Term
|
Definition
| A clients projection of past feelings and attitudes onto the counselor |
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Term
|
Definition
| The counselors projected emotional reaction to or behavior toward the client |
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Term
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Definition
| The overriding client welfare term when resolving an ethical dilemma |
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Term
|
Definition
Autonomy vs. Shame
Initiative vs. Guilt
Industry vs. Inferiority
Generativity vs. Stagnation |
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Term
| Successful progression through Erikson's Stages require |
|
Definition
| Resolution of the conflick at each stage |
|
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Term
| Identity vs. Role confusion |
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Definition
| This stage usually encompasses those individuals in the age range of 12-18 who, in the process of finding out who one is, can experience the failure side of a false sense of self. |
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Term
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Definition
| Best known as a stage-and-task theorist. Believed that completion of age-appropriate tasks was essential for maturity at each age. Complete tasks society presents at each stage. Cyclical Theory |
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Term
| Criterion-related validity described as empirical validity and assumed to be separate will differ in |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Bine and Simon Intelligence Scale |
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Definition
| Developed in an attempt to demonstrate that heredity was the basis for intelligence. Early forms of test development in Europe and the U.S. focused on intelligence. |
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Term
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Definition
| When a counselor is considering how well a client performed in a particular test area |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| Is NOT an example of a standard score |
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Term
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Definition
| A statistical technique to reflect the relationship between GPA and a GRE score. |
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Term
| Alternate forms or parallel |
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Definition
| A reliability's correlation derived when there are two administrations using two different but equal tests that measure the same construct. |
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Term
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Definition
| The most frequent type of data gathering to form a case conceptualization |
|
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Term
| Standard error of measurement is to reliability as what is to validity |
|
Definition
| Standard error of estimate |
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Term
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Definition
| Using norm groups based on national norms such ad theb% of a certain age or race in the population. |
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Term
| When a counselor is using an instrument to diagnosis for a DSM-5 disorder the counselor is to be mindful of the |
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Definition
| Qualifications of the examiner |
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Term
| When interpreting test results to a client, the Code of Ethics recommends that the counselor |
|
Definition
| Has a manual present for consultation during the testing, scoring and interpretation |
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Term
|
Definition
| Communication technique to point out discrepancies in shared communication |
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Term
| The principle goal in consultation when utilizing a consultant is to |
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Definition
| Produce change in client behavior |
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Term
| All therapists have a common goal that is |
|
Definition
| Self-efficacy. This refers to the total mental health direction for effectiveness |
|
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Term
| The most common therapy response mode used by clients in the traditional therapies and by the majority culture is |
|
Definition
| Disclosure. Clients are encouraged to talk. |
|
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Term
| The therapeutic bond is composed of three variables |
|
Definition
Client energy invested in the process.
Empathic resources.
Mutual affirmation. |
|
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Term
| Engagement in Counsleing refers to |
|
Definition
| A client returning for at least one session after intake. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A constant error in measurement |
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Term
|
Definition
| Professional counselor who created the code of ethics for the ACA |
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Term
| Self-care as defined by the Wheel of Wellness is based upon |
|
Definition
| Human growth and behavior |
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Term
| A trainee begins to establish a professional identity by: |
|
Definition
| Reviewing professional and personal characteristics of a counselor |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| model of supervision that does not rely on being didactic rather helps the supervisee draw on his own resources, learn to behave independently, and make changes and attend to the positive in both counselor and the client. |
|
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Term
| The ACA sub-division that is responsible for spear heading the development of CACREP is: |
|
Definition
ACES
Association Counselor Education and Supervision |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| corresponds directly to clinical training and an ethical code. |
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Term
| 1013 commitment documents |
|
Definition
| to admit a client to the hospital for mental health reasons such as suicide ideation or attempt. |
|
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Term
| The double bind theory is |
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Definition
| when distress is experienced because of two contrary messages, one from another person(s) |
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Term
|
Definition
| founder of the American mental hygiene movement. Founded the first outpatient mental health clinic in the U.S. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Founder of the Institute of Mental Measurements |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| 1. health plans, 2. health care clearinghouses and 3. health care providers who electronically transmit any health information |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| considered to be the 1st school counselor in the United States because he was the 1st to implement a systematic guidance program in the schools. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Having an internal cause or origin. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Therapist is acting in a court-appointed capacity |
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Term
|
Definition
person who is "professionally acquainted with, skilled, or trained in some science, art, trade and
thereby has knowledge or experience in matters not generally familiar to the public" |
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Term
|
Definition
Set up anthropometric laboratory and developed tools to measure differences in people through the
sense modalities. He emphasized reaction time and movement in his testing. He was responsible for
the beginning of the normal curve. |
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Term
|
Definition
A somatoform disorder in which the person constantly worries about his/her health as though he/she
has a disease without any physical findings to support that fear. |
|
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Term
| Mental Status Examination |
|
Definition
| A mental status is an evaluation of the patient's current mental functioning. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
designed the first guidance program in a California school. He gave attention to
exploratory experiences, counseling placement for jobs, and follow-up of former students. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A term that reflects a generalized state of anxiety. The individual does not adapt to his or her surroundings and experiences psychological discomfort. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
An acronym to represent the technique to conduct motivational interviewing. Open-ended questions
(O), affirming self-efficacy and support (A), reflections-rephrasing (R), summaries-complex reflections,
resolving ambivalence and promoting change (S). |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Frank Parsons developed a three-stage model of vocational counseling. He is considered the father of
vocational guidance. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A theory developed by Franz Gall in which there is a relationship between the various bumps on the skull and the aptitudes or personality traits displayed by a person (traits). |
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Term
|
Definition
the process in which counselors may transfer their license without repeating the
application procedure |
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Term
|
Definition
Legal right which exists by statute and which protects the client from having his/her confidence
revealed publicly from the witness stand during legal proceedings. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Education of all handicapped children. Part B. Confidentiality of information and funding to state.
Insures an individualized evaluation for each handicapped person. This is called an IPS or Individualized Program of Study |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| used to define a more homogeneous subgrouping of a disorder that share certain features such as major depressive disorder with anxious distress. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Ruth Benedict's model viewing the interaction of the individual and one's culture. It is described as the
degree of common goal attainment that is individual and group (Burke, 1989). Maslow adapted this term to his hierarchy of needs and self-actualization. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| refers to levels of preparation for the full license to practice. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The study of death and dying |
|
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Term
|
Definition
A relational problem is when a
pattern of interaction or behaviors between clients (siblings or spouses) does not meet full criteria for
a disorder although there is significant impairment in functioning (Value Options, 2006). Brief, problem solving therapy is the treatment of choice. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
A concept applied to a person (helper) who has experienced an emotional distress and successfully
resolved it. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A term that reflects ability or functioning capacity that is developmental and based on age, gender,
socioeconomic status, education, geographic location and references a set of social attitudes. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| To undergo the process of learning a culture |
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Term
|
Definition
| discrimination against young people |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Fear of leaving a familiar environment and a fear of open spaces. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| shaping the external situation to one's needs |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| blockage or narrowing of blood vessels to the brain |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Combining of male and female characteristics based on the premise that each person, to some degree, possesses both masculine and feminine behaviors. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Accommodating to the givens of a social setting |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A tendency to infer behaviors of a person to internal characteristics instead of situational dispositions |
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Term
|
Definition
A group affiliation that stands in opposition to the cultural norms and values prevalent within the
dominant culture. |
|
|
Term
| CROSS-CULTURAL COUNSELING |
|
Definition
| A counseling relationship in which two or more of the participants differ with respect to cultural background, values, norms, roles, lifestyle, and method of communicating. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The sum total of knowledge, beliefs, morals, customs, and ideologies acquired by a member of society |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A state of reduced self-awareness and lowered concern for social evaluation. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The rate of decline in functioning leading to death. It is used to estimate the time frame within which dying will take place |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Understanding culture from a position within the system, making a counselor better able to
understand the client's worldview. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Understanding culture from outside the system of an observer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Franklin (1999) coined this syndrome to mean
“an inner struggle with the feeling that one’s talents, abilities, personality, and worth are not valued or even recognized because of prejudice and racism” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
brief,
common intentional and unintentional verbal, behavioral and environmental indignities that convey
derogatory slights and insults to the client-often based on some cultural dimension of difference such as race, sexual orientation, disability, and gender |
|
|
Term
| PERSISTENT DEPRESSIVE DISORDER |
|
Definition
| A depressed mood that occurs for most of the day, for more days than not, for at least 2 years, or at least 1 year for children and adolescents |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Sleeping more than 11 hours results in poor performance on tasks requiring alertness and vigilance. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The demands of two or more roles that a person occupies produce a dilemma forcing the person to choose between allegiances. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Occurs when an individual occupies too many roles and cannot adequately perform each one due to limited time, energy, and resources. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The body's regulating mechanism that determines what one's ideal weight should be. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Any attitude, action, or institutional structure that devalues, restricts, or discriminates against a person because of biological sex, gender role, or sexual preference. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The process through which a group encourages and/or coerces its members to conform to its culture |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| An approach designed to build upon client strengths and resources |
|
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Term
|
Definition
A distinctive pattern of shared values, behaviors, and ideologies manifested in a style of life
significantly different from that of the dominant culture and from those of other subcultures. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Highly driven, competitive person who feels rushed and pressured. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| term that applies to the taking of two drugs in combination and has a magnified effect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| effects of two drugs taken concurrently |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| When one drug blocks the effect of another drug |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a nonverbal communication that examines gestures, movements of the body, limbs, hands, feet, and length of gaze. |
|
|
Term
| The information we possess regarding an event, the assumed caused we perceive, and the consequences we anticipate are three parts of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| indicates that when we try to explain the behavior of others we look for internal attributes. When we try to explain our own behaviors we make external attributes that tend to be situational or environmental |
|
|
Term
The belief has been expressed that violent movies, television, books, and football games, like dreams,
can allow people to release aggression. This discharge is known as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Behavior is determined by the motivation to pursue pleasure and avoid pain |
|
|
Term
| Symbolic-Interaction Theory |
|
Definition
| Derived from cognitive theory, this view states that people mentally explore the possible reactions of others prior to making a decision to act. |
|
|
Term
| Social Exchange Theory (Homans) |
|
Definition
Derived from social learning theory, social exchange theory
contends that interactions between people must be mutually reinforcing. Individuals seek to imitate
"profitable" exchanges with others and seek to eliminate "nonprofitable" exchanges with others |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Behaviors that have been profitable in the past will increase in frequency; those
that were nonprofitable will decrease |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Behaviors that have been profitable in the past will increase in frequency; those
that were nonprofitable will decrease |
|
|
Term
| Cognitive-consistency Theories |
|
Definition
| Individuals have a need to establish and maintain consistency in their perceptions, beliefs, and attitudes toward themselves, others, and the environment |
|
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Term
|
Definition
which postulated that people try to
maintain cognitive balance in interpersonal relations. (Heider) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Festinger (1957) states that two cognitions that are in disagreement
produce tension within the individual until that person changes one of those cognitions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
an
uncomfortable state which an individual attempts to alleviate or change by bringing cognitions closer together. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a condition where an individual holds two attitudes that are opposite, he or she
will work to change both attitudes in an effort to achieve congruence between them |
|
|
Term
| Newcomb's A-B-X Model of Interpersonal Attraction |
|
Definition
| the two individuals will work to reduce attitudinal differences to the extent that there is a high level of attraction between them |
|
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Term
|
Definition
a process when an individual tries to
understand and predict behavior of another. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
when attempts are made to create consistency
between attitudes and actions and efforts to align actions with attitudes or choices with preferences. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Freedman (1975) suggests that crowding by itself has neither good
nor bad effects on people, but serves to intensify the individual's typical reaction to the
situation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Turner and Killian state a social norm emerges that is specific to a
situation. |
|
|
Term
| Smelsner's Value-Added Theory |
|
Definition
defines collective behavior as a sixstage
process. Each stage influences or adds its value to the final outcome. If these six stages do not occur, the collective behavior terminates |
|
|
Term
| Social Influence Obedience: |
|
Definition
| the psychological mechanism that links individual action to the political purpose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Aggression is a primary drive representative of the death instinct. In every person there exists the drive to create and the drive to destroy |
|
|
Term
| Instinct Theories: Lorenz |
|
Definition
Aggression is adaptive in survival of the species. It underlies vital functions
such as protecting territory from invasion, defending young, etc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Electrical stimulation of different parts of the brain inhibits and generates aggression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Aggression is learned through reinforcement, punishment, modeling, and imitation. |
|
|
Term
| Frustration-Aggression Theory |
|
Definition
| Dollard, Miller, Doob, Mowrer, and Sears (1939) state that aggression is the outgrowth of frustrating experiences |
|
|
Term
| The classical studies conducted to determine how obedience was related to authority and paid subjects to shock other subjects were: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
This group is considered the leaders, heads of multinational businesses,
foundations and universities, and thought to be the elite. |
|
|
Term
| Upper Middle Class- Affluent and education (15%) |
|
Definition
| Group composed of scientific and technical members. This group is considered composed of the majority of membership. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Blue collar, clerical-administrative, record keeper |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Craft, restaurants, nursing homes, laborers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The logic a counselor might hold in understanding culture from a universal perspective specifically
practicing an emic approach would be: |
|
Definition
| clients are more alike than dissimilar |
|
|
Term
| Pathological View of Minorities |
|
Definition
| Some minorities could never fit into a white society |
|
|
Term
| Section E.5.c. of the Code of Ethics (2014) |
|
Definition
refers to social prejudices in misdiagnosis and
pathologizing of certain individuals and groups and to address bias in themselves or others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cultural minorities are biologically inferior to white |
|
|
Term
| Cultural Deficiency Model |
|
Definition
| The environments of minority members are deviant or inferior. |
|
|
Term
| Culturally Different Model |
|
Definition
Minorities are not deviant or pathological but must function in two
cultures simultaneously. Individuals are faced with the stress of stereotyping, racism, and discrimination as part of a minority culture. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "is a tendency or inclination in the form of a preference given that other points of consideration have been taken into account" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"is a uniformed opinion or feeling formed beforehand or without knowledge, thought, or
reason |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a positive bias for one's own ethnicity as well as a possible prejudice about others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Stage 1: Conformity – Self-depreciation and identification with dominant cultural values. This stage is, in fact, a denial or lack of awareness of one's own self and culture.
Stage 2: Dissonance – Conflicts about dominant system, cultural confusion. In fact, this stage is a questioning of one's oppressed identity.
Stage 3: Resistance and Immersion – Self-appreciation and rejection of dominant society. In fact, the person immerses into the oppressed subculture.
Stage 4: Introspection – Evaluates attitude toward dominant society. In fact, the person begins to see the limitations of a devalued sense of self.
Stage 5: Synergetic Articulation and Awareness – Accepts cultural identity. In fact, the person begins to integrate the oppressed part of self into the self-identity. |
|
|
Term
At which of Sue's Minority Identity Model stages would an individual most likely feel that societal
forces such as racism and discrimination are against him/her and he/she is being victimized? |
|
Definition
| Resistance and Immersion Stage |
|
|
Term
| White Racial Identity Attitude Theory Model |
|
Definition
Stage 1: Contact – A lack of awareness or consciousness for one's own race and an immature curiosity and reserved behavior toward knowing or understanding others. The reference group is white.
State 2: Disintegration – guilt and confusion are dominant themes and the behavior is to escape painful feelings.
Stage 3: Reintegration – to further escape everything white is superior to everything that is not, a rigid belief.
Stage 4: Pseudo-Immature positive nonracist identity – intellectualization and independence paternalism are prevalent.
Stage 5: Immersion/Emersion – A struggle with moral dilemmas—here one begins to question answers to those questions come from peers of color.
Stage 6: Autonomy – Internalization, nurturing and applying a personal definition of whiteness. |
|
|
Term
| White Racial Consciousness Model |
|
Definition
Stage 1: Avoidant – Lack of consideration of one's own white identity and avoidance of racial issues
Stage 2: Dependent – Have not considered alternatives to currently held set of attitudes regarding white racial consciousness
Stage 3: Dissonant – An unclear feeling about the certainty about their sense of white consciousness; will take in new information but yet lack commitment to the ideas
Stage 4: Dominative – Strong ethnocentric perspective that justifies dominance by majority culture
Stage 5: Conflictive – Opposed to obvious discriminatory practices yet opposed to programs aimed at reducing racism
Stage 6: Reactive – Recognize racial discrimination as a significant behavior in American society
Stage 7: Integrative – An integrated sense of Whiteness with regard to racial/ethnic minorities and do not need to be reactive. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the counselor has limited awareness or understanding regarding ethical issues that are a part of the client’s case |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
when the counselor has a welldeveloped
personal moral sense but does not identify with the values of the profession |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an adoption of the new profession’s values while maintaining important components of the counselor’s personal values |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
“a consistent and ongoing attitude of openness with a genuine
commitment by the counselor to continually invite the client to explore issues of diversity” |
|
|
Term
| Gilligan's Moral Development Model |
|
Definition
Stage 1: individual survival and self-interest
Transition: awareness of other's needs and interpretation of self-interest as "selfish"
Stage 2: responsibility to others; goodness is equated with self-sacrificial giving
Transition: awareness of the legitimacy of one's own needs
Stage 3: balance of self-care and care for others; integration; morality of care and nonviolence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no crisis experienced and no commitments made |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
no crisis experienced but commitments have been made (forced)
an unquestioned adoption of traditional values. Females are likely to continue
with beliefs and practices of childhood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a number of crises experienced but no commitments made
an exploratory identity, self-examination, reflection. Women search and test out
new identities. It can be an upsetting time for women. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a number of crises experienced and resolved, permanent commitments made
a flexible, interdependent self-concept based on exploration and
testing. These women develop an integration of need for self-assertion and connection. |
|
|
Term
Relationship models for female identity development have emphasized that women typically define
themselves: |
|
Definition
| in the context of intimate relationships |
|
|
Term
Models of Androgyny
Kaplan's Hybrid Stage |
|
Definition
| synthesis and integration of dimensions or qualities such as anger/love, assertiveness/dependency, coexist |
|
|
Term
Models of Androgyny
Sex-Role Transcendence |
|
Definition
| sex role standards become irrelevant in determining behavior. |
|
|
Term
Which of the following androgyny theorists is against gender stereotyping and believes that children's
thinking should not be guided by traditional roles for males and females? |
|
Definition
Bem
She believed that a balancing of desirable male and female traits resulted in psychological androgyny. There are two separate dimensions of personality. Therefore, the androgynous person possesses masculine and feminine qualities. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Stage 1: Passive-Acceptance – The female buys into the traditional male-oriented system, accepting all of the traditional sex roles.
Stage 2: Revelation – A crisis occurs to bring the inconsistencies and discriminations to awareness.
Anger and guilt emerge over past passivity. Men are seen as negative and women as positive.
Stage 3: Embeddedness-Emanation – Close emotional ties with other women are developed so that anger can be released in a supportive environment.
Stage 4: Synthesis – A positive feminist identity is created. Personal and feminist values merge to form an autonomous identity.
Stage 5: Active Commitment – A meaningful and effective action for social change takes place. |
|
|
Term
| An alternative model to Kohlberg's Moral Stages that specifically relates to women was developed by: |
|
Definition
Carol Gilligan
Gilligan theorized that girls were reared to be nurturant,
empathic, and concerned with the needs of others, and to define their sense of "goodness" in this way. |
|
|
Term
| A life-cycle theorist believes which one of the following? |
|
Definition
| Psychological changes are continuous throughout life |
|
|
Term
| Section B.2.b. of the ACA Code of Ethics |
|
Definition
| states the terminally ill who are considering hastening death have a confidential option depending on applicable law and specific situations after consulting or supervision processing |
|
|
Term
| The Process of Grieving Model |
|
Definition
Stage 1: The initial awareness of loss—shock, confusion, numbness, detachment, disbelief, and disorientation
Stage 2: Attempts at limiting awareness by holding on—concentrating on one's thoughts and emotional energy on the positive aspects of the loss and use of inner resources available
Stage 3: Attempts at limiting awareness by letting go—recognizing one's personal limits to the loss— letting go of unrealistic goals, unwarranted assumptions, and unnecessary illusions
Stage 4: Awareness of the extent of loss—mourning, lonely, helpless, and hopeless
Stage 5: Gaining perspective on the loss—reaching a point of acceptance, discovering balance and realization of the extent and limits of the loss
Stage 6: Resolving the loss—can see and pursue activities unconnected with the loss
Stage 7: Reformulating loss in a context of growth—personal growth of strengths and limits, morality, and finiteness of time.
Stage 8: Transforming loss into new levels of attachment—recognition of a greater capacity for growth |
|
|
Term
| Dialectical thinking or reasoning principles endorse the following: |
|
Definition
Opposing views in thought processes
Cutting to the essence of a problem
Multiple levels of meanings in communication
(Dialectical reasoning combines or bridges meanings) |
|
|
