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| The number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom |
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| A region within an atom that an electron can occupy |
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| A measure of the size of an atom. The distance between the nucleus and the outermost electrons. |
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| Charge separation in a covalent bond created by the different electronegative of dissimilar atoms |
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| The arrangement of electrons in the orbitals of an atom |
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| The relative ability of an atom within a covalent bond to attract the shared electrons |
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| Refers to the lewis diagrams of molecules where the central atom has more than eight electrons in its valence shell. |
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| The Intermolecular attraction between polar molecules occurs when a Hydrogen(H) atom bonds to a highly electronegative atom such as N, O, or F. |
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| A measure of the size of an ion. The distance between the nucleus and the outermost electrons. |
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| The minimum amount of energy required to remove the outermost electrons. |
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| Diagrams that show the bonding between atoms of a molecule. |
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| A molecule that has a region with a permanent partial positive charge of equal magnitude. |
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| The intermolecular attraction between Polar molecules, created by the presence of polar covalent bonds and the asymmetric shape of the molecule. |
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| A change of state eg. from solid to liquid. |
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| A type of chemical bond where a pair of electrons is unequally shared between two atoms. |
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| A charged chemical species having two or more atoms covalently bonded together. |
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| one or more orbitals in the electron shell of an atom with the same energy level. |
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| The weakest intermolecular force between molecules that are created by the temporary uneven distribution of negative charge (electrons) in the molecule. |
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| This is the amount of energy heat absorbed or released in a reaction |
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| This is the change in enthalpy when one mole of an reactant is reacted with oxygen in a combustion reaction under standard conditions. |
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| This is the change in enthalpy when one mole of a substance, under standard conditions, is formed from pure elements. |
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| The amount of energy required to change 1 mole of a substance from a solid to a liquid at the substance's melting point. |
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| The amount of energy required to change 1 mole of a substance from a liquid into a gas at the substance's boiling point. |
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| The amount of energy required to change 1 mole of a substance from a liquid into a gas at the substance's sublimation point. |
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| A solid that goes straight to a gas when melted. |
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| A piece of equipment used to measure the heat energy absorbed or released during a reaction. |
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| The amount of heat content in a chemical system. Measured in kJmol^-1. Chemists are usually more interested in [image]H |
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| Describes the amount of order (or disorder) within a substance or chemical system. Given the symbol of S. |
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| Predicts spontaneity of a reaction. Takes into consideration both the enthalpy and entropy changes |
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| A graph of temperature vs time for a substance where energy is added at a constant rate. |
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| Used to calculate the enthalpy of a reaction. Hess's law states that the enthalpy change is independent of the path taken. |
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| The heat energy that is released or absorbed in the changing of the state of a substance |
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| A reaction that occurs outside of intervention |
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| 25[image]C or 298.15K and 101kPa |
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| 3 sides, two pyramids [image] |
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