Shared Flashcard Set

Details

NCE Study Vocabulary
Vocabulary words from various sources for the NCE/CPCE
551
Psychology
Graduate
03/13/2014

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
"I'm Not OK, You are OK"
Definition

- position where the person sees themselves as the weak partner in a relationships as others in life are better than the self

 

- person holds this position will unconsciously accept abuse as OK

Term
"I'm Not OK, You're Not OK"
Definition

- most pessimistic life position, person feels they're in a terrible state and rest of the world is as bad -- no hope

 

- could result in schizoid behavior

 

- worse case scenario, tendency to kill someone else and then take one's own life

Term
"I'm OK, You're Not OK"
Definition

- in this position one feels good about themself but I see others as damaged/less than

 

- it is usually not healthy

Term
"I'm OK, You're OK"
Definition
- healthiest position about life and it means that I feel good about myself and others (and their competence)
Term
2 Types of Ethics
Definition

- aspirational ethics

 

- mandatory ethics

Term
2 Types of the Consultation
Definition

1 - Case Conceptualization

 

2 - Program/organizational consultation

Term
3 Group Leadership Styles
Definition

- autocratic/authoritarian

 

- democratic

 

- laissez-faire

Term
4 Basic Measurement Scales
Definition

"NOIR"

 

- Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio

Term
4 Basic Patterns That Prevent Good Communication in Stress
Definition

1)Placating: try to please everybody out of fear of rejection, sacrificing personal needs to deal with stress

2)Blaming: sacrificing others to feel good, point fingers at others to avoid dealing with own issues

3)Being Overly Reasonable: engage in defense mechanisms like intellectualization, emotionally detached

4)Being Irrelevant: distracts from problem/talks about irrelevant topics

Term
4 Impairments from Dementia
Definition

1 - Aphasia

2 - Apraxia

3 - Agnosia

4 - General Executive Functioning Impairment

Term
4 Life Positions of Transactional Analysis
Definition

1- I'm Not Okay-You're Okay

2- I'm Not Okay-You're Not Okay

3- I'm Okay-You're Not Okay

4- I'm Okay, You're Okay

Term
4 Types of Reliability
Definition

Inter-rater/observer reliability: different observers give consistent estimates of the same phenomenon  

Test-retest: consistency of a measure from one time to another

Parrellel forms: consistency of the results of two levels constructed the same way from the same content

Internal Consistency: assess of results across items within a test

Term
4 Worlds of the Existentialists
Definition

1 - the physical (umwelt)

2 - the relationship (mitwelt)

3 - Identity(eigenwelt)

4- spiritual (uberwelt)

Term
5 Types of Validity
Definition

Content, Construct, Concurrent, Predictive, Consequential validity

 

(and technicaly face validity)

Term
8 Extraneous Variables (if not controlled) can threaten a study's internal validity
Definition
- Maturation, History, Testing, Instrumentation, Statistical Regression, Selection, Attrition (Mortality), Interactions with Selection
Term
A test can be _______ but not ________.
Definition

- reliable

 

- but not valid

Term
AB and ABA are also known as __________.
Definition

- withdrawal designs

 

(simplest type of single-subject research)

Term
ADHD
Definition

- disorder where there is a significant problem with attention, hyperactivity, or acting impulsivley that are not appropriate for a person's age

 

Begin by ages 6-12

 

"Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder"

Term
ANCOVA
Definition

- analysis of covariance

 

- similar to the ANOVA except the IV are controlled (think "c" for control)

 

- the control is added to 'control' for confounding/extraneous variables


- Example: Women scoring differently than men on an exam because of innate differences/gender roles. Controlling to create an equal baseline for the groups who take the test would occur (i.e. changing the test to not have confounds and men have equal opportunity).

Term
ANCOVA
Definition
Analysis of Covariance
Term
ANOVA
Definition
Analysis of Variance
Term
ANOVA (One-way)
Definition

- use when you have 1 DV and 1 IV at THREE OR MORE LEVELS (aka factors)

 

- Ex: Levels of thraining the counselor has. IV - 3 levels (Masters Degree-LPC, Masters Degree-LSW, Psychology Doctorate-PhD) with the DV of client self-esteem

 

- test will yield and f-value, compare it to F-distribution table: if it is larger than the critical value (value in the table) then you score is significant

Term
ANOVA (Two-way)
Definition
- analysis of variance with testing two IVs with 3 or more levels and one DVs
Term
ANOVA Factorial
Definition

- comparing means of 1 IV (w/ 2 kinds and 3 or more levels) and 1 DV

 

- also called a 2x3 ANOVA

Term
Abreaction
Definition
- nontechnical term is catharsis, repressed emotional outburst is very powerful and violent
Term
Accident Theory
Definition
theory that views change factors as being a major influence on one's career
Term
Accultration
Definition
- that ethnic and racial minorities integrate/adopt cultural beliefs and customs from the majority (dominant) culture
Term
Accurate Empathy
Definition
- counselor can truly convey and understand what the client is feeling or experiencing
Term
Achievement tests
Definition

- Implies that you are adept at the skill at the present moment

 

- asseses skills learned previously

 

- ex: GRE, ACT, ISAT, Basic Skills

Term
Active Listening
Definition

- attend to client's verbal and nonverbal messsages

 

- then reflect back to her what you have heard & observed

 

- from this client knows that their message has been understood and accurate

Term
Adaptability
Definition

- a family's ability to change or display flexibility in order to change

 

- balanced stability/change and morphostasis/mophogenesis 

Term
Agnosia
Definition

- greek for "absence of knowledge"

 

- loss of ability to recognize objects, ppl, sounds, shapes or smells while the specific sense is not defective nor is ther any significant memory loss

 

- only affects the single modality of vision or hearing

 

- impairment from Dementia

Term
Alloplastic Viewpoint
Definition
- conceptualization where the client can cope best by changing or altering external factors in the environment
Term
Alzheimer's
Definition

- dementia involving gradual onset of symptoms and a slow, progressive decline in cognitive functioning

 

- early symptoms: deficits in memory and irritablity

 

- late onset: after 65 years of age, more common than early.

Term
Ambivalent Transference
Definition
- psychoanalytic notion often thrown out in multicultural circles which suggests that a client will treat a therapist with ambivalence as he/she would any person viewed as an authority figure
Term
American with Disability Act (ADA)
Definition
- prohibited employers with 15 or more employees from discriminating against the disabled
Term
Amnestic Disorder
Definition

- impairment in the ability to learn new information or to recall previously learned info/past events

 

- caused by a general medical condition OR substancea abuse.  

Term
Anaclitic Depression
Definition

- child who was seperated from her mother at age 6 months

 

- retarded growth, poor physical health, high susceptibly to disease; and deficits in motor & cognitive development

Term
Anima
Definition

- men's feminine side

 

(Jung - Analytic)

Term
Animistic
Definition
- child acts as if nonliving objects have life-like abilities and tendencies
Term
Animus
Definition

- women's masculine side

 

(Jung - Analytic)

Term
Anxiety Reaction
Definition
- client is unaware of the source of their fear
Term
Aphasia
Definition

- greek for speechlessness

 

- distrubance of the comprehension and formulation of language cause by dysfunction in brain

 

- could be having difficulty remembering words to losing the ability to speak, read or write... this also affects the visual language such as sign language

 

- impairment from Dementia

Term
Applied Research
Definition

- aka "action research" or "experience-near research"

 

- conducted to advance our knowledge of how theories, skills, and techniques can be used in terms of practical application

Term
Appraisal
Definition

- process of assessing/estimating attributes

 

- testing clients

 

- ex: survey, observations, or clinical interviews

Term
Approach-Approach Format
Definition
- individual is presented with two equally attractive options simultaneously - easiest to help clients cope with since in most cases the client can attempt both options: first one, then the other
Term
Approach-Avoidance Conflict
Definition
- presents a positive factor with a negative factor at the same time
Term
Apraxia
Definition

- greek for "act, work, or deed"

 

- inability to execute learned purposeful movements, despite having the desire/physical capacity to perform the movements

 

- disorder of motor planning, not caused by incoordination, sensory loss, or failure to comprehend simple commands

 

- impairment from Dementia

Term
Aptitude Tests
Definition

- speculates ability to learn skills with proper training and experience

 

- or :measure potential"

 

- USE: ONET for career

Term
Asperger's Disorder has MORE or LESS severe social deficits than Autism?
Definition

- Asperger's Disorder = LESS social deficits severity

 

- Asperger's: prognosis is usually more positive, age of onset is later, and verbal IQ scores are higher than performance IQ scores

Term
Aspirational Ethics
Definition

- family with limited income and can't affort to pay

 

- you agree to see the family for free (pro bono)

 

- describe ideal/optional practice

Term
Assimilation
Definition
- occurs when the individual takes on parts of the dominant (aka macro/majority) culture
Term
Attending
Definition
- paying attention to a client, establishing eye contact, and sitting slightly forward in a relaxed/attentive posture
Term
Attention/Mortality/Attrition Threat to Internal Validity
Definition
- participants may have dropped out of the study before completion and maybe even due to the study/program/experiment
Term
Austistic Disorder/Autism
Definition

- Disorder characterized by a marked impairment in social interaction and verbal/nonverbal communication.

 

- There is a presence of restricted, repetative, or stereotyped behavior.

 

- Apparent before 3 years of age in children.

Term
Autocratic/Authoritarian Leadership Style
Definition

- leader gives orders to the group, facilitates

 

- good for aggressive children behaviors

 

- good for when an immediate decision needs to be made

Term
Autoplastic Viewpoint
Definition

- refers to changing self

 

- approach to counseling: helps the client change him/herself

Term
Avocation
Definition
- activity that one engages in for pleasure rather than money is called for
Term
Avoidance-Avoidance
Definition
- two negative alternatives, clients in this position often daydream, flee from situation, or regress instead of confronting the choices
Term
Balance Theory
Definition

- postulates a move from cognitive inconsistency to consistency

 

- a tendency to achieve a balanced cognitive state

Term
Barnum Effect
Definition
- clients will often accept a general psychological test report, horoscopes, or palm reading and believe it applies specifically to them
Term
Bartering
Definition

-Clients exchange a good/service for treatment or testing

 

- ethics allow the practice if the client requests it, then write up a contract

 

- the relationship is not exploited

Term
Baseline
Definition

- merely a measure of the behavior prior to the treatment or when treatment is not being implemented

 

- signified via "A"

Term
Basic research
Definition
conducted to advance our UNDERSTANDING
Term
Beneficience
Definition
Counselor is working for the good of the client/group
Term
Benefits of Group Work
Definition

- "in vivo" interpersonal work with a sense of belonging

 

- cost effective and help greater # of people

 

- promotes universality

 

- effective support system with multiple feedback

Term
Bimodal Distribution
Definition

- has 2 modes

 

- looks like a camel's back with two humps

Term
Biofeedback
Definition

- client is hooked to a electronic device that monitors bodily functions like muscle tension, hand temp, etc. Once client can see what their body is doing via the process of monitoring the person can acutally control their body

 

- in counseling: used primarily to teach clients to relax or to control autonomic (automatic) nervous system functions such as blood pressure, pulse rate, or hand temperature.

Term
Blocking
Definition

- a leader who wishes to stop inappropriate discussion or negative behavior within the group

 

 

Term
Brief Psychotherapy
Definition
- focuses on specific issues
Term
Bystander Effect
Definition

- the # of people who will help a victim in distress decreases as the number of people around is increased

 

- the time it will take to intervene increases - as the # of bystanders increase

Term
CHOICES
Definition

- help you learn more about your strengths & how they relate to careers

 

- identify your interests, values, and abilities and compare them to those recommended for a wide range of careers

 

- used by High Schoolers

Term
CHOICES Explore
Definition

- help you learn more about your strengths & how they relate to careers

 

- identify your interests, values, and abilities & compare them to those recommended for a wide range of careers

 

- used by Middle Schoolers

Term
Career
Definition
- total work one does in a life-time plus leisure
Term
Career Development
Definition

- all the psychological/behavioral processes & contextual factors that shape a peron's career over a life-span

 

- person's creation of career pattern, decision making style, integration of life roles, values expriession, & life-role self-concept

Term
Catharsis
Definition
- connote mild purging of emotion
Term
Cephalocaudal
Definition

- head-to-foot

 

- fetus head develops before legs

Term
Certification
Definition
- granting recognition to a person having met predetermined professional standards
Term
Chi-Square Test
Definition

- non-parametric

 

- used when you have nominal data (groups or categories) to determine whether 2 distributions differ significantly

 

- Ex: whether more HS boys than girls wear jeans to HS? (Null Hyp: there are no significant different in the # of boys and girls who wear jeans to HS)

 

- May use a contingency table -- "is wearing of jeans contingent on the gender of students?"

Term
Circular/Reciprical Causality
Definition

- multiple causes for behaviors, multiple people affecting each other

 

- Ex: man who kicks a stone versus a man who kicks a dog

- with a rock: it's linear, we know the weight/angle kicked/can calculate the result of the kick

- man kicking the dog: his reaction could affect his next move -> man influences the dog, the dog is also influencing the man

Term
Clarification
Definition

- reponse to a vague/confusing message by the client

 

- confusing messages my include terms (they, them), ambiguous phrases (you know), and words with double meaning (stoned, trip)

Term
Closed Groups
Definition

- does not allow new group members after the group begins

 

- adv: promotes cohesiveness, because membership is more stable a members get to know eachother

- disadv: if individuals drop out, lessens the overall amount of group interaction 

Term
Co Leadership
Definition

- groups run by two or more leaders

 

- benefits: groups can continue if one leader is absent, 2 leaders can focus on group dynamics better than 1 leader

- leaders can process feelings between sessions, can supply more feedback/model effective communication, reduces burnout/greater safety, sit across from eachother rather than next to each other

Term
Codependency
Definition
- an individual who is emotionally involved with a chemically dependent person and/or is addicted to a realtionship with another person or drugs
Term
Cognitive Dissonance
Definition
- state of discomfort that results when existing cognitions, or beliefs, are contradictory
Term
Comparative Psychology
Definition
- refers to lab research using animals and attempts to generalize the findings to humans
Term
Compensating Effects
Definition
- worker makes up for things he/she cannot do on the job
Term
Compensation
Definition

- when an individual attempts to develop/overdevelop a positive trait to make up for a limitation (percieved inferiority)

 

- person secretly hopes that others will focus on the positives rather than the negative factors

Term
Computer Assisted Counseling
Definition
CAC
Term
Concreteness
Definition
- specifity, an attempt to eliminate vague language
Term
Concurrent Validity
Definition
- how well the test compares to other instruments that are intended for the same purpose
Term
Conduct Disorder
Definition

- presents itself through repetative & persistent behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate norms are violated (antisocial behaviors)

 

- Often seen as the precursor to antisocial personality disorder which is not diagnosed until the age of 18

Term
Confidentiality
Definition

- implies that the counselor won't reveal anything about a client unless he/she is given specific authorization to do so

 

- there are exceptions to this concept: relative to the situation, counselors have an obligation to protect the confidentiality of the deceased and this should be put in your informed consent document

Term
Confidentiality is an ______ issue, while privilege is a ______ right.
Definition

- ethical 

 

- legal

Term
Confounded/Flawed
Definition

- invalid due to an extraneous IV

 

- variables which are undesirable confounded or "flaw" the exp't

 

- all correlational research is this

 

- aka contaminating variable

Term
Confrontation
Definition

- honest/constructive reaction by the therapist to an element of a behavior or the immediate situation

 

- with discrepencies, conflicts, and mixed messages in client's thoughts, actions, and feelings

Term
Congruence
Definition

- genuineness, counselors ability to be him/herself

 

- real and authentic

 

- not playing a role/not putting on a facade

Term
Connotation
Definition

- applies to the emotional content of a word, wh/ is different from the true or dictionary definition

 

- semantic differentiation 

Term
Consequential Validity
Definition
- tries to ascertain the social implications of using tests
Term
Constant
Definition
- when a characteristic is restricted to a single state or condition
Term
Construct Validity
Definition

- tests ability to measure a theoretical construct like intelligence, self esteem, artistic talent, mechanical ability, managerial potential

 

- determined through a systemic accumalation of evidence showing that a test actually measures what it is supposed to measure

Term
Consultation
Definition

- having a knowledgable trainer (the consultant) advise counselors or other professionals who are close in contact with members of target population so the counselor can effectively provide the desired services to that population

 

(Problem focused, time-limited)

Term
Content Validity
Definition

- a "rational/logical validity," does the test examine or sample the behavior under scrutiny/measure what it's suppose to

 

- ex: IQ test that did NOT sample entire range of intelligence has a poor measure of this type validity

Term
Contextualism
Definition
- behavior must be assessed in the context of the culture in which the behavior occurs
Term
Contrast
Definition
- a heightened sense of awareness regarding the difference between the successive juxtapositions of the two stimuli
Term
Contrast Effect
Definition

An interviewer's impression of an interviewee is often affected by previous interviewees

 

(A typical applicant would look more impressive if she interviewed after a string of ill-qualified applicants)

Term
Control Group versus Experimental Group
Definition

- control group - does not recieve the independent variable (IV)

 

- experimental group - recieves the IV

Term
Copayment
Definition
Client pays for what the insurance doesn't cover
Term
Correlation Coefficient
Definition

-  indicates the degree/magnititude of relationship between 2 variables

- abbreviated by "r"


- range from 0.00 (no relationship) to 1.0/-1.0 (significant relationship)


- positive correaltion is not a stronger relationship than a negative correlation of the same numerical value (ex: -.7 > .6)

Term
Correlation ____ causation
Definition
does not mean
Term
Counselor Bias
Definition
- counselor who was sympathetic with the agency's position
Term
Counter-conditioning
Definition

- behaviorist technique

 

- goal: weaken/eliminate a learned response by pairing it with a stronger/desirable response

Term
Counterbalancing
Definition
- administering some or all treatment to several groups, with each group receiving the treatments in a different order
Term
Countertransference
Definition
- unresolved issue and can have a negative impact on your intervention (issues that interfere with treatment process)
Term
Crisis
Definition

- Short term and overwhelming, disruption of an individual's normal or stable state

 

- involves assessment and treatment methods that differ in many ways form methods in other situations

Term
Criterion-Related Validity
Definition

- predicting the outcome on another (criterion) measure

 

- a high correlation between the predictor and the criterion  measures indicates that the predictor has criterion-related validity

Term
Critical Period
Definition

- time when an organism is susceptible to a specific developmental process and marks the importance of heredity and environment on development

 

- ex: language acquisition

Term
Cultural Norm
Definition
- describes how people are "supposed" to act
Term
Cultural Relativity
Definition

- a behavior cannot be assessed as good/bad except within the context of a given culture

 

- behavior must be evaluated relative to the culture

Term
Culture
Definition

- customs shared by a group which distinguish it from other groups

 

- values shared by a group that are learned form others in a group

 

- attitudes, belief, art, and language wh/ characterizes members in a group

Term
Cyclical Tests
Definition

- has several sections wh/ are spiral in nature

 

- gets harder and easier

Term
DISCOVER
Definition

- interests/values/skills

 

- college major/career guidance

 

- 9 modules (each have a series of questions to wh/ the user responds with a light pen)

Term
Decrement
Definition
speed, skills, and retention would decrease as one entered old age
Term
Deductive Logic/Reasoning
Definition

- assumes that the general can be reduced to the specfic

 

- ex: client goes to a drug center that uses a 12-step model. counselor suggests a new in-patient program and the client says he already knows about the 12-steps. 

Term
Defamation
Definition

Behavior that can damage one's reputation

 

Labeling: written form of this

Slander: verbal remarks

Term
Defense Mechanisms
Definition

- means of keeping unconscious libidinal or aggressive impulses from reaching consciousness

 

- psychoanalytic theory

Term
Delerium
Definition

- acute confusional state

 

- typically involving other cognitive deficits, changes in arousal (hypteractive, hypoactive, or mixed), perceptual defits, altered sleep cycle, psychotic features (hallucinations/delusions)

 

- not a disease (in it and of itself) but rather a clinical syndrome which results from an underlying disease, medication usage, a new problem, or a combination of these options

Term
Delusion
Definition
- false belief that is held in spite of strong evidence that the belief is false
Term
Dementia
Definition

- disturbance involving some degree of memory impairment and at least one other cognitive impairment for at least 6 months to support a diagnosis

 

-these cognitive impariments could be aphasia, apraxia, agnosia, disturbance in executive functioning

 

- can be caused by a gen. med condition/susbatnace abuse and onset is usually insidious/course is progressive

Term
Democratic Leadership Style
Definition

- members decide/vote and lead therapy

 

- children displayed best behavior with this mode

 

- most desirable, but not always the most productive

Term
Denial
Definition

- similar to repression, except that it is a conscious act

 

- failing to face reality

Term
Denver Development Screening Test
Definition
- tests for screening cognitive and behavioral problems in preschool children
Term
Dependent Variable
Definition

- DV

 

- expresses the outcome of the data - depends on the IV

 

- aka the "outcome of treatment" or "y" 

Term
Depth error
Definition
- reading more/less into a client's statment than is actually there
Term
Descriptive Statistic
Definition
- used to describe and summarize the data collected on a variable or the relationships between variables
Term
Desensitization
Definition

- less sensitive to a stimulus

 

Term
Development
Definition
- continuous process which begins at conception (birth deffects or prenatal influences affect one's development)
Term
Developmental Approach (Career)
Definition
- views career decisions as longitudinal & reversable
Term
Developmental Research
Definition
- conducted to assess changes that occur as a function of time and often involves assessing the effects of organismic variables/variables that can't be manipulated by the researcher
Term
Deviation IQ
Definition

- standard score that reports an examinees performance in terms of Standard Deviation unites from the mean

 

- compensates can be made a cross age groups

Term
Diagnoses that are usually first diagnosed in infancy, childhood, or adolescents?
Definition
ADHD, Autistic Disorder, Conduct Disorder, Enuresis, Mental Retardation, ODD, Reading Disorder, Seperation Anxiety, Stuttering, Tourette's Disorder
Term
Diagnosis
Definition
- does not tell you or recommend a given treatment process, will not tell you what technique/theory to use
Term
Dictatorial Leadership
Definition
- leader does not involve group members in decision-making processes
Term
Dictionary of Occupational Titles
Definition

- DOT

 

- 30,000 job titles (at it's highest)

 

- replaced by ONET (online version)

 

- nine digit code/ first three code (occupational group), second three (tasks in relation to data/ppl/things), final three (alphabetize the titles)

Term
Didactic
Definition

- means to teach

 

- moral instruction as an alterior motive

Term
Differentiation
Definition
- the seperation of the intellect and emotions that allows an individual family member to resist being overwhelmed by the emotional states of other family members
Term
Difficulty Index
Definition
- indicates the % of individuals who answered each item correctly
Term
Disengagment
Definition
- a lack of communication, or isolation, between family members
Term
Dislocated worker
Definition

- individual loses his/her job because of a company downsizing/relocation 

 

- also can refer to a person who has an obselete set of job skills

Term
Displaced homemaker
Definition
- individual with children who was previously a homemaker is currently in need of work to support their family
Term
Double Blind
Definition
- when experimenter and subjects do not know who is getting the IV
Term
Double-Bind
Definition

- no win situation characterized by contradictory messages

 

- Haley, strategic therapy

Term
Dual Diagnosis
Definition
- more than one diagnosis on Axis I (mental disorders not including personality disorders)
Term
Dual Relationship
Definition

counselor has a relationship with a client outside of being his/her counselor. 

 

No longer looked at as fully damaging, there can be instances that can be beneficial. 

Term
Dual-Career Family
Definition

(AKA Dual-worker couple), both partners have jobs to which they are committed on a somewhat continuous basis

 

Usually have higher incomes that so-called "traditional" families (where only one partner is working)

Term
Duty to Warn
Definition

- professional helpers must notify/warn a person of serious and forseeable harm to him/herself or to others

 

(Tarasoff versus Board of Regents)

Term
Dyadic
Definition
- unit of two functioning
Term
Dysthymia
Definition
- low level depression that occurs more days than not for at least one year in kids and teens and for at least two years in adults
Term
Ecological Culture
Definition
- implies that cultural norms are often the result of practical and survival behaviors related to climate or the resources in a given physical or geographical env't
Term
Education Act for All Handicapped Children
Definition

- all children between 5-21 are assured free education

 

- handicapped persons are placed in the least restrictive env't

 

- individualized education plan (IEP) is developed for each child

Term

Effective adult counseling groups has _______ members.

 

The ideal number is: ______.

Definition

5-8 members.

 

8 = ideal. 

Term
Effective childrens groups has ______ members.
Definition
3-4 members
Term
Elder abuse is _________ by federal law.
Definition
NOT defined
Term
Emic
Definition

- culture-specific perspective

 

- insider perspective of the culture

 

- counselor using this perspective: wants to know what somebody participating in the culture thinks

 

- each client is an individual with individual differences 

Term
Empathy
Definition

- subjective understanding of the client in the here-and-now

 

- ability to understand the client's world and to communicate this to the client

 

- ability to experience the client's subjective world

Term
Empiricist
Definition

- believe that development consists of quantitative changes

 

- John Locke - scientists can only learn from objective fact

 

- Behavioristic --> can't measure it? doesn't exist...

Term
Encouragers
Definition
- single-word, short phrase, or gesture which encourages more talking
Term
Energizer
Definition
- stimulates energy/enthusiasm in the group
Term
Enmeshment
Definition

- overly diffuse or unclear boundaries, which are often inappropriate

 

- Minuchin

Term
Enuresis
Definition

a repeated inability to control urination that is not due to a general medical condition or substance abuse

Term
Equafinality
Definition

- implies that similar outcomes can occur in a family from different origins

 

- family can achieve similar goals in very different ways

Term
Equivalence
Definition
- type of reliability where alternative forms of the same test, to the same group
Term
Ethics
Definition
- describe standards of conduct & practice imposed by ACA and NBCC
Term
Ethnocentrism
Definition

- uses one's own culture as a yardstick to measure all others

 

- it is commmon for all societies to be this (or use their own view as a standard reference & view themselves as superior aka patriotism) 

 

- based on opinion

Term
Ethological Observation
Definition
- relates to the observational of animals
Term
Etic
Definition

- emphasizes the sameness among clients (universal perspective) that literally transcends cultural boundaries

 

- counselor: would not alter his/her techniques when working with a client from a different culture of minority group

Term
Etiological Planning
Definition
- process of obtaining information to determine whether a group is the most desirable form of treatment and, if it is, to decide the exact nature of the group experience
Term
Excitation
Definition
- expressing true emotion
Term
Expectancy
Definition

- what does the person feel he/se is capable of doing

 

- part of Vroom's career theory (motivation and management expectency theory)

Term
Expectancy Table
Definition

- used to predict an individuals score given their predictor score

 

- form of criterion-referenced interpretation

Term
Experimental Hypothesis
Definition
- suggests a difference will be evident between the control group and the experimental group
Term
Experimental Research
Definition

- conducted to test hypothese about the effects of one or more IVs one or more DVs

  

- attempts to eliminate all extraneous variable

 

- can be "true experimental" or "quasi-experimental"

Term
Experts say: structured exercises are _____ effective than unstructured. What's the benefit and downside?
Definition

- more effective  

 

- benefit: helps speed up group interaction & focus on a specific issue

 

- downside: group stages are passed over, purges feeling too rapidly when members are not emotionally ready to deal

Term
Expo-Facto Research
Definition
- assessing the effects of an independent variable after it has occured/been applied and doesn't permit an investigator to randomly assign subject to treatment groups
Term
External Validty
Definition

- whether the experimental research results can be generalized to larger populations

 

- always limited by it's internal validity (if you can't conclude that there is a causal relationship for other ppl/circumstances)

 

- high internal validity doesn't guarantee external validity

Term
Extraneous Variable
Definition
- a variable that is not the independent variable but causes changes in the dependent variable
Term
Extroversion
Definition

- tendency to find satisfaction and pleasure in other people

 

- seeks external rewards and social interactions

Term
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing
Definition

- EMDR

 

- technique, Francine Shapiro

 

- disturbing memories begin to abate when she was moving her eyes back and forth whilte strolling through park

Term
Face Validity
Definition
- whether the test looks like it measures the intended trait
Term
Factor Analysis
Definition
- statistical procedure that use important or underlying "factors" in attempt to summarize a lot of variables
Term
Factorial Design
Definition

- several experimental variables are investigated and interactions can be noted

 

- piecing out the effects of more than one Independent Variables

 

Term
Family Education Rights & Privacy Act
Definition

- FERPA

 

- child 18+ or parent to a minor has access to records

 

- also known as the Buckley Ammendment

Term
Family Sculpting
Definition
- family therapy technique in which the family members are instructed to arrange themselves spatially to create a live represention of family members' bond, feeling of closeness (or lack of it), and sense of alliances
Term
Fictional Finalism
Definition

 - notion of fictional, often unrealistic thoughts, that guide people ("honesty is the best policty or world is out to get me)

 

- Adler

Term
Fields
Definition

- service, business, contact, organization, technology, outdoor, science, general culture, and arts/entertainment

 

- part of Roe's Career Theory

 

Term
First-Order Change
Definition

- when changes that are superficial

 

- behavioral changes do occur, however the organization/structure of the system does not change

 

- ameliorates symptoms but changes are often temporary 

Term
Flooding
Definition
- clients is generally/genuinely exposed to the feared stimulus
Term
Foot-in-the-Door technique
Definition
- asserts that when a person agrees to a less repugnant request, then he/she will be more likely to comply with a request wh/ is even more distateful
Term
For the Standard Error, the Mean is lower if _______?
Definition
- the sample size is large
Term
Forced Choice Items
Definition
- recognition items
Term
Gatekeeper
Definition

- tried to make sure that everyone is doing his/her task and is participating --> may try to unconsiously take over/lead

 

- danger: sometimes don't work on their issues

Term
Gender-bias
Definition
- agency that makes "biased" employment choices based on one's gender
Term
Generativity
Definition
- ability to be productive/happy by looking outside one's self and being concerned with other people
Term
Giggs Vrs Duke Power
Definition
- employers must be able to demonstrate a relationship between selection of tests and job performance
Term
Glass Ceiling Phenomenon
Definition
- form of occupational sex-role stereotyping that can limit women's career
Term
Goal for Psychoanalytic work with transference
Definition
- want to convert transference (of any type) into fully conscious, authentic, and properly detected feelings
Term
Goals of Crisis Intervention
Definition

1- relieve symptoms

2- restore clients previous level of functioning

3- identify factors leading to crisis

4- identify and apply remedial measures

5- help client connect current stresses w/ past life

    experiences

6- help develop adaptive coping strategies that can be

    used in the current/future situations 

Term
Group
Definition
has a membership which can be defined, some degree of unity and interaction, and a shared purpose
Term
Group Cohesiveness
Definition

- forces which tend to bind group members together

 

- sense of caring for the group

Term
Group Confidentiality
Definition

- this is ideal

 

- ACA ethics stipulate that group leaders should inform participants that they cannot guarantee confidentiality

 

- this is a major risk for group intervention

Term
Group Content
Definition
- what the group discusses
Term
Group Dynamics
Definition
- study of group orientations or the interactions between group members
Term
Group Norms
Definition

- govern acceptable behavior and group rules

 

- explicit and implicit, can be harmful or beneficial

 

- group "rules"on how to/not to behave

Term
Group Planning Occurs
Definition
- before the group begins and continues throughout the life of the groups
Term
Group Process
Definition

- manner in which discussions and transactions occur

 

- the communications, interactions, and transactions

Term
Group Think
Definition
- group members desire unanimity and cohesiveness and consequently encourages each other to think alike and discourage all dissent
Term
Guide for Occupational Exploration
Definition

- GOE

 

- 14 interest areas of jobs

Term
Hallucination
Definition
- a sensory experience (rather than a belief) in the absence of an external stimulus
Term
Halo Effect
Definition
- occurs when a trait wh/ is not being evaluated (e.g. attractiveness or how well he/she is liked) influences a researcher's rating on another trait (counseling skill)
Term
Harmonic Mean
Definition

- central tendency statistic that is the reciprocal of the artihmetic mean of the recipricots of ther set of values

 

- ex: 2, 2, & 4 - convert to reciprocals: 1/2, 1/2, 1/4, the arithmetic mean is 1/2 + 1/2 + 1/4 = 1 1/4/3 --> .4166

 

- the reciprocal gives you the harmonic mean -> 1/.4166

Term
Hawthorne Effect
Definition
- if subjects know they are part of an experiment (or they are given more attention because of the experiment) their performance sometimes improves
Term
Heritability
Definition
- portion of a trait that can be explained by genetic factors
Term
Heterogeneity
Definition
- members are disimilar, various problems/backgrounds
Term
Heterogeneous Groups
Definition

- like a microcosm of the social system most of us live

 

- when you combine people you discover that people can learn from each other and this is said to facilitate personality change

Term
Histagram
Definition
- a distribution with class intervals can be graphically displayed via a bar graph
Term
History Threat to Internal Validity
Definition

- when an external event outside study/experiment affects the status of subjects on the DV

 

- any difference in the DV due to history rather than the IV

Term
Holland Code Test
Definition

- based on Myers briggs test

 

- RIASEC - personality types/match jobs

Term
Holland's Hexagon
Definition

- "Rosenthal Is A Superb Ed Counselor"

 

- six basic personality types: realistic (mechanic), investigative (biologist), artistic (astist), social (counselor), enterprising (sales, lawyer), convential (secretary, financial experts)

Term
Homeostasis
Definition

- maintaining a balanced state

 

- balanced state is not necessarily healthy, could be holding onto a given pattern of functioning; this pattern could be dysfunctional 

Term
Homogeneity
Definition
- members are very similar/alike (ex: weight watcher, AA)
Term
Horizontal Interventions
Definition

- strategies that approach the group as a whole 

 

- interpersonal method since it focuses on interactions

Term
Horizontal Relationship
Definition
- assumes equality between persons
Term
Horizontal test
Definition
- measures various factors (eg math and science) during the same testing procedure
Term
How many hours is sufficient for adult group work?
Definition
1.5 - 2 hours
Term
Human Capitol Theory
Definition

- individuals secure training and education to get the best possible income

 

- not applicable for those in a lower SES

Term
Hypothesis
Definition
- hunch/educated guess which can be tested utilizing the experimental model
Term
IQ
Definition

"Teens at 15 take an IQ test at 15, so..."

 

SD= 15

Median: 100

 

100 lines up on the median of a normal distribution bell curve

Term
IQ Tests
Definition
- Simon-Binet, WAIS, WISC, WPPSI, Merril-Palmer, MMPI, JP Guildord
Term
Impaired Professional
Definition
- a helper who has personal issues (e.g. substance abuse/brain damage) that would hinder the quality of services rendered
Term
Impairment of Executive Functioning
Definition

- involves a cluster of deficiencies, not just one ability. The loss of that "administrative" control affects the ability to organize and regulate multiple types of info and, therefore, behaviors

 

- are difficult to assess directly since they coordinate other cognitive skills

 

- impairment from Dementia

Term
Implosive Therapy
Definition

- clients are induced to read or hear about or imagine frightening depictions of what might happen to them if they are forced to face the thing they fear with the hope that they will desensitze to the object they are afraid of

 

- Thomas Stampfl

Term
Imprinting
Definition
- instinct in which a newborn will follow a moving object (Konrad Lorenz)
Term
Increasing sample size reduces ____________?
Definition

- reduces Type 1 and Type 2 errors

 

- differences revealed via large samples are more likely to be genuine than differences revealed using small sample sizes

Term
Independent Variable
Definition

- IV

 

- variable that the researcher manipulates, controls, alters, or wishes to experiment with

 

- aka the "treatment" or the "intervention" or "x"

Term
Inductive Logic/Reasoning
Definition

- goes from specific to a generalization

 

- ex: researcher studies a single session of counseling for a clients experience of phobias then writes his research report for general treatment for phobia

Term
Inferential Statistics
Definition
- used to determine if obtained sample values can be generalized to the population from which the sample was drawn
Term
Information System for Vocational Decisions
Definition

- designed by Tiedman to offer training in decision-making skills

 

- also included info about vocational and educational opportunities as they relate to the self

 

- ISVD

Term
Informed Consent
Definition
- providing information they need to make an informed decision about whether or not to participate
Term
Instincts
Definition
- innate behaviors that do not need to be practiced or learned
Term
Instrumentation Change Threat to Internal Validity
Definition

- instrument used during the testing process can change the exp't

 

- also could be observers being more concentrated, primed, having unconsciously changed the criteria they use to make judgements

 

- if any instrument changes occur, the internal validity of the main conclusion is affected, as alternative explanations are readily available

Term
Insurance Payments
Definition

- also knowns as 3rd party payments

 

- these do not always cover the entire counseling fee

 

(Ex: could pay only 50-80%)

Term
Inter-rater Reliability
Definition
- degree to which 2 or more raters agree on a judgement/rating
Term
Interactions with Selection Threat to Internal Validity
Definition

 

occurs when the subject-related variables, color of hair, skin color, etc., and the time-related variables, age, physical size, etc., interact


If a discrepancy between the two groups occurs between the testing, the discrepancy may be due to the age differences in the age categories

Term
Intercultural Counseling
Definition
- same as multicultural counseling
Term
Internal Consistency
Definition

- split half measure of reliability where test is divided into two and compared

 

- measuring intentem consistency -> comparing all items to each other

Term
Internal Validity
Definition
- whether the DV were truly influence by the experimental IV or whether other factors had an impact
Term
International Classification of Disease
Definition

- Standard diagnostic tool for epidemiology, health management, and clinical purposes

 

- alternative to DSM

 

(ICD)

Term
Interpretation
Definition

- presenting the client a hypothesis about cause and effect relationships or meanings among his/her behaviors, thoughts, or feelings

 

- make clients aware of their unconscious processes

Term
Interrogater
Definition
- insists on asking other members inappropriate questions (aka peeping tom)
Term
Interval Scale of Measurement
Definition

- has #'s scaled at equal distances but has no absolute zero point


- you can add/subtract using interval scales but can't multiply/divide


- distance between each # are equal yet its unclear how far the number is from zero


- ex: IQ: 70 (70 pts below an IQ of 140, could assert that a client of 140 is twice as intelligent as a client of 70)

Term
Introjection
Definition
- takes place when a child accepts a parent, caretaker, or significant other's values as his/her own
Term
Introjects
Definition

- client internalizes the positive/negative characteristics of the objects within themselves

 

- these become a part of their own self-image & determine how the individual will relate to others

Term
Introspection
Definition
- any process in which the client attempts to descibe his/her own internal thoughts, feelings, and ideas
Term
Introversion
Definition

- turning in of the libido, individual is his/her own primary source of pleasure

 

- shys away from social interactions

Term
Ipsative Measures
Definition

- compare traits within the same individual; compare test items to one another

 

- they do NOT compare a person to other persons who took the instrument

Term
JP Guilford
Definition
- 120 elements/abilities which add up to intelligence
Term
Job
Definition
- given position or similar positions within an organization
Term
John Henry Effect
Definition

- aka compensatory rivalry of a comparison group


- threat to the internal validity (occurs when subjects strive to prove that an exp'l treatment that could threaten their livelihood really isn't all that effective)


- ex: counselor educators were asked to use computers as a part of the teaching expeirience but were worried that the computers might ultimately take their jobs (counselor ed.'s up their time w/ the students and prepping material than they normally would).

Term
Key Figures of Career Dev't Theories
Definition

- F. Parsons: father of career guidance, trait and factor

- D. Super: life span, life space theory of career dev't (career rainbow)

- J. Crites: Career maturity inventory, objective taxonomy of career decision making

- A. Roe - Level and Fields

- J. Holland - Theory of vocational choice, theory of vocational personalities and work environments, hexagon

- J. Harris-Bowlsby: computerized career & vocational systems

- Tiedman and Ohara - Decision making, trait and factor, imagine/implentation

Term
Kuder Occupational Interest Survey (KOIS)
Definition

- its like the SII, made by kuder

 

- used for 7th grade to adulthood

 

- career search with person match

Term
Laissez-Faire Leadership
Definition

- group members can do as they please without leader interference/direction

 

- good with children with aggressive behavior as well

Term
Language Error
Definition
- may use language inappropriate to the cultural/educational experience of the client
Term
Larry P. vrs Riles
Definition

- equal educational opportunity

 

(race-based exclusion, afr am)

Term
Lavender Ceiling
Definition
- purpotes that the same basic notion of the glass ceiling is true for LGBT individuals where sex-role stereotyping that can limit this invidual's career
Term
Leading
Definition

- invites/encourages a client to talk about same aspects of self or experiences (direct/indirect)

 

- indirect: helps the client express him/herself within broad parameters

Term
Leisure Time
Definition
time away from work in which the invidual has the freedom to choose what he/she would like to do
Term
Level of Significance
Definition

- aka "level of confidence" or "confidence level" or "probability in research" symbolizes by the letter P

 

- traditionally - in social science research has been set at .05 or lower (i.e. .01 or .001)

 

- .05 level = means that differences would occur via chance only 5 times in 100

Term
Levels
Definition

- professional & managerial (1), professional and managerial (2), semiprofessional/small business, skilled, semiskilled, and unskilled

 

- part of Roe's career theory

Term
Licensure
Definition
- process by which a state grants permission for an individual to engage in a given occupation
Term
Lifestyle
Definition
- overall balance of work, leisure, family, & social activities
Term
Likert Scales
Definition

- technique for measuring attitudes and opinions

 

- central tendency measure to use: median

Term
Limitations of Group Work
Definition

- group leader could lose control/members could experience emotional harm

- a client may need invidual work before group therapy

- a client may not be ready to trust other and go where is needed

- group could become a substitute for real world

- facilitator could be more effective w/ an indiv'l rather than an group

- clients may feel pressure to replace their personal norms w/ the group

- dissapointment can set in if the group isnt helpful & person loses faith in treatment w/o experiences individual session

Term
Linear Causality
Definition

 - cause precedes effect

 

- ex: a person was physically abused as a child so now that person becomes an abusive parent

Term
Linking
Definition
- when a leader attempts to relate one persons predicament to another person's predicament
Term
Longer group begets what?
Definition
Fatigue.
Term
MANOVA
Definition

- multivariate analysis of variance 

 

- Multiple dependent variables (Think "m" for Multiple) and 2 or more IVs (2 KINDS - ex: Gender of therapist - male/female; 3 LEVELS - ex: 3 different types of credentials - LPC/LSW/PhD

Term
Macroculture
Definition

- majority culture

 

- dominant culture or the culture that is accepted by the majority of citizens in a given society

Term
Mandated Reporting
Definition

- includes child abuse, self-danger, elder abuse, minor, danger for someone else

 

- legal AND ethical to break confidentiality in such cases

Term
Mandatory Ethics
Definition

- strictly enforced, if you violate these there are consequences

 

- aka standards of practice

 

- clear-cut, no grey area

Term
Mann-Whitney U
Definition

- determine two uncorrelated or unmatched means differ significantly

 

- nonparametric statistical hypothesis test

 

- "U" - uncorrelated and unmatched

 

- depends on the # of IVs, the # of levels of IVs, and whether the samples are independent or coordinated

Term
Marathon Group
Definition

- lasts a minimum of 24 hours/may be conducted over a weekend or over a period of several days

 

- plays on the theme that after an extended period of time defenses and facades will drop & the person can become honest, genuine, real

Term
Marital Skew
Definition
- when one partner dominates or when one family member's needs are met at the expense of the others'
Term
Maturation Threat to Internal Validity
Definition

- biological/psychological change that occurs w/in subjects during the course of the study as a function of time

 

- this might change how the subject would react to the IV leaving the researcher unable to determine the cause of disprepency is due to time or the IV

Term
Maturational Crises
Definition

- when a person is unable to cope with the natural process of development

 

(e.g. times of transition --> 1st child is born)

Term
Mean
Definition

- the arithmetic average

 

- most useful measure of central tendency

 

- misleading when the distribution is skewed and there are extreme scores

Term
Measure
Definition
- connotes that a number has been assigned to the person's attribute or performance
Term
Measure of Central Tendency
Definition

- a single value attempts to describe a set of data by identifying the central position w/in that set of data

 

- summary statistics

 

- 3 kinds: Mode, Median, Mean

Term
Measures of Variability
Definition

- indicate the amount of heterogeneity/dispersion within a set of scores and include the range, the variance, and st. deviation

 

- Range, Variance (mean square), Standard Deviation

Term
Median
Definition

- middle score in the distribution of scores; when the data are arranged from highest to lowest

 

- if the distribution is plagued with extreme scores us the MEDIAN (skewed distribution)

Term
Mediation
Definition
- refers to a procedure used by attorneys and trained mental health professionals to settle disputes between couples getting a divorce without going to court
Term
Melting Pot Concept
Definition
- different cultures assimilate/melt into dominant culture
Term
Mental Health Consultation
Definition

- Gerald Caplin

 

- Focused on the client, actual program, and consultee's administrative duties

Term
Mental Retardation
Definition

- Significant, subaverage IQ, impairment in adaptive functioning, onset before 18

 

- Subtypes: mild, moderate, severe, profound.

Term
Merri-Palmer
Definition
- IQ test for infants
Term
Minnesota Multiphase Personality Inventory
Definition

- MMPI

 

- tests adult personality and psychopathology

Term
Minnesota Occupational Rating Scale
Definition

- measures occupational ability 

 

(MORS)

Term
Modal Personality
Definition
- refers to a composite personality wh/ is the most typical profile of a given group of ppl --> characteristic/typcial of the group in question
Term
Mode
Definition

- most frequently occuring score

 

- least important measure of Central Tendency

 

- highest/maximum point of concentration on the curve

Term
Monolithic Perspective
Definition
- indicates that the counselor percieves all the ppl in a given group (say Af Amer/Hispanic/Latina(o) Amer) as being identical
Term
Mores
Definition

- beliefs regarding the rightness/wrongness of behavior

 

- develop as a given group decides what is good/bad for the welfare of the ppl

 

- Ppl are generally punished for violating these in society

Term
Morphogenesis
Definition
- families ability to change
Term
Morphostasis
Definition
- ability of the family to balance stability
Term
Multiple Regression
Definition

- determining the relative power of several predictors in estimating outcome on a criterion measure

 

- 2 or more predictors are used to predict scores on one criterion variable

 

- ex: Using predictor variables such as HS GPA, Class Rank, and ACT scores to predict criterion (outcome) variable like the end-of-college freshmen year GPA

Term
Multivariate Analysis of Variance
Definition
MANOVA
Term
Musterbation
Definition

- aka absolutist thinking


- when a client uses too many shoulds, oughts, and musts in his/her thinking

 

- when a preference becomes a dogmatic must/should, then the client is in for emotional disturbance


(REBT)

Term
Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Definition

this assessment is a psychometric questionnaire designed to measure psychogical preferences in how ppl percieve the world and make decision


- we all have specific preferences in the way we construe our experiences, and these preferences underlie our interests, needs, values, and motivation

Term
N = what in research?
Definition
- N = number of subjects in a study
Term
National Culture
Definition
- country: has an offical language, a stated standpoint, and a central gov't
Term
National Defense Act (NDEA)
Definition

- provided Financial Aid for graduate ed in counseling

 

- expanded school guidance services

 

- improved guidance for gifted children

Term
Naturalistic Observation
Definition
- when clients are observed in a "natural" setting or situation
Term
Nature/Nurture =  ______ / ______
Definition
hereditory or genetic factors / environment
Term
Negative Correlation
Definition

- evident when the variables are inveresly associated; one goes up and the other goes down

 

ex: brushing teeth time goes up, cavities number goes down

Term
Negative Transference
Definition
- involves antagonistic emotions (e.g. disliking/hating the therapist)
Term
Negatively Skewed Distribution
Definition

- instances where there are an abundance of high scores

 

- think the opposite: positive scores... negatively skewed

Term
Negligence
Definition
-failure to perform a duty (ex: obligation to protect the client)
Term
Neurolistic Programming
Definition

- looks for incongruence between client and therapist communication

 

- assess the preferred style of communication

 

- what thype of words does the client use/avoid using

Term
Nocebo
Definition
- has a negative effect such as when a doctor comments that a person with such and such condition has only six weeks to live --> always remember that a statistic may not apply to you personally
Term
Nominal Scale of Measurement
Definition

- strictly qualititative scale

- used to distinguish logically seperated groups

- no true zero/doesn't indicate order

- Examples: street address, telephone number, gender, number on players uniform

 

- adding/subtracting would prove meaningless 

Term
Nonexperimental Research
Definition

- descriptive research, conducted primarily to collect data about variables

 

- conducted to describe "how things are"

 

- Ex: observational studies, archival research, correlational research, case histories, case studies, and surveys

Term
Nonmaleficience
Definition
counsel does no harm
Term
Nonparametric Test
Definition

- scores do not fit to a normal bell curve, distribution-free tests

 

- mostly descriptive and correlational measures

 

- ex: chi-square, Mann-Whit U-test, kuder, multi-regression, factor analysis, pearson r, wilcox, sollomon

 

 

Term
Norm-Referenced Interpretation
Definition
- comparing an examinee's test scores with the scores form a normative sample. The sample provides a standard by which the test performance is interpreted.
Term
Normal Distribution Bell Curve
Definition

68-95-99.5

 

34%, 14%, 2%, 0.1%

 

mode is the highest or max point of concentration/highest point on the curve

Term
Normative Measures
Definition

- can legitimately be compared to others who have take the test

 

- individual's score is evalutated by comparing it to others who took the same test

 

- require examinees to respond to each test item independently

 

- ex: percentile rank

Term
Null Hypothesis
Definition

- asserts that the samples will not change/not have a relationship even after the experimental variable is applied

 

- IV does NOT affect the DV

 

- implies that any observed relationship is simply the result of sampling error

Term
ODD
Definition

(Oppositional Defiant Disorder)

 

- ongoing pattern of anger-guided disobedience, hostility, and defiant behavior toward authority figures which extends beyond normal children behavior.

 

(Not given if the child is presented with Conduct Disorder)

Term
Objective
Definition
- rater's judgment plays little or no part in the scoring process
Term
Objects
Definition

- a significant other w/ whom a child wishes to bond and satisfy their needs; when this does not occur anxiety is manifested

 

- family psychoanalytic family therapy concept

 

Term
Observer Effect
Definition
- situation in which the person observing in a participant observer research study influences/alters the situation
Term
Occupation
Definition
- refers to similar jobs occupied by different people in different settings (e.g. psychotherapists)
Term
Occupational Information Network
Definition

- O'NET

 

(replaced the DOT)

Term
Occupational Outlook Handbook
Definition

- OOH

 

- job requirements, working conditions, jobs available

 

- updated every 2 years

 

- easiest guide to read for career info

Term
Oedipus/Electra Complex
Definition

- child's libido (sex energy) is directed to the parent of the opposite sex (child realizes that retaliation would result in he/she would act on impulses; the child then strives for identification with the parent of the same sex to achieve vicarious sexual satisfaction)

 

- indentification with the aggressor, the parent of the same sex

 

Term
Open Groups
Definition

- allows new group members after the group begins

 

- disadv: member who begins after start miss info/experiences

 

- adv: #'s more stable

Term
Operational Definition
Definition

- outlines a procedure

 

- procedures so that other researchers can attempt to "replicate" an experimental procedure

Term
Ordinal Scale of Measurement
Definition

- rank-order variables (not always equal)

- EX: a horse categorized as a 2nd place winner in a race

 

- provides relative placement/standing doesn't delineate absolute differences

- Ordinal (sounds like ORDER)

Term
Paradox
Definition
- in a sense that the client is told he/she can engage in a behavior that the person wishes to abate
Term
Paradoxical injunction
Definition

- encouraging individual or family members to continue engaging in dysfunctional patterns

 

- assumption: the injunction will be resisted and the behavior will thus be modified, or the injunction will be followed and control over the behavior will therefore be demonstrated

Term
Parametric Test
Definition

- scores fit into a normal bell curve compared to a critical value

 

- also states as they are normally distributed

 

- Ex: ANOVA, ANCOVA, MANOVA, ANOVA Factorial, Post hoc

Term
Parametric and non-parametric both:
Definition

- assume random selection of the sample from the population

 

- but not random assignment (that's experimental research)

Term
Paraphrasing
Definition
- selective restatment of the content of client's message, in fewer words
Term
Paraprofessional
Definition
- a helper who does not posess the education and experience to secure professional credentials
Term
Parismony
Definition
- interpreting the results in the simplest way
Term
Parrallel Forms/Equivalent Forms
Definition

- two version or forms that are interchangeable

 

- must have the same mean, standard error, and other statistical components

Term
Parroting
Definition

- counselor restates the clients message back verbatim

 

- leaving clients bored/uncomfortable (sometimes angry)

Term
Parsimony
Definition

- interpreting the results in the simplest way

 

- simplest explanation of the finding is always preferred

Term
Participant Observer Model
Definition
- describes a study in wh/ the researcher actually participates in the study, while making observations about what transpired
Term
Pearson Correlation
Definition

- requires that the data collected on the two variables be continuous (i.e interval and/or ratio) and that relationship between the two variables be linear

 

- symbolized by lower case "r"

 

- Ranges from +1.00 to -1.00

Term
Peer Review
Definition
- formal evaluations by colleagues of professional actions and competence
Term
Percentile Rank
Definition

- tells you how many people scored equal to or lower than your client

 

- a score of 80 indicates that the client score higher than 79% of the population who took the test and lower than 19% did better

Term
Personalism
Definition
- the counselor will make the best progress if he/she sees the client primarily as a person who has learned a set of survival skills rather than as a diseased patient
Term
Pervasive Indecisiveness
Definition
a person who has a life long pattern of severe anxiety related to decision making
Term
Phenomenology
Definition
- clients internal personal experiences of events
Term
Placebo Effect
Definition
- researchers often give clients involved in studies an non-experimental substance so it can be compared with the real drug/treatment procedure
Term
Polarization
Definition
- tendency for groups to make more extreme decisions than the individual group member would make on their own accord
Term
Positioning
Definition

- occurs when a helper accepts the client's predicament and then exagerates the condition

 

- paints an even more negative picture of the situation for the client than restraining

 

- Haley, strategic therapy

Term
Positive Correlation
Definition

- evident when both variables change in the same direction

 

- ex: study alot, students get high test scores

Term
Positive Psychology
Definition

 

- study of human strengths such as joy, wisdom, altruism, the ability to love, happiness, and wisdom.

 

- coined by Abraham Maslow

 

 

Term
Positive Transference
Definition
involves affiliative emotions (liking/loving the therapist)
Term
Positively Skewed Distribution
Definition

- instances where there are an abundance of low scores

 

- think the opposite: negative scores -> positively skewed

Term
Post Hoc Multiple Comparision Test
Definition

- if your ANOVA yields a significant F-value --> you still need to know which particular mean score/level is significantly different from each other

 

- so you apply a post hoc (after the fact)

 

- test is parametric

Term
Power Tests
Definition
- designed to evaluate the level of mastery without a time limit
Term
Predictive Validity
Definition
- "empirical validity," test's ability to predict future behavior according to established criteria
Term
Primary Groups
Definition
- preventative and attempt to ward off problems
Term
Primary Prevention
Definition

- aimed at reducing the prevelence of mental disorders by reducing the instance of new cases by creating environments and identifying high risk individuals and provide them with appropriate intervention

 

- attempt to prevent a problem before it start

Term
Primary goal of Client-Centered Therapy?
Definition

- increase self acutalization (Carl Rogers)

 

- by using empathy, positive regard, and congruence

Term
Priviledged Communication
Definition

- anything said to a counselor by a client will not be divulged outside the counseling setting w/out the client's permissions


- legislation varies from state-to-state


- not applicable in cases of child abuse, neglect, or exploration; suicide or homicide threats; criminal intentions; clients in dire need of hospitilization; or in cases where counselor malpracticess/sued

Term
Pro Bono
Definition
- professional work undertaken voluntarily and without payment or at a reduced fee as a public service
Term
Probability
Definition

- level of significance

- set as 0.05 or lover (i.e. .01 or .001)

- .05 level - differences would occur via change only 5 times in 100

- symbolized by the letter "p"

Term
Process
Definition
- focuses on the manner in which the communication transpire
Term
Prognosis
Definition
- the probability that one can recover from a condition
Term
Projection
Definition
- attributes unacceptable qualities of his/her own to others
Term
Projective Tests
Definition

- shown neutral stimuli

 

- ex: association (inkblots), completion (complete sentences with real feelings), construction (drawing a person)

Term
Psychoanalytic Family Therapy
Definition
- Objects, introjects, splitting countertransference
Term
Psychodiagnotics
Definition
- study of personality through interpretation of behavior or nonverbal cues or counselor uses aforementioned factors/tests to label the client in a diagnostic category
Term
Psychodrama
Definition
- incoperates role-playing into the treatment process where the client acts out an especially painful enactment in his/her life
Term
Psychological Response Classification System
Definition

- PRCS

 

- 5 areas: motor, biological, cognitive, emotional, social

Term
Psychometric
Definition
- mental testing/measurement
Term
Public Law 94-142
Definition

- every handicapped student the right for free education, and to ensure that no single criterion is used to place criterion to place children

 

- requires students an IEP and the most inclusion possible 

Term
Punishment
Definition
- decreases the probability that a behavior will occur
Term
Quasi-Experimental Research
Definition

- investigating the effects of an IV on an DV but does not provide the same degree of exp'l control

 

- can't control the assignment of subjects to tx groups (the IV is an organismic variable because pre-existing groups were used or because the study includes only one group)

 

- not the same as non-experimental research (still has the feature of investigating the effects of an IV on an DV)

Term
Quid pro quo
Definition

- one thing for another

 

- something for something/this for that

 

- man offers supervision for sex (negative quid pro quo)

Term
Random Sampling
Definition

- like sticking your hand in a fish bowl to pick a winning ticket

 

- each subject has the same probablity of being selected and the selection of one subject does not affect the selection of another subject

Term
Range
Definition

- measures variance, usually calculated by determining the difference between the highest and the lowest score

 

- generally increases with sample size

 

- simplest way to measure the spread of scores

Term
Ratio Scale of Measurement
Definition

- has a true zero point


- addition, substraction, multiplication, & division can be utilized


- most psych'l attributes cannot be measured on a ratio scale


ex: height, weight, age, volume (each measured from zero)

Term
Rationalization
Definition

- intellectual excuse to minimize hurt feelings

 

- interpreting one's feelings/thoughts

in a positive or favorable manner

Term
Raw Score
Definition

- simply refers to the # of items correctly ansewered in unites in wh/ it was originally obtained not altered mathmatically

 

- unchanged, unaltered, done nothing to the score

Term
Re-entry Women
Definition
women who have made the transition from homemaker to jobs outside of the home
Term
Reaction Formation
Definition

- occurs when a person can't accept a given impulse and thus behaves in an opposite manner

 

- acts the opposite of the way he/she actually feels

Term
Recencey Effect
Definition
- rater's judgment of an employee reflects primarily his/her most recent performance rather than the performance overall
Term
Reciprocity
Definition

- in a marriage this terms asserts that in most cases two people will reinforce each other at about the same level over time

 

- when this doesn't occur marital discord may result

Term
Reflection
Definition
- restatment of the affective component of a client's message; adding an emotional tone or element to paraphrase
Term
Reinforcers
Definition

- increase the probability of behavior to occur

 

Positive: something is added to increase the behavior

 

Negative: something is taken away to increase the behavior

Term
Reliability
Definition
- how consistent a test measures an attribute
Term
Reliability Coefficient
Definition
- measure of accuracy of a test/measuring instrument obtained by measuring the same individual twice and computing the correlation of the 2 sets of measures
Term
Reliability places a ______ on validity, but validity does not _______ on reliability.
Definition

- ceiling

 

- set limits

Term
Reliable Experiment
Definition

- the experiment can be replicated by others with almost identical findings

 

- consistency of measurement

Term
Repression
Definition

- causes ego defense mechanisms in psychoanalysis

 

- pushing back a need or thought or trauma

Term
Resistance
Definition
- clients who are fighting the helping process in any manner
Term
Restraining
Definition

- therapist may warn the family/individual about the negative consequences of change

 

- might tell the family to take it very slow/expect a relapse

 

- helps overcome resistance by suggesting it might be best if the family doesn't change

 

- Haley, Strategic Therapy

Term
Retro-reflection
Definition
- act of doing to yourself what you really wish to do to someone else
Term
Risky Shift Phenomenon
Definition

- group decision will be less conservative than the average group decision

 

- teen in a group of friends versus on their own: more behaviors are more "risky" than on their own

 

- group decisions are more likely to shift to social norm than an individual decision made prior to group participation

Term
Rorschach
Definition
- ink plots
Term
Rosenthal Effect
Definition

- aka experimentor expectency effect 

 

- experimentor's belief about the individual may cause the individual to be treated in a special way so that the individual begins to fullfill the experimenter's expectation 

Term
SDS - the shorter/self administered version of ______?
Definition

- VPI

 

(both used by Holland)

 

- they allow comparisons of examinee's result with occupational profiles

 

SDS: Self-Directed Search

Term
Salad Bowl Analogy
Definition
- ppl are mixed together, but like lettuce and tomatoes in a salad, they retain their unique cultural identity
Term
Scapegoat
Definition
- person everybody blames, target of anger/hostilty
Term
Scattergram
Definition
- aka scatterplot, a pictorial diagram or graph of two variables being correlated
Term
Screening
Definition

- determine who is appropriate and who will not be appropriate for a given group

 

- in an indiv'l is in indiv therapy, the group leader should contact the person performing the indiv treatment before making final decision

 

- hostile individuals are not approp for most counseling groups

 

- clients who are very verbal, open to feedback from others, and believe in group therapy often make excellent gorup members

Term
Second-Order Change
Definition
- actual change in the family structure that alters an undesirable behavioral pattern
Term
Secondary Prevention
Definition

- reduce prevelance of mental disorders, an attempt to address a problem in its early stages before getting worse

 

- the intervention

 

- ex: 24 hours emergency lines, counseling

Term
Selection Bias as a Threat to Internal Validity
Definition

- at pre-test, differences between groups exist that may interact with the IV and thus be 'responsible' for observed outcome

 

- during the selection step of the research study, if an unequal # of test subjects have similar subject-related variables there is a threat to internal validity

Term
Self Directed Search
Definition

- SDS

 

- self interpreted, computer based

 

- based on the work of Holland and gives a score of the six personality types (the three highest are indicative of career match) - RIASEC

Term
Self Help Groups
Definition

- "support groups" - group of ppl who all are attempting to cope with a given issue

 

- members all have a common goal/problem & learn from each other

 

- not led by a professional, indeed rely on a professional for consultation purposes

Term
Sensitization
Definition
- more sensitive to a stimulus
Term
Seperation Anxiety Disorder (SAD)
Definition
- Individual experiences excessive anxiety regarding seperation from home or from ppl whom they have a strong attachment to
Term
Shared Psychotic Disorder
Definition
- delusion that develops in an individual who is involved in a close relationship with another person who already has a psychotic disorder with prominent delusions
Term
Silence in Therapy
Definition

- gives client time to assimilate to the counseling processs

 

- helpful in nondirective therapies because it coaxes the client to direct the session

Term
Simon-Binet
Definition

- 1st IQ test

 

- differentiated Parisian children who were mentally retarded

 

- ages 2 to adulthood

Term
Simple Random Sampling
Definition
- eliminates the researcher's tendency to pick a biased sample of subjects
Term
Single-Blind Study
Definition

- subject would not know whether he/she is a member of the control group or the experimental group

 

- help eliminate "demand characteristics" which are cues or features of a study which suggests a desired outcome

 

- a subject can manipulate and confound an experiment by purposely trying to confirm/disprove the exp'l hypothesis

Term
Situational Crises
Definition
- nonanticipated event usually beyond the individuals control (e.g. natural disasters, jobless)
Term
Sleeper Effect
Definition
- asserts that when you are attempting to change someone's opinion the change may not occur immediately after verbal exchange
Term
Sliding Scale
Definition

- aka Income Sensitive Billing

 

- difficult to administer them in a fair manner

Term
Social Comparison Theory
Definition

- we are motivated to evaluate the validity of our opinions and the level of our abilities.

 

- we seek objective info, then when such info is not available we look to the opinions, abilities, or experiences of similar others as a point of comparison. 

Term
Social Exchange Theory
Definition

- postulates a relationship will endure if the rewards are greater than the costs

 

- rewards = we like, costs = we dislike

 

rewards - costs = profit

Term
Social Facilitation
Definition

- when the presence of others increases task performance

 

- presence of other people enhances performance on simple or well-learned tasks and impairs performance on complex/poorly-learned tasks

Term
Social Learning
Definition

- enviornmental conditions and learning experiences have the biggest impact on career-related growth

 

- aka observational learning


-Krumboltz (env'tal conditions and learning experiences have the biggest impact on career-related growth) and Bandura (Social learning increases indiv'ls sense of self-efficacy)

Term
Social Loafing
Definition
- ppl offering less than the optimal effort toward completion of a task when they believe they won't recieve their fair share of the reward/goal
Term
Soloman Four-group Design
Definition

- examines the effect of any pretest used on the exp'l treatment

 

- allows you to determine whether: 1) the pretest by itself made a difference, 2) whether the treatment itself made a difference, 3) whether a combination of pretest and treatment made a difference, or 4) nothing made a difference

Term
Speed Tests
Definition
- purposely set up so that nobody finishes it
Term
Spillover
Definition
- individuals work spills over into his/her off the job time
Term
Spiral Test
Definition
- items get progressively more difficult
Term
Splitting
Definition

- when a client sees an object as either all good or all bad

 

- realistically percieves her therapist as only having good qualities and a client who sees her therapist as all bad

 

- allows one to keep anxiety in check by making objects predictable, begins in childhood

Term
Stability
Definition
- test-restest reliability using the same instrument, same group
Term
Stage Theorists
Definition
- assume qualitative changes between stages occur
Term
Stages of Crisis
Definition

1 - Hazardous Event (stressful sitch, disrupts life)

2 - Vulnerable State (reaction to #1, subjective

     interpretation of event)

3 - Preciptating Factor (event which converts #2 into #4)

4 - Active Crisis State (disequilibrium)

5 - Reintegration (restoring of equilibrium)

Term
Stages of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Definition

1) Physiology needs

2) Safety needs

3) Love and belonging

4) Esteem

5) Self-actualization

Term
Standard Age Score
Definition

SAS

 

(replaced IQ)

Term
Standard Deviation
Definition

(SAME AS Z-SCORE)

 

Mean = 0

SD: +/- 1

 

0 lines up with the median of the normal distribution bell curve

Term
Standard Deviation
Definition
- measure of variability (spread) of scores
Term
Standard Error of Measuremet (SEM)
Definition

- tells the counselor what would most likely occur if the same individual took the same test again

 

- low standard error means high reliability

Term
Standard Industrial Classification manual
Definition

- SIC

 

- classifies businesses in regards to the types of the activities they are engaged in 

 

- industry growth is often computer based on this

Term
Standard Occupational Classification Manual
Definition

- SOC Manual

 

- codes job clusters via similar work function

Term
Statement of Disclosure
Definition

 

- another name for informed consent

Term
Statistical Regression Threat to Internal Validity
Definition

- type of error occurs when subjects are selected on the basis of extreme scores (one far away from the mean) during a test

 

- extreme scores on a measture have a tendency to "regress" toward the mean when the measure is readministered to the same group of ppl

Term
Steps in Program Evaluation
Definition

1- Specify Program Objectives

2- Specify Program Parameters (how)

3 - Specify data collection procedures

4 - Collect data and perform evaluation

Term
Stereotyping Error
Definition
- every response in the same monotonous way
Term
Story teller
Definition
- monopolizes group time telling endless (irrelevant) tales
Term
Stuttering
Definition
Onset between ages 2-7, typically remitts at age 16.
Term
Subjective
Definition

- scorers opinion

 

- if the rater knows the test taker's attributes, the rater's "personal bias" can significantly impact upon the rating

Term
Sublimation
Definition

- when an individual expresses an unacceptable need in a societably acceptable manner

 

- ex: an aggressive individual pursues a boxing/football career

Term
Substance Abuse
Definition

- maladaptive pattern of substance use which clinically significant impairment/distress

 

- at least one symptom occurs during a 12 month period

Term
Substance Dependence
Definition

- continued use of a substance despite significant sub-related problems by the presence of at least 3 characteristics symptoms in a 12 -month period

 

- may or may not involve tolerance/withdrawal

Term
Summarization
Definition
- response ties together several ideas and feelings expressed by the client (themes/topics of the session(s) which focus for the client)
Term
Super's Inventories
Definition

- ACCI: Adult Career Concerns Inventory

- CDI: Career Development Inventory

Term
Sympathy
Definition
- compassion
Term
System of Information and Guidance Inventory
Definition

- SIGI Plus

- a computer assisted career guidance systems (CACGS)

- value-based career decision model (certain values in their work, careers can be rated on the degree they reflect these values)

- life-long activity, change careers/not career values

Term
System of Multicultural Pluralistic Assessment
Definition

- developed in response to the concern of misclassification of minority-group children on the basis of IQ score alone

 

- estimates a child's potential for learning; compared to the child's obtained IQ score

 

- SOMPA

Term
T-Scores
Definition

T --> for Ten

 

SD = 10

Mean is 50

 

50 lines up with the median of a normal distribution bell curve

Term
T-Test
Definition

- Most simple form; parametric test (Single Sample)

  

- 1 DV (ex: client self esteem) and 1 IV, but with 2 TYPES and NO MORE (ex: Gender of the therapist -- male/female)

 

- Think: "T for two" - this test is used when you are comparing means of two groups

 

- get means of both groups (client self-esteem scores) which are the "t-scores"

 

- then compare to a t-table, if the value is larger than the critical value (the t-table score) than your score is significant

Term
T-Test (Independent Samples)
Definition
- used when a study includes 2 independent groups and the means of the 2 groups will be compared
Term
T-group
Definition

- Training Group

 

- focus on human relations processes between personnel in a business (rather than mental health issues)

Term
Tarasoff Versus Board of Regents (California)
Definition

- illuminated the duty to warn a client in immediate danger

 

(Story: client revealed he was going to kill a woman, therapist consulted other professionals/police with intent for them to be hospitalized, campus police talked to student/client but did not hospitalize him, client DID kill Tarasoff)

Term
Tertiary Prevention
Definition

- reduce the duration of mental disorders by reducing their negative after effects; addressing the problem after it has reaches its later stages

 

- Ex: AA programs

Term
Test
Definition
- instrument which measures a given sample of behavior
Term
Test Battery
Definition
- a horizontal test, containing several measures are used to produce results that could be more accurate than those derived from merely using a single source
Term
Test-retest method
Definition

- test for stability

 

- ability of a test score to remain stable/fluctuate over time when the client takes the test again

 

- only valid for trains such as IQ wh/ remains stable over time and are not altered by mood, memory, practice

Term
Testing Threat to Internal Validity
Definition

- when taking the test can alter a person's performance on the test when it's readministered

 

- participants may remember the correct answers or may be conditioned to know that they are being tested

Term
The Civil Rights Act of 1964
Definition
- prohibiting discrimination for reasons of gender, race, and national origin was instrumental in terms of setting the stage for minority concerns
Term
The Primal Scene
Definition

- psychoanalytic concept

 

- young child witnesses his/her parents having sexual intercourse or is seduced by a parent

Term
The Variance is also known as the " ______ ______"
Definition
Mean Square
Term
The notion of "figure ground" is associated with which school of therapy? What does it mean??
Definition

- Gestalt Therapy

 

- How a person ("figure") is aware of himself/herself in relation to the surrounding situation ("ground")

Term
The probability of making a Type I error is increased when __________.
Definition

- alpha is changed from .01 to .05. 

 

- Type I and Type II Error have an inverse relationship, so if Type II Error becomes more likely, Type I Error actually becomes less likely.

Term
Thematic Apperception Test
Definition

- TAT

 

- pictures, associations 

Term
Therapeutic Surrender
Definition

- client psychologically surrenders him/herself to a counselor from a different culture and becomes open with feelings and thoughts

 

- happens when client is able to trust the counselor and self discloses

Term
Things to avoid when working with adolescents
Definition

- avoid taking side between parents or clients

 

- help him/her to see the parents point of view via therapeutic (role playing)

Term
Thought Stopping
Definition

- stop thoughts...

 

- man could be taught to yell in his mind "stop!" as loudly as possibly every time he experienced a sexual thought related to his neighbor

Term
Timeout
Definition
- occurs when a family member (usually a kid) is isolated or removed from an env't for a specified period of time so as to ensure that he/she doesn't recieve reinforcement for dysfunctional behavior
Term
Timing Error
Definition

- reflect every statement

 

- or waiting for a long monologue to finish and try to capture the whole statement in one reflection

Term
Tourette's Disorder
Definition

- characterized multiple physical (motor) tics and at least one vocal tic


- these tics characteristically wax and wane, can be suppressed temporarilty, and are preceded by a premenitory urge. 


- more common tics of eye blinking, coughing, throat clearing, sniffing, and facial movements

Term
Trait-and-Factor Theory
Definition

- assumed that via psychological testing one's personality could be matched to an occupation wh/ stressed those personality traits


- personality/skills profile is matched to that of successful workers


- attempts to match the worker/work env't (job factors) - one best/single career for a person

 

- Parsons/Williamson/Tiedman and Ohara

Term
Transference
Definition

- client issue that interferes with the treatment process

 

- implies that the displaces emotion felt towards a parent onto the analyst/counselor/thearpist (psychoanalysis)

Term
Trend Analysis
Definition
- statistical procedure performed at different times to see if a trend is evident
Term
Triangulation
Definition
- process by which a two-person emotional system under stress recruits a third person into the system to lower anxiety and increase stability
Term
True Experiment vrs Quasi-Experiment
Definition

True Experiment: subjects are randomly assigned to treatment groups

 

Quasi-Experiment: there is no random assignment

 

- both have random selection

Term
True Experimental Research
Definition

- provides the amount of control necessary to conclude that observed variability in a DV is actually caused by variability in an IV

 

- can control the exp'l conditions and determine wh/ levels of the IV to include in a study

 

- able to randomly select and assign subjects to different tr. groups

Term
Type 1 - Alpha Error
Definition

- occurs when a researcher rejects the null hypothesis when it is true

 

- incorrect rejection of a true null hypothesis (false positive)

Term
Type 2 - Beta Error
Definition

Accept the Null Hypothesis when it is False

 

Other way to look at it: failure to reject the Noll when it's false (false negative)

Term
Types of Feedback in Family Systems
Definition

 - neg feedback: takes the family back to the way they always act, keeping the status quo

 - positive feedback: occurs when a family is forced to change so it cannot return to its previous state 

 - circular feedback: feedback loops. you impact others in a family and their behavior also comes back in a circle to impact you

 

- a system uses feedback to stay the same or to correct itself 

Term
Typography
Definition
- means mapping, mind mapping
Term
Underemployment
Definition

When a worker is engaged in a position which is below his/her skill level

 

Can happen to an abundance of educational people & expected to increase as more go to college

Term
Universal Culture
Definition

- all have similar/universal needs (Maslow needs) and requirements for food, water, and sleep regardless of our cultural affiliation

 

- biological similarities/sameness

Term
VPI - Vocational Professional Inventory
Definition
Holland Inventory
Term
Valence
Definition

- will the work provide rewards such as money, a promotion, a satisfaction 

 

- part of Vroom's Career Theory (motivation and management expectancy theory)

Term
Valid tests are always ________.
Definition
Reliable
Term
Validity
Definition
- whether the test measures what it says it measures
Term
Values
Definition
- judgements of right or wrong
Term
Variable
Definition
- any characteristic, behavior, event, or other phenomenon that is capable of varying, or existing in at least two different states, conditions, or levels
Term
Variance
Definition

- measure of dispersion of scores around some measure of central tendency

 

 

 

 

- V = Standard Deviation(V = SD2)

Term
Variance occurs because of __________.
Definition

- sampling error

 

- no matter what the sample size is (large or small)

Term
Vertical Interventions
Definition

- strategies that focus on an individual member of the group

 

- individual (standing) --> they're in a vertical position 

Term
Vertical Relationship
Definition
- counselor is viewed as an expert
Term
Vertical Test
Definition

- have versions for various age brackets and levels of education

 

- e.g. math achievement test for preschoolers and a version for middle school children

Term
Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale
Definition

- assessment used for suspected mental impairment in conjuction with intelligence test

 

Main purpose: assess mental impairment, to sometimes identify whether children should be placed in Spec Ed. 

 

- VABS

Term
Way to avoid the John Henry Effect?
Definition
- make observations before the experiment
Term
Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale
Definition

- most popular adult intelligence test in the world

 

- compute a verbal IQ, performance IQ, and full scale IQ

 

- 70 minutes

 

- appropriate for ages 16 and beyond

 

- WAIS-3

Term
Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children
Definition

- WISC-IV 

 

- children ages 6-16

 

- 50-70 minutes 

 

- verbal and performance

Term
Weschler Preschool and Pimacy Source of Intelligence
Definition

WPPSI

 

(Ages 2-7)

 

- great for kindergarten age

Term
Weschler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence
Definition

- WIPPSI

 

- preschool ages 2-7

 

- allowed to administer the test over two session since children in this age group have shorter attention spans

Term
What are the different roles in group?
Definition

- energizer, scapegoat, gatekeeper, interrogater, follower, harmonizer, storyteller

 

- healthy groups: members are flexible/change roles

Term
What are the sections of the NBCC Code of Ethics?
Definition
- General, Counseling Relationship, Counselor Supervision, Measurement and Evaluation, Research and Publication, Consulting, Private Practice
Term
What does "ABA" stand for in ABA Withdrawal Designs?
Definition

A - baseline is secured

B - intervention is implemented

A - outcome is examined via a new baseline

 

An ABAB  design can be utilized to better rule out other extraneous variables

Term
What does "ADA" stand for? What is it for?
Definition

"Americans with Disability Act"

 

- prohibits discrimination against and ensures equal opportunity for individuals with disabilities in employment 

Term
What does research say about violence?
Definition

- more we see, hear, and read, the less it bothers us (desensitization)

 

- ergo: we behave more violent comfortably

Term
What is ANCOVA?
Definition

- tests two or more groups while controlling for extraneous variables (aka covariates)

 

- multiple dependent variables and any number of independent variables

Term
What is recommended for children group? Why?
Definition
Shorter groups due to their attentional abilities
Term
What is the basic assumption of the Mental Health model of consultation?
Definition
-  concerned with the attitudes, emotions, and affect of the consultee or consultees
Term
What is the basic function of appraisal?
Definition

- assessing the presenting problem

 

- gaining a basis for prediction

 

- understanding a client's personality resources

Term
What is the order of Measure of Central Tendency when there is a negative skew?
Definition
mean, median, and mode
Term
What is the order of Measure of Central Tendency when there is a positive skew?
Definition
mode, median, and mean
Term
What is true of the relationship between ethical and legal violations?
Definition
- an ethical violation may or may not constitute a legal violation
Term
What was Tiedman's Inventory for Career?
Definition
- ISUD: Information System Vocational Decision
Term
When is internal validity threatened?
Definition
- when the investigator can't conclude that the IV has had an effect on the DV, minimize the effects of random error, or can't be certain whether a lack of variability in the DV is attributable to the IV or to some other factor.
Term
Which is Roe's Assessment for Career?
Definition
COP: Career Occupational Professional System
Term
Who was known for behavior modification?
Definition
Skinner
Term
Why is it difficult to identify depression in young children?
Definition

- it often manifests in a variety of symptoms which do not appear to be typical of depression

 

- ex: impulsivity, restlessness, or conduct disturbance

Term
X-Axis
Definition

- horizontal line

 

- aka "the abscissa"

Term
Y-Axis
Definition

- vertical line

 

- aka "the ordinate"

Term
You would choose a _____ measurement for Central Tendency for a Nomical Scale of Measurement
Definition
Mode
Term
You would use a _____ measurement of Central Tendency for a Ratio Scale of Measurement
Definition
Mode, Median, and Mean
Term
You would use a _____ measurement of Central Tendency for an Ordinal Scale of Measurement
Definition
Mode/Median
Term
You would use a ________ measure of Central Tendency for an Interval Scale of Measurement
Definition
Median
Term
Z-Score
Definition

(SAME AS STANDARD DEVIATION)

 

Mean = 0

SD: +/- 1

 

0 lines up with the median of the Normal Distribution Bell Curve

Term
Zero Correlation
Definition
- indicates an absence of a relationship between the variables in question
Term
Zone of Proximal Development
Definition

- describes the difference between a child's performance without a teacher versus that which he or she is capable of with an instructor

 

- Vygotsky

Term
______ is generally acceptable for most psychological attributes.
Definition
.70
Term
Needs Assessment
Definition
- technique used to evaluate client needs in terms of problems, existing resources, potential solutions, and ostacles to problem-solving
Term
Nuclear Family
Definition
- A family consisting of a husband, wife, and their children
Term
Reciprocal Inhibition
Definition

- technique of behavior therapy (Wolpe) which an unacceptable response (e.g. anxiety) is removed/eliminated by substituting an incompatible response (e.g. relaxation)

 

- based on systematic desensitization

Term
Shaping
Definition

- from operant conditioning

 

- method used to establish a behavior in which the individual is reinforced for displaying closer and closer approximations to the desired behavior

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