required for automatic door bottoms or where minor changes in floor level occur |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| either intregral to base metal from which hardware made or plated finish |
|
|
Term
| what are the 5 basic hardware finished: |
|
Definition
| steel, stainless stell, bronze, brass, aluminum |
|
|
Term
| to be fire rated, what finish must hardware be? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process of installing glass in framing & installing frame itself |
|
|
Term
| What types of glass are available? |
|
Definition
| float, tempered, laminated, wire, patterned, fire-rated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| standard type of glass used in common windows & other applicatins where additional strength required or other properties not required |
|
|
Term
| for interiors where is float glass used? |
|
Definition
| in small openings or where safety glazing not required |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produced by subjecting annealed glass to special heat treatment. About 4 x's stronger than amealed glass of same thickness. Considered safety glass. |
|
|
Term
| Why is tempered glass considered safety glass |
|
Definition
| If breaks it falls into 1000s of small pieces instead of dangerous shards. Can be used in hazardous locations. commonly 1/4" thick |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2 or more layers of lass bonded together by interlayer of polyviynl butyral resin |
|
|
Term
| what happens when laminated glass is broken? |
|
Definition
| interlayer holds pieces together even though glass itself may be severly cracked. Considered safety glazing (used in hazardous locations) |
|
|
Term
| Where is laminated glass often used? |
|
Definition
| where strong glazing is required or acousitcal control needed |
|
|
Term
| How can liminated glass be used for security: |
|
Definition
| can be ballet resistant & provide high security against intentional/accidental breakage |
|
|
Term
| How can liminated glass be used for security: |
|
Definition
| can be ballet resistant & provide high security against intentional/accidental breakage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| has mesh of wire embedded in middle of sheet. Surface can be smooth or patterened |
|
|
Term
| where is wire glass primarily used? |
|
Definition
| in fire rated assemblies where required by most building codes |
|
|
Term
| disadvantage of wire glass: |
|
Definition
| cant be tempered & doesn't qualify as safety glazing for hazardous locations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialty glass made by passing sheet of molten glass through rollers on which desired pattern is pressed which may be on 1 or both sides |
|
|
Term
| What is vision like through patterned glass? |
|
Definition
| through panel is diffused but not totally obscured. degree of vision depends on type & depth of pattern |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of fire-rated glazing w/ratings from 30-90 minutes? |
|
Definition
| 1)visually clear ceramic 2)Special tempered glass (max 30 minutes) 3) made w/ 2 or 3 panes of glass w/transparent gel between |
|
|
Term
| when the fire-rated glass (made w/ 2 or 3 panes of glass w/ transparent gel between) is subjected to fire, what happens? |
|
Definition
| The gel foams & forms a heat shield |
|
|
Term
| what does each type of fire-rated lazing have limits on? |
|
Definition
| hourly rating, max areas, & special requirements for detailing |
|
|
Term
| when framed conventionally, what is used to hold glass in place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is glass set in frames? |
|
Definition
| at top & bottom & simply butt joined on side |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the gap between adjacent pieces of glass? |
|
Definition
| may be left open or filled w/silicone sealant |
|
|
Term
| Solid glass door construction: |
|
Definition
| tempered glass, typically 1/2" or 3/4" thick w/ top & bottom metal rails & some type of door pull |
|
|
Term
| What do metal rails allow a solid glass door to do? |
|
Definition
| to be set on pivots in floor & above door & provide place for a cylinder lock |
|
|
Term
| What is regulated by building codes for glazing? |
|
Definition
| limitations on glass in fire-rated assemblies. safety glazing subject to human impact in hazardous locations |
|
|
Term
| UBC & IBC place limits on amount & type of glass in 1 hr rated corridors: |
|
Definition
| Require glazed openings must be protected by 1/4" wire glass installed in steel frames or by approved fire-rated glazing. Max glazed area can't exceed 25% of area of corridor wall of room that it's separating from corridor |
|
|
Term
| Where is safety glass required? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| locations subject to human impact such as glass in doors, shower, & bath enclosures & certain locations in walls |
|
|
Term
| where can the exact requirements of where safety glazing is & isn't required be found? |
|
Definition
| American Nat'l Standard Institute, Performance Specs & Methods of Test for Safety Glazing Material Used in Buildings, & Code of Federal Regulations, Safety Standard for Architectural Glazing Materials |
|
|
Term
| When code requires partition to be fire-rated what is required for openings in partition? |
|
Definition
| all openings must also be fire rated |
|
|
Term
| Why are protected openings considered an opening assembly? |
|
Definition
| It includes all components, w/doors usually referred to as fire-rated door, or fire door assembly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Door assembly that has been tested by an independent lab to determine its capability of withstanding measured temperature , wo/failure, for set length of time. |
|
|
Term
| Fire rated door assembly consists of: |
|
Definition
| door itself, frame, & hardware used |
|
|
Term
| What does the required rating for a fire rated door depend on? |
|
Definition
| rating of wall/partition in which its placed & intended use of the wall/partition |
|
|
Term
| What is the highest and lowest rating for a fire rated door? |
|
Definition
| highest: UL (Underwriters Lab), Lowest: S |
|
|
Term
| What are the reguirements for fire rated doors in most commercial: |
|
Definition
| 20 minute S rated door in 1 hr rated exit access corridor or where smoke & draft assembly required, or 3/4hr rated door in 1hr occupancy or in 1 hr rated exit stair enclosure. FOr multi floor projects, 1 1/2 hr rated door must be used in 2hr rated exit enclosure(stair way) |
|
|
Term
| Tight fitting smoke & draft assembly : |
|
Definition
| required by some codes when 20 minute door (1/3)hr used. Listed gasketing must be placed on both jambs & the head to prevent passage of smoke when door is closed |
|
|
Term
| How do exact provisions for fire rated doors vary? |
|
Definition
| amoung local code so must verify exact requirements w/ code having jurisdiction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can be labeled up to 1 1/2 hrs but wood frames can only be used in 20 minute assemblies |
|
|
Term
| When must a hollow fire rated door be used? |
|
Definition
| for ratings about 1 1/2hrs for doors & 30 minutes or more for frames |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 primary industry standard tests used in connection w/ fire rated doors: |
|
Definition
| 1)NFPA80 Standard for Fire Doors & windows - deals with construction & install of fire doors 2)NFPA 252, Standard Method for Fire Tests of Door Assemblies: Standard method for testing fire doors |
|
|
Term
| When a door assembly is used, what is required to be labeled? |
|
Definition
| door, frame, & closer, & other hardware must be labeled or listed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| permanent identifying mark, attached to door or frame by a testing org, indicates that component complies w/standard UL tests for fire doors & w/NFPA Stand, NFPA 80, governs install of fire doors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Product shown to meet appropriate standard for use in fire-rated asseblies (including NFPA 80) or has been tested & found suitable for use in specified application |
|
|
Term
| Most residential ceilings: |
|
Definition
| gypsum wallboard attached directly to floor or ceiling joist |
|
|
Term
| Most commercial ceilings: |
|
Definition
| usually seperate from structure & usually construction w/ some type of suspended system, using acoustical tile, gypsum, or lath & plaster |
|
|
Term
| Why is most commercial ceiling seperate from structure? |
|
Definition
| allows a flat ceiling surface for partition attachment, lights & acoustical treatment while space above ceiling called penum can be used for mechanical system, wiring, electrical conduit, ductwork, sprinkler pipes |
|
|
Term
| how is a residential gypsum ceiling constructed? |
|
Definition
| by screwing/nailing wallboard directly to ceiling joists |
|
|
Term
| For residential where are any wiring/heating ducts concealed? |
|
Definition
| between joists. if additional space below joists required, boxed in w/ wood framing & wallboard applied over framing. |
|
|
Term
| How is gypsum ceiling applied in commercial setting? |
|
Definition
| applied to suspended grid of framing members. 1/2" steel channels located 4' on enter suspeneded from structural floor above. metal furring channels attached to main runner either 16 or 24" on center w/ wallboard screwed to them |
|
|
Term
| Why must access panel be installed for commercial ceiling? |
|
Definition
| to access valves, junction boxes, fire dampers, and other services |
|
|
Term
| Suspended acoustical ceiling: |
|
Definition
| Consists of thin panels of wood fiber, mineral fiber, or glass fiber set in a support grid of metal framing that is suspended by wires from structure above |
|
|
Term
| How are acoustical tires made to absorb sound? |
|
Definition
| tiles are perforated or fissured in various ways |
|
|
Term
| Most common suspended acoustical tile configuration: |
|
Definition
| lay in system: panels lay on top of an exposed T shaped grid system |
|
|
Term
| Lay in tegular acoustical tile configuration: |
|
Definition
| Uses panels w/ rabeted edges |
|
|
Term
| Concealed spline acoustical tile configuration: |
|
Definition
| grid is completely concealed. typically uses 1' x 1' tiles. tile @ perimeter walls is supported by a ceiling angle. Angle also used to support light fixtures mounted next to wall |
|
|
Term
| Common accoustical tile sizes: |
|
Definition
| 2' x2', 1'x2', 2'x4', 20" x 60" |
|
|
Term
| When are 20" x 60" tiles used? |
|
Definition
| In buildings w/5'working module. Allows partitions to be laid out on 5' module lines wo/interferring w/ secial 20" x 48" light fixtures located in center of module |
|
|
Term
| Other types of accoustical ceilings; |
|
Definition
| metal strip ceilings, wood grids, fabric convered acoustical batts |
|
|
Term
| What are elements that must be coordinated w/selection & detailing of ceiling systems: |
|
Definition
| recessed lights, duct work, sprinkler piping, fire alarm speakers, smoke detectors, drapery pockets, & other recessed fixtures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
set in the grid & return air
allowed to pass through grilles, ceiling space, & back to center return air duct/shaft that connects to HVAC system |
|
|
Term
| Code requirements for suspended ceiling systems: |
|
Definition
| no combustible material may be placed above ceiling & all plastic wiring must run in metal conduits. some codes allow wiring used for phone, computers, low volt lighting & signal systems be exposed if approved plenum-rated wiring |
|
|
Term
| When are suspended ceilings fire rated? |
|
Definition
| When part of a complete floor-ceiling or roof ceiling assembly that is rated |
|
|
Term
| Can ceiling systems prevent the spread of fire from floor to floor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do rated suspended ceilings consist of? |
|
Definition
| rated mineral tiles & rated grid systems. Include hold-down clips to keep panels in place & expansion slots to allow grid to expand when subjected to heat |
|
|
Term
| How are lath and plaster ceilings attached in residential? |
|
Definition
| attached to ceiling joists & 3 coat plaster application used. can be finished in a variety of textures |
|
|
Term
| how are lath & plaster ceilings constructed in commercial? |
|
Definition
| framework suspended from structure like gypsum wallboard ceiling. Instead of wallboard - expanded metal lath wired to framework & plaster is applied |
|
|
Term
| Pros & cons of Lath & plaster celings: |
|
Definition
| Cons: Cost more than gypsum ceilings & more difficult to construct. Pros: can be easily curved in 2 directions for complex shapes. plaster castings of ornate molding can be applied to the ceiling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| suspended ceiling system specifically designed to accommodate accoustical ceiling tile, light fixtures, supply & return air grilles, sprinklers & partition attachment in consistent uniform way |
|
|
Term
| Many proprietary integrated ceiling systems: |
|
Definition
| each has own characteristics. All intended to be used in commercial application where partitions, lights, & other elements connected to ceiling change frequently |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| custom, shop-fabricated components built of lumber & used for interior finish construction. Cabinetry, paneling, custom doors & frames, shelving, custom furniture, special interior trim |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| makes possible to produce superior wood items cuz work done under carefully controlled factory conditions w/machinery & finish techniques, can't be duplicated on job site |
|
|
Term
| Who standardizes many aspects of millwork fabrication? |
|
Definition
| architectural woodwork institute |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 grades of millwork: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does material come from for lumber & veneer millwork? |
|
Definition
| domestic & foreign sources & varies in availability & cost |
|
|
Term
| Why are most lumber millwork made from veneer stock? |
|
Definition
| because of limited availability of many hardwood species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thin slice of wood cut from a log & glued to a backing of particle board or ply wood -normally 3/4" thick |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thicker piece of solid wood |
|
|
Term
| what does the way lumber is cut from the log determine? |
|
Definition
| final appearance of grain pattern |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 ways solid stock cut from log? |
|
Definition
| 1)Plain sawing 2) quarter sawing 3)rift sawing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most efficeint use of log & least expensive of 3. wood is cut w/ various orientations to the grain of the tree. results in finished surface with cathedral pattern |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produced by cutting log into quarters & then sawing perpendicular to a diameter line. Saw nearly perpendicular to grain so resulting grain pattern more uniformly vertical. Boards tend to twist & cup less, shrink less in width, hold paint better, have fewer defects than plain sawn boards |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Provides even more consistent vertical grain cuz saw cuts always made radially to center of tree. |
|
|
Term
| Disadvantage to rift sawing: |
|
Definition
| log must be shifted after each cut & there is much waste. More expensive than quarter sawing - rarely used |
|
|
Term
| Why are not all types of lumber cutting available in all species? |
|
Definition
| limited availability of some species of wood & expensive to make certain cuts. availability should be verified before specs written. |
|
|
Term
| What does the way veneers are cut affect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 5 principal methods of cutting veneers: |
|
Definition
| 1)Plain 2)Quarter 3)Rotary 4)Half-Round 5)Rift |
|
|
Term
| Plain & Quarter slicing for veneers: |
|
Definition
| accomplished same way as cutting solid stock. Resulting pieces are much thinner. 1/4 slicing produces more straight grained pattern than plain because cutting knife strikes growth rings @ approx 90 degree angle |
|
|
Term
| Rotary slicing for veneers: |
|
Definition
| Log mounted on a lathe & turned against a knife, which peels off a continuous layer of veneer. Produces pronounced grain pattern that's often undesirable in fine quality wood finishes. Produces most veneer w/ least waste |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Similar to rotary but log cut in half. A veneer cut slightly across annular growth rings. Results in pronounced grain pattern showing characteristics of both rotary-sliced & plain-sliced veneers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Accomplished by 1/4" a log & cutting 15 degree angle to growth rings. Eliminate appearance of markings perpendicular to direction of grain. |
|
|
Term
| What are markings in oak caused by? |
|
Definition
| Medullary rays- radical cells extending from center of tree to its circumference |
|
|
Term
| Why must several veneers be put together on backing panel to make up needed size of finished piece? |
|
Definition
| Cuz of width of piece of veneer limited by diameter of log or portion of log from which it is cut. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Indivicual veneers coming from the same piece of log |
|
|
Term
| Why are various types of joinery details used for millwork construction? |
|
Definition
| to increase strength of joint & improve appearance by eliminating mechanical fasteners such as screws |
|
|
Term
| Why are visible mechanical fasteners seldom needed for wood work produced in a shop? |
|
Definition
| availability of high strength adhesives. For field attachment, blind nailing or other concealed fasteners can be used |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| built in shop as complete assemblies & set in place & secured to surrounding construction @ jobsite |
|
|
Term
| For both upper base & upper cabinets, what are 4 basic categories of door/drawer front construction? |
|
Definition
| 1)flush 2)lipped overlay 3)Flush overlay 4)Revealed overlay |
|
|
Term
| Flush door/drawer construction: |
|
Definition
| Face of drawer on door is installed flush w/face of frame |
|
|
Term
| Disadvantages of flush door/drawer construction: |
|
Definition
| Often doors/drawers may sag, resulting in nonuniform spacing between fronts & causing some doors/drawers to bind against frame. Extra care & expense required to fit & align doors/drawers wi/frame |
|
|
Term
| Lipped Overlay door/drawer front construction: |
|
Definition
| Part of door/drawer overlaps frame & covers joint between 2 pieces |
|
|
Term
| Flush overlay door/drawer front construction: |
|
Definition
| Front of door/drawer overlaps face frame of cabinet.Edges of adjacent door/drawer fronts are separated only enough to allow operation wo/touching (about 1/8" or less). Only doors/drawers visible & they are flush w/each other. |
|
|
Term
| What is flush overlay constructino often referred to as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reveal overlay door/drawer front construction: |
|
Definition
| Edges of adjacent drawer & door fronts separated enough to reveal face frame behind. Width of reveal can be whatever desired, subject to width of frame. More trad'l method of cabinet construction |
|
|
Term
| Advantages of reveal overlay construction: |
|
Definition
| often less expensive than flush overlay cuz minor misalignment & sagging not noticeable |
|
|
Term
| when should a scribe piece be installed? |
|
Definition
| In both upper & lower cabinet construction & counter construction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allows cabinet installer to fit cabinet/countertop edge precisely against a wall that might not be perfectly straight. May be seperate piece of wood fit between cabinet or wall |
|
|
Term
| Alternate to scribe piece: |
|
Definition
| frame next to wall can be cut slightly oversized to allow for trimming on job site |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| includes the flush or raised panel construction used to cover vertical surfaces. Built up of thin wood venners glued to backing panels of particleboard/plywood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| has single, smooth surface |
|
|
Term
| 3 considerations in panel veneers: |
|
Definition
| 1)matching between adjacent veneer leaves 2)matching veneers wi/a panel 3)matching panels wi/a room |
|
|
Term
| What 3 ways can matching adjacent veneer leaves be done? |
|
Definition
| 1)book matching 2) slip matching 3) random matching |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most common method. As veneers sliced off log, every other piece turned over so adjacent leaves form symmetrical grain pattern |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consecutive pieces placed side by side w/ same face side being exposed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| places veneers in random sequence & veneers from different flitches may even be used |
|
|
Term
| how are veneers for panels glued for install? |
|
Definition
| glued to rigid panels (usually 3/4" particle board) |
|
|
Term
| If veneers are book matched, what are 3 ways of matching veneers wi/panel? |
|
Definition
| 1)Running match 2) Balance match 3)center match |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alternates book matched pieces regardlesss of their width or how many must be used to complete a panel. Any portion left over from last leaf of one panel is used as starting piece for the next |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| utilizes veneer pieces trimmed to equal widths in each panel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| has even # of veneer leaves of uniform width so that there is a veneer joint in center of the panel |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 ways panels can be assembled wi/a room to complete a project? |
|
Definition
| 1)Warehouse match 2) sequence match 3) blueprint matching |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| premanufactured panels, normally 4' wide by 8'or 10' long, assembled from a single flitch that yields from 6-12 panels. They are field cut to fit around doors, windows, & other obstructions, resulting in some loss of grain continuity. *Least expensive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| uses panels of uniform width manufactured for a specific job & with the veneers arranged in sequence. If some panels must be trimmed to fit around doors or other obstructions, there is moderate loss of grain continuity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| panels manufactured to precisely fit room & line up w/every obstruction so grain continuity not interupted . Veneers with sme flitch matched over doors, cabinets, & other items covered w/paneling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| common finishing material used w/millwork |
|
|
Term
| High pressure plastic laminate: |
|
Definition
| thin sheet of material made by impregnating several layers of kraft paper w/phenolic resins & overlaying paper w/patterend or color sheet & layer of melamine resin. Entire assembly placed in hot press under high pressure when various layers fuse |
|
|
Term
| Where are high pressure plastic laminates used? |
|
Definition
| countertops, wall paneling, cabinets, shelving, &furniture |
|
|
Term
| What/why must high pressure plastic laminates be glued to? |
|
Definition
| Very then so adhered to panel substrates such as plywood, mdf, hardboard, & veneer core, particleboard. Smaller pieces can be glued to solid pieces of lumber |
|
|
Term
| What and why is most common substrate for plastic laminate construction? |
|
Definition
| 45lb density particleboard cuz most dimensionally stable, provides smooth surface for laminating, has sufficient impact resistance, & provides enough strength for holding screws & for constructing panels & casework |
|
|
Term
| What environmental improvements have been made to today's paricle board? |
|
Definition
| only release small amounts of formaldehyde during manufacturing. laminate also provides seal on board, preventing long term emissions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Made by breaking down wood fibers into very fine fluff & mixing it w/glue & compressing it under high pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| formed into 4' x 8' sheets ranging from 1/4-1 1 1/4" thick. Can also be formed into molding ranging from 16-24'long |
|
|
Term
| MDF compared to particle board: |
|
Definition
| Smoother surface than particle board which reduces potential for telegraphing through laminate & makes suitable for glass laminates. More expensive than particleboard & doesn't hold some types of screws well |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shelving, molding, furniture, & part of laminate flooring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dense, smooth composition allows routing & a flawless paint finish. Dimensionally stable so doesn't warp, crack, or cup |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| untreaded has same rating as particle board but special fire resistant MDF available |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smooth surface but can sometimes cause bonding problems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| subject to warpage & other problems - not recommended for interior applications |
|
|
Term
| Thickness of general purpose plastic laminate: |
|
Definition
| .050" thick - used for both vertical & horizontal applications |
|
|
Term
| Thickness of post forming plastic laminate: |
|
Definition
| .040"thick - manufactured so can be heated & bent to small radius |
|
|
Term
| Other types of plastic laminate: |
|
Definition
| backing sheets & cabinet liner, fire rated, chemical resistant, static dissipative, & metal faced |
|
|
Term
| what happens when plastic laminate applied to large surface of paneling? |
|
Definition
| must be balanced w/backing sheet to inhibit moisture absorption & to attain structural balance so panel doesn't warp |
|
|
Term
| How should wood construction allow for the shrinkage & swelling w/changes in moisure content in air that affects wood? |
|
Definition
| should be detailed to allow for this movement to take place wo/putting undue stress on wood joints |
|
|
Term
| Why is shrinkage & swelling in millwork not as big of a problem as for site-built carpentry? |
|
Definition
| because of imporved manufacturing methods available in shop. Ex: solid stock & veneer can be dried/acclimated to geographical region & its prevailing humidity |
|
|
Term
| What are guidelines for optimum moisture contents for millwork? |
|
Definition
| Most U.S: 5-10% (humidity neccessary to maintain opt level: 25-55%). More humid states: 8-13%. Dry southwest: 4-9% |
|
|
Term
| Where can millwork be finished? |
|
Definition
| field finished or factory finished (preferred cuz more control) |
|
|
Term
| What are transparent millwork finishes: |
|
Definition
| penetrating oils, shellac, lacquer, & varnish. Hard plastics such as polyurethane |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of transparent finishes: |
|
Definition
| oil finishes easily applied & have rich luster, have a short life & tend to darken w/age. Hard plastics - very durable & won't darkent w/age but cost more. Gloss or matte sheens available |
|
|
Term
| When must wood be stained? |
|
Definition
| before applying final finish, wood may be stained to modify color |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 basic types of stains: |
|
Definition
| Water based & solvent based |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of water based stain: |
|
Definition
| yield uniform color but raise grain |
|
|
Term
| solvent based stain characteristics: |
|
Definition
| Dry quickly & don't raise grain, but less uniform |
|
|
Term
| Finishing for open grain woods like oak, mahogany, & teak: |
|
Definition
| A filler should be applied before finishingto give more uniform appearance to millwork |
|
|
Term
| What did the American Woodwork Institute develop for shop finished millwork? |
|
Definition
| standard finishing systems that include both transparent & opaque |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| general term for homogeneous, polymer-based surfacing materials |
|
|
Term
| What is solid surfacing a combination of? |
|
Definition
| 2 ingredients: filler & clear resing binder, either acrylic or polyester -or mix of 2 |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of solid surfacing: |
|
Definition
| various colors & speckles can be added w/pigments & small bits of product itself. formed into thick, flat sheets or shpaes like kitchen sinks. Standard thickness: 3/4" but newer, lower priced are 1/2" thick |
|
|
Term
| Where is solid surfacing frequently used? |
|
Definition
| kitchen & bath countertops, sinks, toilet partitions, bars & other areas where high pressure plastic laminate might otherwise be used |
|
|
Term
| Benefit of color intregral throughout thickness of material: |
|
Definition
| scratches, dents, stains, other minor damage can be sanded out or cleaned w/ household abrasive cleanser |
|
|
Term
| How can solid surfacing be installed? |
|
Definition
| easily w/normal woodworking tools. Edges can be routed for decorative effects. |
|
|
Term
| What happens when 2 pieces of solid surfacing must be butted together? |
|
Definition
| 2 part epoxy or liquit form of material used for seamless appearance |
|
|
Term
| Fire ratings of architectural woodwork: |
|
Definition
| Most of the model buidling codes require use of woodwork, wall, or ceiling finish material but don't require use of wood in furniture, cabinets, or trim |
|
|
Term
| Interior finish as defined by UBC: |
|
Definition
| wall & ceiling finish (including wainscoting, panneling, or other finish applied either structurally or for decoration, acoustical correction, surface insulation, or similar purposes) |
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|
Term
| UBC's architectural woodwork fire ratings requirements don't apply to: |
|
Definition
| trim -picture molds, chair rails, baseboards, & handrails. OR doors & windows or their frames. OR materials less than 1/28" thick that are cemented to surface of walls/ceilings |
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|
Term
| What do codes limit class (flame spread rating)or finish materiial (either A,B,or C) based on |
|
Definition
| occupancy, locations of building, & whether building sprinklered or not |
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|
Term
| Most wood species wo/flame retardant treatment have flame spread ratings of: & smoke ratings of: |
|
Definition
| flame spread: less than 200 (class C) & smoke rating: less than 75 (class B) *appropriate for rooms, enclosed spaces, & some corridors wo/special consideration |
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|
Term
| What don't model codes regulate (of architectural woodwork): |
|
Definition
| use of wood for freestanding furniture (cabinets, & sheliving attached to building) considered fixed furniture. Trim not regulated (finish that doesn't exceed 10% of total aggregate area of ceiling & walls of room in which its used) |
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|
Term
| what are the strictest model code requirements for (fire ratings arch woodwork): |
|
Definition
| paneling used on walls & ceilings. Must meet max flame spread requlations of code in force based occupancy & use area. Veneer less than 1/28"think w/any flame spread rating may be used if placed on fire retardent treated material such as particleboard |
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|
Term
| When is high pressure decorative laminate not regulated? |
|
Definition
| IF used on paneling and less than 1/28"thick & must be applied to supstrate w/fire-retardant treatment |
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|
Term
| How is laminate that is thicker than .028" regulated? |
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Definition
| fire rated laminate can be used on fire-retardant treated substrate w/appropriate adhesive |
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|
Term
| What are the requirements for blocking on the outside of partition on which paneling applied? |
|
Definition
| Should be fire-retardant treated. Some codes might require blocking wi/partition be fire-retardant treated |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Exporting wood is a huge economic support for countries, so not specifying endangered species may have little effect on problem. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| comes from wisely manufactured plantations that provide sustainable yield production BUT only less than 1% is truly produced from sustainable forests |
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|
Term
| What are the choices for ecologically concerned designers wishing to specify wood: |
|
Definition
| Can either choose to specify woods that can be shown to come from sustainable yield forest or select one in pletiful supply. Can also use alternative products: composite wood, veneers manufactured by laminating, plain/dyed veneers from commonly available fast growing trees into artificial "log" |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Method for detecting intruders, preventing entry, controlling access to secure areas, & notification in event of unauthorized entry or other emergencies |
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|
Term
| Motion detectors & heat detectors: |
|
Definition
| Sense presence of someone in room or wi/field of view |
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|
Term
| Microwave & infrared beams: |
|
Definition
| Trip a circuit when path of beam interrupted |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| detect weight on floor or other surfaces |
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|
Term
| Other type of security systems: |
|
Definition
| can be installed on glass, in door openings, & in other parts of building to set off alarm when unwanted entry made through opening |
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|
Term
| What happens when alarm systems "go off": |
|
Definition
| simple noise, notification of breach @ monitored central guard station, auto notification over phone to central security service |
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|
Term
| Where have the types of finishes on gypsum wallbaord been standardized? |
|
Definition
| by the Gypsum Association & published in GA-214-CCD, Recommended Levels of Gypsum Board Finish |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| requires no taping, finishing, or accessories |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| joints & interior angles have tape embedded in joint compound w/ the surface free of excess joint compound. This level used for plenums above ceilings & other areas not normally open to view |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| All joints/interior angles have tape embedded in joint compound, & one separate coat of compound applied overa ll joints, angles, fastener heads, & accessories. Used where water-resistant backing board is used as substrate for tile & in other areas where appearance is critical |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Similar to level 2, except 2 coats of joint compound used & surface is free of toll marks & ridges. This level used where surface will receive heavy/medium textured finishes or where heavy-grade wall coverings are to be applied |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Similar to level 3, except 3 coats of joint compound used. Used where light textures or wall coverings will be appplied or where economy is concern. Gloss, semigloss, & enamel paints aren't recommended over this level of finish |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| similar to level 4, except thin skim coat of joint compound applied over entire surface. Used where gloss, semigloss, enamel, or nontextured flat paints are specified or where severe lighting conditions exist |
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|
Term
| When partitions extend to the structure above in commercial buildings, how should the head of the partition be designed? |
|
Definition
| with a slip joint to prevent the wall from being damaged if the structural floor above deflects |
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|
Term
| what have wallboard manufacturers been using since the 1950s to manufacture wallboard? |
|
Definition
| recyled paper for the surfaces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemically identical to natural, mined gypsum but a byproduct of various manufacturing, industrial, or chemical processes |
|
|
Term
| what is the main source of synthetic gypsum in North America? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| flue gas desulfurization: |
|
Definition
| process, whereby power-generating plants remove polluting gases from their stacks to reduce emission of harmful minerals into atmosphere |
|
|
Term
| what is the large envioronmental concern w/gypsum wallboard? |
|
Definition
| the disposal of used gypsum wallboard, which can't be reused for its original purpose when ripped out of an old building/renovation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| broad class of products manufactured from high-strength , high density gypsum reinforced with continuous-filament glass fibers or chopped glass fibers. AKA fiberglass-reinforced gypsum and glass fiber-reinforced gypsum |
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|
Term
| where are glass reinforced gypsum products used? |
|
Definition
| decorative elements such as column covers, arches, coffered ceilings, ornate moldings, light troughs, & trim |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) diamond mesh lath 2) flat rib metal lath 3) rib metal lath |
|
|
Term
| when using a glass block wall what should the width and height of the opening be? |
|
Definition
| an even multiple of the size of the glass block used & allow for required expansion & framing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consist of a system of individual components that can be quickly assembled, disassembled, & reused w/ nearly total salvageability |
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|
Term
| How do demountable partitions differ from operable partitions? |
|
Definition
| they are intended to remain in place as standard partitions, while operable partions act as special doors to open & close a space frequently |
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|
Term
| Advantage of demountable partitions: |
|
Definition
| allow space to be reconfigured quickly & easily as needs change. Components are prefinished & designed as a system, so they can be rearranged & combined w/ new components, such as doors & glazing panels, wo/messy demolition & damage to adjacent construction |
|
|
Term
| why do demountable partitions make initial construction faster? |
|
Definition
| because flooring, ceilings, lighting & mechanical work can be completed first & partitions can be installed later |
|
|
Term
| demountable partition cost: |
|
Definition
| higher initial costs than standard construction but life-cycle costs are lower because of savings in material & labor costs in offices where space plans are changed frequently |
|
|
Term
| what 4 components do demountable partitions usually consist of? |
|
Definition
| 1) floor runners 2) ceiling runners 3) stud sections with clips to hold panels 4) prefinished gypsum wallboard panels |
|
|
Term
| sizes of demountable partitions: |
|
Definition
| usually 24" or 30" wide to work w/ common building modules or 4' or 5' |
|
|
Term
| what do all manufacturers of demountable partitions have in addition to basic components? |
|
Definition
| door frames, glazing, bank rails, openings, and some provide for hanging shelves & furniture components in slots between panels |
|
|
Term
| progressive partition systems: |
|
Definition
| first panel must be placed before the second panel, which must be placed before 3rd panel, and so on. when partition taken down, reverse order followed. Have lower initial cost than nonprogressive systems but much less flexible |
|
|
Term
| non progressive partition system: |
|
Definition
| panels are independent & can be removed or replaced individually. |
|
|
Term
| what should demountable partitions be coordinated with? |
|
Definition
| other building components & systems, including lighting, HVAC, window mullions, & suspended ceiling system. Lay out spaces with building grid - coincides w/ ceiling grid |
|
|
Term
| what type of ceiling grids should be used w/ demountable partitions? |
|
Definition
| Slotted suspended ceiling grids,allow top tract to be screwed into grid wo/damaging its appearance when track is moved |
|
|
Term
| typical tips for barrels of hinges: |
|
Definition
| flat button (most common & finished if not specified otherwise), hospital, & oval head, flush, ball , steeple |
|
|
Term
| what is aluminum commonly used for in door framing? |
|
Definition
| as a stile & rail material for glass doors & as door frame material for both aluminum glass doors & wood doors |
|
|
Term
| when are aluminum doorframes most commonly used in interior construction? |
|
Definition
| to frame wood doors when a lightweight, easily assembled frame is required. Also used in many demountable partition systems or when a complex frame profile is required |
|
|
Term
| what shape are most aluminum frames? |
|
Definition
| double rabbeted with a continuous stop, similar to a steel doorframe. |
|
|
Term
| noticable difference of aluminum frames compared to steel frames: |
|
Definition
| have sharp corners, as opposed to slightly rounded corners of steel frames. It is because they're extruded. |
|
|
Term
| what fire rating are aluminum frames available for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the other metals that should be in contact with an aluminum frame and why? |
|
Definition
| stainless steel or zinc. Contact w/ dissimilar metals should be prevented by using bituminous paint or nonmetallic gaskets to prevent galvanic action |
|
|
Term
| how are glass doors different than sash doors? |
|
Definition
| sash doors have a frame around all 4 sides of glass |
|
|
Term
| what are glass doors generally constructed of? |
|
Definition
| 1/2" or 3/4" tempered glass & have fittings & operating hardware as required by installation. Common sizes are 36"w x 7'h |
|
|
Term
| what is the minimum configuration required for a glass door? |
|
Definition
| some type of door pull & a corner fitting @ the top & bottom to hold the pivots |
|
|
Term
| when must any holes, notches or other modifications to glass used for glass doors be made? |
|
Definition
| before the glass is tempered |
|
|
Term
| how can glass doors be used? |
|
Definition
| alone & set wi/ a wall opening w/ or wo/ a frame, or can be installed between glass sidelights |
|
|
Term
| where can glass doors not be used? |
|
Definition
| where a protected opening is required in a fire-rated partition because glass doors can't be fire rated |
|
|
Term
| when can center hung pivots not be used? |
|
Definition
| with a door stop on the same side of the door on both jamps. This makes it difficult to seal the door against sound or light transmission on the hinge & strike sides |
|
|
Term
| where is the rotation point of a center-hung pivot? |
|
Definition
| typically located 2 3/4" from the edge of the frame but it can be located anywhere along the door |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| required on fire doors to prevent both smoke & drafts from passing through. Used on head & jamb sections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can be used when a high level of sound isolation is needed. Usually limited to sound studios, stages , & other occupancies where sound isolation is critical |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| expands upon exposure to heat & forms a tight, fire-resistant seal against the passage of smoke, gasses, & heat |
|
|
Term
| Disadvantage of tempered glass: |
|
Definition
| must be ordered to exact size required for final install, because once it is tempered can't be cut, drilled, or deeply etched. May produce slight distortions in the field of the glass, as well as near the tong marks for vertically tempered glass. |
|
|
Term
| 1st type of glazing that can be used in fire rated opening besides wire glass: |
|
Definition
| clear ceramic that has higher impact resistance than wire glass & low expansion coefficient. Available w/ 1hr rating & w/ a 3 hr rating |
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|
Term
| 2nd type of glazing that can be used in fire rated opening besides wire glass: |
|
Definition
| special stempered, fire-protective glass. Rated @ max of 30 minutes, cuz can't pass hose stream test, but does meet impact safety standards |
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|
Term
| 3rd type of glazing that can be used in fire rated opening besides wire glass: |
|
Definition
| Consists of 2 or 3 layers of tempered glass w/ a clear polymer gell between them. When subjected to fire, gel foams & turns opaque, retarding passage of heat. Avail w/30 min, 60min, or 90 min ratings - depending on thickness & # of glass panes used |
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|
Term
| 4th type of glazing that can be used in fire rated opening besides wire glass: |
|
Definition
| Glass block. But not all glass block is rated - must have been specifcaly tested for use in fire-rated openings & approved by the local authority having jurisdiction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| type of glazing that changes from either dark tint or milky white opaque to transparent w/ application of an electric current |
|
|
Term
| True Electrochromic glazing: |
|
Definition
| uses an inorganic ceramic thin-film coating on glass & can be manufactured to range from transparent to heavily darkened (tinted). It is never opaque so cant be used for privacy glass. Intended for control of light, untraviolet energy, & solar heat. Amount of tinting controlled w/ rheostat switch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| uses proprietary system in which light-absorbing microscopic particles are disperesed wi/a liqued suspension film which is then sandwiched between 2 pieces of transparent conductive material. Appearance ranges from clear-partially darkened - totally opaque so an be used for privacy as well as light control &energy conservation. controlled w/ a rheostat |
|
|
Term
| Polymer-dispersed liquid crystal film glazing: |
|
Definition
| fabricated by placing polymer film between 2 pieces of glass. Ranges from transparent to cloudy white. Offers total visual privacy but still allows significant amount of light to pass through, so cant be used for exterior light control |
|
|
Term
| Positive pressure fire testing: |
|
Definition
| simulates actual fire conditions where there is possitive pressure on the fire side of the door above a certain point on the door (called neutral pressure level) & negative pressure below this point. |
|
|
Term
| under neutral pressure level condditions what is there a greater tendanc for? |
|
Definition
| smoke & gases to be forced through the crack between the door & frame |
|
|
Term
| what must doors in corridors & smoke barriers meet the requirements for? |
|
Definition
| a smoke & draft-control door assembly tested in accordance w/ UL 1784 Standard for Safety for air leakage tests of door assemblies |
|
|
Term
| where should wallboard ceilings be limited to if possible in commercial settings? |
|
Definition
| areas not requiring access panels or the mechanical & electrical engineers should be requested to locate new equipment away from intended wallboard ceilings |
|
|
Term
| what should be done when acoustical control is required in residential construction? |
|
Definition
| resilient channels are attached to the joists, & sound attenuation insulation is placed between the joists |
|
|
Term
| Seismic restraint for suspended ceilings: |
|
Definition
| may be required for some areas of the country that face earthquake risk |
|
|
Term
| Attachment of items normally supported by grid in Seismic consideration: |
|
Definition
| must be independently supported with wires |
|
|
Term
| what should weight of ceiling systems be limited to in seismic considerations? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ceiling system support consideration in seismic region: |
|
Definition
| shouldn't be used to provide lateral support for partitions. |
|
|
Term
| Requirements for ceiling angles in seismic region: |
|
Definition
| should provide @ least 7/8" ledge & must be @ least 3/8" clearance from edge of tile to wall |
|
|
Term
| requirements for perimeter main runners & cross runners for suspended ceilings in seismic region: |
|
Definition
| must be prevented from spreading wo/relying on permanent attachment to ceiling angle |
|
|
Term
| Requirements for ceilings in VERY high-risk seismic zones: |
|
Definition
| suspension system must be heavy-duty type & must have lateral force bracing 12' on center in both directions , w/1st point wi/ 6' from each wall |
|
|
Term
| Examples of how integrated ceiling components are designed for maximum reusability & flexibility: |
|
Definition
| light fixtures usually have plug-in connectors, & HVAC systme air terminals are connected w/ flexible ducts so all services can be relocated easily. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alloy of steel containing 12%, or more, of chronium. Most types are supplemented w/ additional elements, such a s nickel, manganese, & molybdenum to impart particular qualities |
|
|
Term
| why and where is stainless steel used? |
|
Definition
| Used for its corrosion resistance, strength, & appearance. Uses include wall & door coverings, railings, elevator finishes, lavatory, & kitchen equipment, furniture, hardware, & concealed anchors & fasteners |
|
|
Term
| How is stainless steel available? |
|
Definition
| in several stock forms, including sheets, plates, strips, bars, pipes, & tubing. |
|
|
Term
| Using stainless steel tubing: |
|
Definition
| much lower in cost than pipe, & ornamental tubing should be specified for most ornamental interial applications |
|
|
Term
| Rolled stainless steel finishes: |
|
Definition
| produced on sheet material by passing the steel between rollers, under pressure at the mill. Finish depends on finish of roller ranging from bright, reflective surface to deeply embossed pattern |
|
|
Term
| Polished stainless steel finishes: |
|
Definition
| most common for architectural applications. Produced by grinding, polishing, & sometimes buffing metal until desired surface obtained. |
|
|
Term
| 5 industry standard stainless steel polished finishes for sheet & strip stock: |
|
Definition
| ranging from a #7 finish which is almost mirrorlike to a #3which has a dull finis |
|
|
Term
| Etched stainless steel finishes: |
|
Definition
| produced by dry or wet methods |
|
|
Term
| dry stainless steel etching: |
|
Definition
| blasts material w/ abrasive grit or glass beads to wear away a defined area |
|
|
Term
| wet stainless steel etching: |
|
Definition
| uses acid to wear off some of the finish |
|
|
Term
| 3 primary groups of copper alloy: |
|
Definition
| 1)those that are almost pure copper 2)those called architectural bronze or the common brasses 3)the nickel-silver & silver & silicon bronze allos |
|
|
Term
| what is the choice of which copper alloy to use a matter of? |
|
Definition
| final color and appearance required |
|
|
Term
| what happens to brass unless protected w/some type of coating or refinished periodically? |
|
Definition
| will tarnish & may show some color changes after several years |
|
|
Term
| where is extruded and cast brass common? |
|
Definition
| extrusion:for door & window frames, railings, & trim. Casting:used to manufacture hardware, & plumbing fixtures |
|
|
Term
| Mechanical brass finishing: |
|
Definition
| alters surface of the metal by rolling or some other mechanical means |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alter the surface w/ chemical processes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| applied finishes that are formed from metal itself through chemical or electrochemical conversion by adding some other material |
|
|
Term
| when can adhesives be used for brass? |
|
Definition
| for laminating sheets onto backing material or to join smaller pieces to tother materials when exposed fasteners would be objectionable |
|
|
Term
| 3 ways rass can be joined? |
|
Definition
| by brazing, soldering, or welding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| joining of 2 metals @ an intermediate temperature above 800 degrees F using nonferrous filler metal. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| joining of 2 metals using lead-based or tin-based alloy solder that melts below 500 degrees |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| joins 2 metals by suing high temps to heat them above their melting points, either w/ or wo a filler metal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| electochemical process that occurs when dissimilar metals are in contact in presence of an electrolyte such as water. Result is corrosion of one of metals |
|
|
Term
| when 2 or more metals must be combined, how should they be separated? |
|
Definition
| with isolators made from Teflon, neoprene, or other suitable material |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| exposed wood construction assembled @ job site by finish carpenters. Includes install of doors & windows, door & window trim, standard wood base, & other molding, site-built stairways, & handrails |
|
|
Term
| Common species for finish carpentry: |
|
Definition
| douglas fir, ponderosa pine, sugar pine, Idaho white pine, southern pine, western red cedar, poplar oak, & redwood |
|
|
Term
| For most species what grade of wood is preferred? |
|
Definition
| B & better is highest avialabled grade & is excellent for natral finishes or painted finishes. C Select has only slightly more defects & is usually the best grade to specify for painting & some natural finishes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plywood w/ thin, smooth veneer, suitable for painting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| trim used for decorative or functional purposes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prefabricated cabinents that are selected from manufacturer's standard product line |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| timber from evergreen trees, such as pine & fir |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| timper from deciduous trees, such as oak & maple |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| item of fixed lenth such as a door or window casing, that can be installed with a single length of wood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| item of continuous length , such as baseboard, chair rail, or cornice |
|
|
Term
| Magnetic contacts (intrusion detection) |
|
Definition
| used on doors & windows to either sound alarm when contact is broken or send signal to central monitoring & control station. surface mounted, recessed into the door & frame, or concealed in special hinges |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sense when a window has been broken or cut, either by using metallic foil or w/ small vibration detector mounted on the glass |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have fine wires embedded in them that can be used to set off an alarm when they are cut or broken |
|
|
Term
| Audio dectors (area or room protection): |
|
Definition
| listen for unusual sounds in a space @ levels about what is normally encountered. When level is exceeded, alarm is sounded |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| emit very high-frequency sound wave. When intruder interrupts wave, alarm signal is activated. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Emit a field of microwave radiation & sense interruptions in that field. use is limited in interior construction because the microwave radiation can penetrate most building materials & can be reflected by metal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interception of sound & electromagnetic signals w/ remote sensing devices. Possible to listen in on conversations from outside building or pick up signals being emitted from computer screen @ remote distance |
|
|
Term
| what is the basic principle behind electronic shielding? |
|
Definition
| building a "cage" of continuously conductive material that catches signals & conducts them to the ground |
|
|
Term
| Benefits of electronic locks: |
|
Definition
| control access better than keys, can also monitor who enters & exits a door & can record date & time of the access |
|
|
Term
| why are electric bolts limited to use on non-exit doors? |
|
Definition
| because most building codes now require electronically controlled exit doors be operable from the inside by purely mechanical means |
|
|
Term
| what will the closed circuit television vendor need to know? |
|
Definition
| what type of lighting will be used to select the best type of camera tube. & electrical engineer may need to provide particular type of lighting for specific types of cameras |
|
|
Term
| what will the interior designer need to provide adequate space & support for that's security related? |
|
Definition
| video cameras, monitors, access devices & control equipment. Electrical engineer needs to design power supplies to these devices |
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|
