Term
| What is the type of mutation that changes the reading frame? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of a gap junction? |
|
Definition
| Allows adjacent cells to communicate for electric and metabolic functions. |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary source of energy for the Liver? |
|
Definition
| Amino acids, lipids, glucose, fructose, and lactate |
|
|
Term
| What disease lack aldolase B causing hypoglycemia, jaundice, and cirrhosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What toxin inhibits lipoic acid? |
|
Definition
| Arsenic (Lipoic Acid is a cofactor for Pyruvate Dehyd.) |
|
|
Term
| What are the net reactants and products in the reaction that Pyruvate Dehydrogenase catalyzes? |
|
Definition
| Reactants:1. Pyruvate 2. CoA 3. NAD Products:1. Acetyl CoA 2. CO2 3. NADH |
|
|
Term
| Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency: Congenital or Acquired |
|
Definition
| Both. Acquired cases happen in cases of B1 deficiency (such as in alcoholics.) |
|
|
Term
| What is the rate-limiting step of the TCA? |
|
Definition
| Isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate by isocitrate dehydrogenase |
|
|
Term
| Which tissues and organs primarily convert pyruvate into lactate? |
|
Definition
| 1. RBCs and WBCs 2. Lens and cornea 3. Renal medulla 4. Testes |
|
|
Term
| What stimulates and inhibits isocitrate dehydrogenase? |
|
Definition
| Stimulate: ADP; Inhibit: 1. ATP 2. NADH |
|
|
Term
| Which reagent sequentially removes C-terminal residues from a polypeptide? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where in the cell does the following occur: Fatty acid oxidation (beta-oxidation) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What activated carriers carry: 1-carbon units |
|
Definition
| 1. Tetrahydrofolates (originally as formyl then methyl) 2. Biotin (as CO2) 3. S-adenosyl-methionine (as CH3) |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of oligomycin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cathode: What does it attract? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of inheritance and mutation is the alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency? |
|
Definition
| Autosomal recessive, single purine substitution (GAG to AAG) |
|
|
Term
| What is this molecule an activated carrier of?: S-adenosyl-methionine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the initial RNA transcript called? |
|
Definition
| heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of electron transport inhibitors? |
|
Definition
| 1. Directly inhibit electron transport causing: 2. Decreased protein gradient and decrease in O2 consumption, thereby: 3. Blocking ATP synthesis |
|
|
Term
| Where is thermogenin found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What stimulates and inhibits alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase? |
|
Definition
| Stimulate: Nothing; Inhibit: 1. ATP 2. NADH 3. Succinyl CoA |
|
|
Term
| Pyruvate dehydrogenase: What inhibits it? |
|
Definition
| NADH (You produce NADH, soon there'll be more of me.), Acetyl-CoA (Enough of me, save your pyrvuate.) |
|
|
Term
| Where does the Cori Cycle happen? |
|
Definition
| In the liver and muscle/RBCs Liver: Pyruvate converts to glucose Muscle/RBCs: Glucose converts to Pyruvate |
|
|
Term
| What enzymes and cofactors are used in conversion of pyruvate to alanine? |
|
Definition
| Enzyme: Alanine Transaminase (ALT) Cofactors: None |
|
|
Term
| What is the rate-limiting enzyme in the Pentose phosphate pathway? |
|
Definition
| Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase |
|
|
Term
| Where in the electron transport chain is O2 reduced to 2H2O? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency: Treatment |
|
Definition
| Increased intake of ketogenic nutrients (such as high fat content or increased lysine and leucine) |
|
|
Term
| What stimulates and inhibits citrate synthase? |
|
Definition
| Stimulate: Nothing; Inhibit: ATP |
|
|
Term
| What is the enzyme involved in processing tRNA |
|
Definition
| Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase (uses 1 ATP) |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the Cori cycle? |
|
Definition
| Transfers excess reducing equivalents from RBCs and the muscle to liver so they can function anaerobically |
|
|
Term
| Pyruvate dehydrogenase: What stimulates it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pyruvate dehydrogenase: What does it do? |
|
Definition
| Pyruvate dehydrogenase converts pyruvate to acetyl-coA, and produces NADH and CO2. |
|
|
Term
| Lipoamide or lipoate: Which is a cofactor for pyruvate dehydrogenase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An electron transport inhibitor. |
|
|
Term
| Name three classes of oxidative phosphorylation poisons. |
|
Definition
| 1. Electron transport inhibitors 2. ATPase inhibitors 3. Uncoupling agents |
|
|
Term
| What enzymes and cofactors are used in conversion of pyruvate to oxaloacetate? |
|
Definition
| Enzyme: Pyruvate Carboxylase (contains biotin and magnesium) Cofactors: CO2 and ATP |
|
|
Term
| # of Aas in one turn of alpha-helix? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What disease state is glycolytic enzyme deficiency generally associated with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What stimulates pyruvate dehydrogenase? |
|
Definition
| ADP (need more ATP. Inhibits PD kinase and stimulates PD phosphatase.) |
|
|
Term
| What are the reactants and products in the reaction catalyzed by pyruvate carboxylase? |
|
Definition
| Reactant: Pyruvate (with CO2 and ATP) Product: Oxaloacetate |
|
|
Term
| Energy malnutrition leads to what disease? |
|
Definition
| Marasmus (as opposed to Kwashiorkor from protein malnutrition) |
|
|
Term
| Which major metabolic reactions require Thiamine as a cofactor? |
|
Definition
| TCA: Pyruvate dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, HMP shunt: Transketolase |
|
|
Term
| Why is FAD used to oxidize succinate? |
|
Definition
| Succinate is not powerful enough to reduce NAD. |
|
|
Term
| Role of ATP in protein synthesis |
|
Definition
| ATP does tRNA Activation (charging) |
|
|
Term
| Why is fructose metabolism faster than glucose metabolism? |
|
Definition
| Bypasses PFK, major regulatory step of glycolysis. |
|
|
Term
| Where is fructokinase found? |
|
Definition
| Liver (processes most dietary fructose), kidney, small intestine |
|
|
Term
| Amino acids that disrupt alpha-helix? |
|
Definition
| proline, many charged aas, bulky side chains |
|
|
Term
| Where in glycolysis and TCA does CO2 come off? |
|
Definition
| 3 places: Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA, Isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate, and alpha-ketoglutarate to Succinyl CoA |
|
|
Term
| Enzyme function: DNA helicase |
|
Definition
| Separates the two strands of DNA into single strands allowing for replication to occur. |
|
|
Term
| What enzyme converts Galactose-1-Phosphate to Glucose-1-Phosphate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What enzyme converts Galactose to galactose-1-phosphate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| TCA intermediate, and from odd chained fatty acids, and from propionyl coA from metabolism of branched-chain amino acids. |
|
|
Term
| What is the clinical presentation of essential fructosuria? |
|
Definition
| Fructose appears in the blood and urine |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for fructose intolerance? |
|
Definition
| Decreased intake of both fructose and sucrose. |
|
|
Term
| What does sorbitol dehydrogenase do? |
|
Definition
| Oxidizes sorbitol to fructose. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which post-translational modification involves hydroxylation? |
|
Definition
| post-translational covalent alteration |
|
|
Term
| Hunter's Syndrome vs Hurler's Syndrome: Mental retardation? |
|
Definition
| Both (Hunter's ranges from mild to severe) |
|
|
Term
| An acid with a pKa of x serves as a buffer best at x + what? |
|
Definition
| positive or negative 1 (equal amounts of charged and uncharged acid) |
|
|
Term
| Which base pair bond has 2 Hydrogen bonds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which base pair bond has 3 Hydrogen bonds? |
|
Definition
| Guanine to Cytosine (Colby Gage is strong!!) |
|
|
Term
| Which tissues have cotransport of glucose? |
|
Definition
| Epithelial cells of the intestine, renal tubular cells, and choroid plexus |
|
|
Term
| Heparin: Where found?/Distinguishing characteristic from other GAGs |
|
Definition
| Intracellular compound (unlike other GAGs). Found in mast cells of artery walls, especially in lungs, liver, and skin |
|
|
Term
| Where do GLUT1 receptors predominate over other GLUT receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the enzymes used in the oxygen-dependent respiratory burst. |
|
Definition
| 1. NADPH oxidase 2. Superoxide dismutase 3. Myeloperoxidase 4. Catalase/Glutathione peroxidase 5. Glutathione reductase 6. G-6-P D |
|
|
Term
| Where is pyruvate carboxylase found and not found? |
|
Definition
| Found in mitochondria of liver and kidney cells, not foudn in mitochondria of muscle |
|
|
Term
| What does aldose reductase do? |
|
Definition
| Reduces glucose to sorbitol |
|
|
Term
| Where is the mutation for G6PD? |
|
Definition
| Point mutation in coding region of the G6PD gene (X-linked) |
|
|
Term
| What is the famed respiratory burst? |
|
Definition
| The rapid conversion of O2 to superoxide using NADPH. |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for lactose intolerance? |
|
Definition
| Avoid milk or add lactase pills to the diet |
|
|
Term
| Where is aldose reductase found? |
|
Definition
| Lens, retina, Schwann cells, kidney, placenta, RBCs, and gonads |
|
|
Term
| Chondroitin Sulfate: Use/Mechanism |
|
Definition
| Form proteoglycan aggregates. Cartilage: Bind collagen and hold fibers in a tight, strong network |
|
|
Term
| Kwashiorkor: Clinical presentation |
|
Definition
| Kwashiorkor results from protein-deficient MEALS. Malabsorbtion, Edema, Anemia, Liver (fatty change), Skin lesions |
|
|
Term
| What happens during proteasomal degradation? |
|
Definition
| Attachment of ubiquitin to defective proteins to tag them for breakdown. |
|
|
Term
| Where in the cell does the following occur: Urea cycle |
|
Definition
| Pathway has steps in the mitochondria and in the cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| Pepsin cleaves peptides at which side of what residues? |
|
Definition
| C-terminal side of tyrosine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan (all have phenyl groups, these are the same bonds as chymotrypsin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Carbohydrate attached to non-carbohydrate structures. |
|
|
Term
| What does it mean for genetic code to be degenerate? |
|
Definition
| More than one codon may code for the same amino acid. |
|
|
Term
| Hyaluronic Acid: Use/Mechanism |
|
Definition
| Lubricant and shock absorber |
|
|
Term
| What are the key enzymes of the pentose phosphate shunt and are the reactions reversible or irreversible? |
|
Definition
| 1. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (irreversible) 2. Transketolase (reversible) |
|
|
Term
| What does it mean for genetic code to be non-overlapping? |
|
Definition
| Read from a fixed starting point |
|
|
Term
| Which steps in the citric acid cycle produce CO2? |
|
Definition
| 1. Isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate 2. alpha-ketoglutarate to succinyl coA |
|
|
Term
| What is this molecule an activated carrier of?: ATP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does glucagon stimulate gluconeogenesis? |
|
Definition
| Regulation of F2,6-BP and inactivation of Pyruvate Kinase via elevation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A. |
|
|
Term
| What does galactokinase do? |
|
Definition
| converts Galactose to galactose-1-phosphate |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of CO? |
|
Definition
| Electron transport inhibition |
|
|
Term
| Which amino acid is coded by only one codon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hunter's Syndrome vs Hurler's Syndrome: Enzyme deficiency |
|
Definition
| Hunter's: Iduronate sulfatase, Hurler's: alpha-L-iduronidase |
|
|
Term
| Trypsin cleaves peptides at which side of what residues? |
|
Definition
| C-terminal of lysine or arginine (the most basic amino acids) |
|
|
Term
| Where in the cell does the following occur: Hexose Monophosphate Shunt |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mutations ordered by decreasing severity of damage |
|
Definition
| 1. Nonsense, 2. Missense, 3. Silent |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of 2,4-dinitrophenol? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What enzyme phosphorylates glucose with high affinity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1. Reductive biosynthesis 2. Reduction of oxygen directly and hydrogen peroxide indirectly 3. Cytochrome P-450 mono-oxygenase system |
|
|
Term
| What disease results from NADPH oxidase deficiency? |
|
Definition
| Chronic Granulomatous Disease |
|
|
Term
| Phosphofructokinase-1: What does it do, and what stimulates and inhibits it? |
|
Definition
| PFK-1 1-phosphorylates fructose-6-phosphate to produce Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate. |
|
|
Term
| Heparan Sulfate: Where found?/Distinguishing characteristic from other GAGs |
|
Definition
| Extracellular, unlike heparin. Found in basement membrane and as a ubiquitous component of cell surfaces. |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of 2,4-dinitrophenol? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glucokinase: Where is it found and why does it do what it does? |
|
Definition
| Found in the liver and pancreatic beta cells. Phosphorylates glucose to sequester it after a big meal. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two most common glycolytic enzyme deficiencies? |
|
Definition
| Pyruvate kinase (95% of cases) followed by glucose phosphate isomerase (4% of cases) |
|
|
Term
| Dermatan Sulfate: Where found?/Distinguishing characteristic from other GAGs |
|
Definition
| Found in skin, blood vessels, and heart valves |
|
|
Term
| In nucleic acids, what kind of substitution is a transversion? |
|
Definition
| TransVersion = conVersion between types (Purine for pyrimidine or vice versa) |
|
|
Term
| What does alpha-amanitin do? |
|
Definition
| Inhibits RNA polymerase II leading to hepatic necrosis |
|
|
Term
| Name the irreversible enzymes in glycolysis. |
|
Definition
| 1. Hexokinase 2. Phosphofructokinase-1 3. Pyruvate kinase 4. Pyruvate dehydrogenase |
|
|
Term
| Which is more serious, essential fructosuria or fructose intolerance? |
|
Definition
| Fructose intolerance, because it depletes the cells of phosphate. |
|
|
Term
| In aerobic metabolism of glucose, which pathway produces 38 ATP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What activated carriers carry: CH3 groups |
|
Definition
| 1. S-adenosyl-methionine 2. N5-methyl-THF |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1. UGA (U Go Away) 2. UAA (U Are Away) 3. UAG (U Are Gone) |
|
|
Term
| What is the result of lack of disaccharidase activity of intestinal mucosa? |
|
Definition
| Osmotically active disaccharides suck water out of mucosa causing osmotic diarrhea. |
|
|
Term
| What is the presentation of arsenic toxicity? |
|
Definition
| 1. Vomiting 2. Rice water stools 3. Garlic breath |
|
|
Term
| Enzyme function: DNA topoisomerases |
|
Definition
| Create a nick in the helix to relieve supercoils |
|
|
Term
| Types of RNA and their important qualities |
|
Definition
| mRNA is the largest type. rRNA is the most abundant type. tRNA is the smallest type “Massive, Rampant, Tiny” |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for classic galactosemia? |
|
Definition
| Exclude galactose and lactose from the diet. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two most common glycolytic enzyme deficiencies? |
|
Definition
| Pyruvate kinase (95% of cases) followed by glucose phosphate isomerase (4% of cases) |
|
|
Term
| This oxidation accounts for about 2/3 of the total oxygen consumption and ATP production in most animals |
|
Definition
| Oxidation of acetyl coA to CO2 and H2O. |
|
|
Term
| What activated carriers carry: Formyl groups |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where in the electron transport chain is ADP converted to ATP? |
|
Definition
| Complex V aka ATP synthase aka mitochondrial ATPase |
|
|
Term
| What histologic change is seen in G6PD deficiency |
|
Definition
| Heinz bodies within red blood cells |
|
|
Term
| True/False: RNA is synthesized 5' to 3' |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does NADPH deficiency in RBCs result in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DNA polymerase I: Which direction does it write? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is active?: Phosphorylated or dephosphorylated pyruvate dehydrogenase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which amino acids are necessary for purine synthesis? |
|
Definition
| Glycine, Aspartate, Glutamine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| TCA intermediate, and biosynthesis of heme |
|
|
Term
| What does eukaryotic RNA polymerase II make? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hexokinase: Where is it found and why does it do what it does? |
|
Definition
| Found in every cell's cytoplasm. Phosphorylates glucose to proceed with glycolysis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much ATP is produced by anaerobic glycolysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which amino acids are basic? |
|
Definition
| Arginine, Lysine and Histidine Arginine and Lysine are increased in histones which bind negatively charged DNA. Histidine has no charge at body pH. |
|
|
Term
| Where in the TCA does FADH2 come from my dear? |
|
Definition
| Succinate to fumarate my sweet. |
|
|
Term
| Pyruvate kinase: What inhibits it? |
|
Definition
| ATP (don't need more of me), Alanine (I came from pyruvate, so we don't need any more.) |
|
|
Term
| Which RNA polymerase makes mRNA? |
|
Definition
| eukaryotic RNA polymerase II and prokaryotic RNA polymerase |
|
|
Term
| Inhibitors of electron transport from Cytochrome a+a3 to Oxygen? |
|
Definition
| Cyanide, CO, and Sodium azide |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the Cori cycle? |
|
Definition
| Transfers excess reducing equivalents from RBCs and the muscle to liver so they can function anaerobically |
|
|
Term
| What does 4-epimerase do? |
|
Definition
| converts between UDP-galactose and UDP-glucose |
|
|
Term
| Where in the TCA does NADH come from? |
|
Definition
| Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA, Isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate, alpha-ketoglutarate to succinyl coA, Malate to Oxaloacetate |
|
|
Term
| How much ATP is produced by the citric acid cycle per molecule of glucose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False: RNA polymerase proofreads. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name three uncoupling agents |
|
Definition
| 1. UCPs (such as Thermogenin) 2. 2,4-dinitrophenol 3. aspirin |
|
|
Term
| True/False: Protein synthesis proceeds 3' to 5' |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What enzyme phosphorylates glucose with low affinity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does it mean for genetic code to be redundant? |
|
Definition
| More than one codon may code for the same amino acid. |
|
|
Term
| Heterochromatin or Euchromatin: Which is transcriptionally active? |
|
Definition
| Euchromatin ("eu" means true, so think "truly transcribed") |
|
|
Term
| What is a reducing sugar? |
|
Definition
| A monosaccharide where the anomeric carbon (Carbon 1) is free. |
|
|
Term
| What is the relation of polyols to sugars? |
|
Definition
| Polyols are monosaccharides where the carbonyl group is reduced to an alcohol. |
|
|
Term
| What are the properties of the genetic code? |
|
Definition
| Unambiguous, Degenerate/ redundant, Commaless/nonoverlapping, and Universal |
|
|
Term
| DNA polymerase I: Which direction does it read? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which tissues (7) need glucose as fuel? |
|
Definition
| Brain, RBCs, Renal medulla, lens, cornea, testes, exercising muscle |
|
|
Term
| What does the mRNA initiation codon code for? |
|
Definition
| Methionine in eukaryotes. formyl-methionine in prokaryotes. |
|
|
Term
| What happens during post-translational covalent alterations? |
|
Definition
| Either: 1. Phosphorylation 2. Glycosylation 3. Hydroxylation |
|
|
Term
| Role of E site in protein synthesis |
|
Definition
| E site holds Empty tRNA as it Exits |
|
|
Term
| What is the etiology of fructose intolerance? |
|
Definition
| 1. Lack of aldolase B 2. Build up of Fructose-1-Phosphate 3. Decrease in available phosphate 4. Inhibition of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis |
|
|
Term
| What activates isocitrate dehydrogenase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which post-translational modification involves phosphorylation? |
|
Definition
| post-translational covalent alteration |
|
|
Term
| Where in the cell does the following occur: Steroid synthesis |
|
Definition
| Smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| Where in the cell does the following occur: Fatty acid synthesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does NADPH come from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What vitamin is necessary for regeneration of S-adenosyl-methionine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This enzyme phosphorylates glucose and is feedback inhibited by Glucose-6-Phosphate. |
|
Definition
| Hexokinase (as opposed to glucokinase) |
|
|
Term
| Protein malnutrition leads to what disease? |
|
Definition
| Kwashiorkor (as opposed to Marasmus from energy malnutrition) |
|
|
Term
| What are the net products in glycolysis? |
|
Definition
| 2 Pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 H+, 2 H20 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Catabolic processes to carry reducing equivalents away as NADH |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference in presentation between von Gierke's disease and fructose intolerance? |
|
Definition
| Both have hypoglycemia, jaundice, cirrhosis and vomiting. von Gierke's disease also has lactic acidosis whereas fructose intolerance does not. |
|
|
Term
| Role of GTP in protein synthesis |
|
Definition
| GTP does tRNA Going places (aka translocation) and Gripping |
|
|
Term
| Role of P site in protein synthesis |
|
Definition
| P site accomodates growing Peptide. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Disulfiram inhibits acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, leading to an accumulation of acetaldehyde, leading to increased hangover symptoms. |
|
|
Term
| Where is Fructose 1-6 bisphosphatase found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many ATP molecules are produced by aerobic metabolism of glucose? |
|
Definition
| 38 via the Malate shuttle, and 36 via the G3P shuttle. |
|
|
Term
| Sequence of events in the termination step of protein synthesis. |
|
Definition
| 1. Completed protein is released from ribosome. 2. Ribosome dissociates. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cytosine, Uracil, Thymine |
|
|
Term
| Nucleotide excision repair: Mechanism |
|
Definition
| 1. Specific endonucleases release the oligonucleotide containing damaged bases 2. DNA polymerase and ligase fill and reseal the gap, respectively |
|
|
Term
| What is this molecule an activated carrier of?: Thiamine Pyrophosphate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency: Mechanism |
|
Definition
| Backup of pyruvate and alanine leads to lactic acidosis. |
|
|
Term
| Hunter's Syndrome vs Hurler's Syndrome: Physical deformity? |
|
Definition
| Hunter's: Mild to severe, Hurler's: Dwarfing, coarse facial features, (gargoylism) |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of ATPase inhibitors? |
|
Definition
| 1. Directly inhibit mitochondrial ATPase causing: 2. Increased protein gradient and increased oxygen consumption, but no ATP is production |
|
|
Term
| True/False: Protein synthesis proceeds 5' to 3' |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This enzyme phosphorylates glucose with high affinity. |
|
Definition
| Hexokinase (as opposed to glucokinase) |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 cofactors necessary for pyrvuate dehydrogenase? |
|
Definition
| Lipoic acid plus the first four B vitamins in their active forms: 1. B1: TPP 2. B2: FAD 3. B3: NAD 4. B5: CoA |
|
|
Term
| What activated carriers carry: Aldehydes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ubiquitin or Ubiquinone: Proteosomal degradation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In aerobic metabolism of glucose, which pathway produces 36 ATP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where in the cell does the following occur: Heme synthesis |
|
Definition
| Pathway has steps in the mitochondria and in the cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| DNA polymerase III: Which direction does it read? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of CN? |
|
Definition
| Electron transport inhibition |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 cofactors necessary for alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase? |
|
Definition
| Lipoic acid plus the first four B vitamins in their active forms: 1. B1: TPP 2. B2: FAD 3. B3: NAD 4. B5: CoA |
|
|
Term
| Inhibitors of electron transport from FMNH2 to Coenzyme Q? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where in the cell does the following occur: Glycolysis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ubiquitin or Ubiquinone: Coenzyme Q in oxidative phosphorylation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the steps in processing hnRNA to make mRNA? (Note: This is more than splicing.) |
|
Definition
| 1. Capping on 5' end with 7-methyl-G 2. Polyadenylation on 3' end (approximately 200 As) 3. Splicing out of introns |
|
|
Term
| Which position on the codon is the wobble position? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prokaryotic genome: Describe DNA replication |
|
Definition
| Continuous bidirectional DNA synthesis on leading strand and discontinuous (Okazaki fragments) on lagging strand |
|
|
Term
| DNA Topoisomerase II: Mechanism |
|
Definition
| cuts both strands, and passes an unbroken double strand through it then reanneals the cut strand |
|
|
Term
| Eukaryotic genome: single/multiple origins of replication |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Eukaryotic genome: Trigger for replication |
|
Definition
| Consensus sequence of AT-rich base pairs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Makes an RNA primer on which DNA polymerase III can initiate replication |
|
|
Term
| What does eukaryotic RNA polymerase III make? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does eukaryotic RNA polymerase I make? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define promoter of gene expression. |
|
Definition
| Site where RNA polymerase and multiple other transcription factors bind to DNA upstream from gene locus |
|
|
Term
| What characterizes a promoter of gene expression? |
|
Definition
| AT-rich upstream sequence with TATA and CAAT boxes |
|
|
Term
| Amino acid binding to tRNA: Where (on the tRNA) and how? |
|
Definition
| Where: 3' end How: Covalently |
|
|
Term
| Special points about RNA polymerase II |
|
Definition
| 1. Opens DNA at promoter site 2. Inhibited by alpha-amanitin |
|
|
Term
| Which RNA polymerase makes tRNA? |
|
Definition
| eukaryotic RNA polymerase III and prokaryotic RNA polymerase |
|
|
Term
| Which group is more likely to have G6PD deficiency? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What activates pyruvate dehydrogenase? |
|
Definition
| 1. Increased NAD/NADH ratio (We need more NADH.) 2. Increased ADP (We need more ATP.) 3. Ca2+ (More of me leads muscles to contract) |
|
|
Term
| What is this molecule an activated carrier of?: NADPH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What activated carriers carry: Electrons |
|
Definition
| 1. NADH 2. NADPH 3. FADH2 |
|
|
Term
| What are the consequences of the altered NADH/NAD ratio seen in alcoholics? |
|
Definition
| Short-term: Hypoglycemia, Long-term: Hepatic fatty change |
|
|
Term
| What is this molecule an activated carrier of?: FADH2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is this molecule an activated carrier of?: Tetrahydrofolate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the net reactants in glycolysis? |
|
Definition
| Glucose, 2 Phosphates, 2 ADP, 2 NAD |
|
|
Term
| What activated carriers carry: Phosphoryl |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is this molecule an activated carrier of?: Biotin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nonhomologous end joining: Mechanism |
|
Definition
| Brings together two ends of DNA fragments (no requirement for homology) |
|
|
Term
| Mismatch repair: Mechanism |
|
Definition
| 1. Unmethylated, newly synthesized string is recognized 2. Mismatched nucleotides are removed 3. Gap is refilled and resealed |
|
|
Term
| True/False: DNA is synthesized 3' to 5' |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is glutathione used for? |
|
Definition
| Detoxification of free radicals and peroxides. |
|
|
Term
| What are exceptions to universality of genetic code? |
|
Definition
| Mitochondria, Archaebacteria, Mycoplasma, and Some Yeasts |
|
|
Term
| What does it mean for genetic code to be universal? |
|
Definition
| Genetic code is conserved throughout evolution |
|
|
Term
| What is on the 3' end of a nucleotide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Single stranded: Nucleotide excision repair, Base excision repair, and Mismatch repair; Double Stranded: Nonhomologous end joining |
|
|
Term
| DNA polymerase I: Which direction does it proofread? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False: DNA is synthesized 5' to 3' |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DNA polymerase III: Which direction does it proofread? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Enzyme function: DNA polymerase III |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hunter's Syndrome vs Hurler's Syndrome: Severity? |
|
Definition
| Hunter's: Less Hurler's: More |
|
|
Term
| What enzyme is missing in hereditary fructose intolerance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What enzyme converts UDP-glucose to UDP-galactose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the etiology of essential fructosuria? |
|
Definition
| Defect in fructokinase leading to lack of metabolism of fructose. Benign and asymptomatic |
|
|
Term
| When is genetic code not commaless/nonoverlapping? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which amino acids are acidic? |
|
Definition
| Aspartate and glutamate are negatively charged at body pH |
|
|
Term
| What is the immediate substrate for glycogen synthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does lactose intolerance present? |
|
Definition
| 1. Bloating 2. Cramps 3. Osmotic diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| Hunter's Syndrome vs Hurler's Syndrome: Inheritance? |
|
Definition
| Hunter's: X-linked Recessive, Hurler's (and all other mucopolysaccharidoses): Autosomal recessive |
|
|
Term
| How many nucleotides does tRNA contain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pyruvate kinase: What stimulates it? |
|
Definition
| Fructose-1,6-BP (I was told we needed more ATP, so here I am, so you better move the line along.) |
|
|
Term
| What enzyme converts galactose to galactitol? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ethanol metabolism: Order of kinetics of alcohol dehydrogenase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the important products of the HMP pathway? |
|
Definition
| 2 NADPH, Ribose, and glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate and Fructose-6-phosphate |
|
|
Term
| What activated carriers carry: CO2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What reacts to yield S-adenosyl-methionine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does it mean for genetic code to be unambiguous? |
|
Definition
| Each codon specifies only one amino acid. |
|
|
Term
| What does it mean for genetic code to be commaless? |
|
Definition
| Read from a fixed starting point as a continuous sequence of bases |
|
|
Term
| Define enhancer of gene expression. |
|
Definition
| Stretch of DNA that alters gene expression by binding transcription factors. May be located anywhere. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1. Anabolic process (steroid and fatty acid synthesis) 2. Respiratory burst 3. P-450 |
|
|
Term
| Zinc deficiency: Presentation |
|
Definition
| Delayed wound healing, hypogonadism, and decreased adult hair (axillary, facial, pubic) |
|
|
Term
| What does transketolase require? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does aldose reductase do? |
|
Definition
| Converts galactose to galactitol |
|
|
Term
| What protection does G6PD deficiency provide? |
|
Definition
| Protection against malaria |
|
|
Term
| Zinc deficiency: Predisposes to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What inhibits isocitrate dehydrogenase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism behind chronic fatty change in alcoholics? |
|
Definition
| 1. Ethanol metabolism leads to an increased NADH/NAD ratio in the liver. 2. This ratio prefers fatty acid synthesis over glycolysis. |
|
|
Term
| What is this molecule an activated carrier of?: Lipoamide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much ATP is used in the pentose phosphate shunt? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What reaction does citrate synthase catalyze? |
|
Definition
| Oxaloacetate and acetyl coA combine to yield citrate. |
|
|
Term
| What is the etiology of lactose intolerance? |
|
Definition
| Loss of brush-border lactase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1. AUG (inAUGurates protein synthesis) 2. GUG (rarely) |
|
|
Term
| What does Uridyl transferase do? |
|
Definition
| 1. converts UDP-glucose to UDP-galactose 2. converts Galactose-1-Phosphate to Glucose-1-Phosphate |
|
|
Term
| What enzyme converts UDP-galactose to UDP-glucose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chromatin structure: What histones are included and which of these are not in the nucleosome core? |
|
Definition
| H1 (only one not in the core), H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 |
|
|
Term
| Heterochromatin or Euchromatin: Which is more condensed? |
|
Definition
| Heterochromatin. Euchromatin is less condensed. |
|
|
Term
| Which drug inhibits acetaldehyde dehydrogenase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Marasmus: Clinical presentation |
|
Definition
| Tissue and muscle wasting, loss of subcutaneous fat, and variable edema |
|
|
Term
| Heterochromatin or Euchromatin: Which is transcriptionally inactive? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hunter's Syndrome vs Hurler's Syndrome: Which GAGs' degradation is affected? |
|
Definition
| Both: Dermatan sulfate and Heparan sulfate |
|
|
Term
| What is the result of promoter mutation? |
|
Definition
| Dramatic decrease in amount of gene transcribed |
|
|
Term
| Anode: What does it contain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which post-translational modification involves glycosylation? |
|
Definition
| post-translational covalent alteration |
|
|
Term
| Phosphofructokinase-1: What stimulates it? |
|
Definition
| AMP (Hey, we need more ATP), Fructose-2,6-BP (The fact that I'm being made means there's tons of glucose.) |
|
|
Term
| Names of the steps in protein synthesis |
|
Definition
| 1. Initiation 2. Elongation 3. Termination |
|
|
Term
| This enzyme phosphorylates glucose with a low capacity. |
|
Definition
| Hexokinase (as opposed to glucokinase) |
|
|
Term
| This enzyme phosphorylates glucose with low affinity. |
|
Definition
| Glucokinase (as opposed to hexokinase) |
|
|
Term
| Prokaryotic genome: single/multiple origins of replication |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency: Presentation |
|
Definition
| Lactic acidosis and neurologic defects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| altered Hemoglobin precipitates within RBCs, found in G6PD deficiency |
|
|
Term
| Lipoamide or lipoate: Which carries aldehydes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens in post-translational trimming? |
|
Definition
| removal of N or C terminal pro-peptides from zymogens to generate mature proteins |
|
|
Term
| Which RNA polymerase makes rRNA? |
|
Definition
| eukaryotic RNA polymerase I and prokaryotic RNA polymerase |
|
|
Term
| Define operator of gene expression |
|
Definition
| Site where repressors bind |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of thermogenin? |
|
Definition
| Uncoupling protein OR UCP which is an uncoupling agent |
|
|
Term
| How much ATP is produced by the citric acid cycle per molecule of acetyl coA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anode: What does it attract? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pyruvate kinase: What does it do, and what stimulates and inhibits it? |
|
Definition
| Pyruvate kinase converts phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate, thereby producing two ATP. |
|
|
Term
| Inhibitors of electron transport from Cytochrome b to Cytochrome C? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What sequence does every tRNA share at the 3' end? |
|
Definition
| CCA along with a high percentage of chemically modified bases |
|
|
Term
| In nucleic acids, what kind of substitution is a transition? |
|
Definition
| TransItion = Identical type (Purine for purine or pyrimidine for pyrimidine) |
|
|
Term
| Where is thermogenin found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This enzyme phosphorylates glucose and is not feedback inhibited. |
|
Definition
| Glucokinase (as opposed to hexokinase) |
|
|
Term
| Cyanogen bromide cleaves peptides at which side of what residues? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This enzyme phosphorylates glucose with a high capacity. |
|
Definition
| Glucokinase (as opposed to hexokinase) |
|
|
Term
| What is on the 5' end of a nucleotide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chymotrypsin cleaves peptides at which side of what residues? |
|
Definition
| C-terminal side of tyrosine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan residues |
|
|
Term
| Cathode: What does it contain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of bonds hold the phosphoryls together in ATP, and how much energy are the bonds worth? |
|
Definition
| Phosphoanhydride bonds are worth 7 kilocalories per mole (but only between the alpha and beta and the beta and the gamma) |
|
|
Term
| In what condition is mismatch excision repair mutated? |
|
Definition
| Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colon Cancer |
|
|
Term
| What is this molecule an activated carrier of?: NADH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where in the cell does the following occur: Protein Synthesis |
|
Definition
| Rough endoplasmic reticulum in the cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| Heterochromatin or Euchromatin: Which is less condensed? |
|
Definition
| Euchromatin. Heterochromatin is more condensed. |
|
|
Term
| Where in the cell does the following occur: acetyl-CoA production |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the requirements of PEP carboxykinase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where in the cell does the following occur: Krebs cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which steps in the citric acid cycle produce ATP? |
|
Definition
| None, however 1 GTP is produced from the conversion of Succinyl CoA to Succinate. |
|
|
Term
| Ethanol metabolism: Limiting reagent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does NADPH deficiency in RBCs result in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Enzyme function: DNA polymerase I |
|
Definition
| Degrades RNA primer and fills in the gap with DNA |
|
|
Term
| In what condition is nucleotide excision repair mutated? |
|
Definition
| Xeroderma pigmentosa (dry skin with melanoma and other cancers) |
|
|
Term
| What does transketolase require? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where in the cell does the following occur: Gluconeogenesis |
|
Definition
| Pathway has steps in the mitochondria and in the cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| Role of A site in protein synthesis |
|
Definition
| A site holds incoming Aminoacyl tRNA. |
|
|
Term
| True/False: RNA polymerase does not proofread. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for fructose intolerance? |
|
Definition
| Decreased intake of both fructose and sucrose. |
|
|
Term
| Where in the electron transport chain do NADH and FADH2 release their electrons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DNA polymerase III: Mechanism |
|
Definition
| 1. Adds deoxynucleotides to the 3' end until it reaches primer of preceding fragment, 2. 3' to 5' exonuclease activity proofreads each nucleotide |
|
|
Term
| What does aldose reductase do? |
|
Definition
| Converts galactose to galactitol |
|
|
Term
| What is this molecule an activated carrier of?: Coenzyme A |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lactate in muscle is shuttled to liver where it is turned into glucose. |
|
|
Term
| What is alternative splicing? |
|
Definition
| Rearrangement of exons to make unique proteins |
|
|
Term
| What is wrong with a mischarged tRNA |
|
Definition
| Reads the regular bond but inserts wrong amino acid. |
|
|
Term
| Chromatin structure: In the beads on a string analogy, what is the string and how long is it? |
|
Definition
| Histone H1 ties the nucleosomes together in a 30-nm fiber string |
|
|
Term
| What are the rate limiting steps of glycolysis? |
|
Definition
| 1. Hexokinase (Glucose to G-6-P) 2. *Phosphofructokinase-1 (Fructose-6-P to Fructose-1,6-BP) 3. Pyruvate kinase (PEP to Pyruvate) |
|
|
Term
| Which groups are more likely to be lactose intolerant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False: RNA is synthesized 3' to 5' |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do GLUT4 receptors predominate over other GLUT receptors? |
|
Definition
| Adipose tissue and skeletal muscle |
|
|
Term
| What inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase? |
|
Definition
| 1. NADH (No more of me please) 2. ATP (likewise) 3. Acetyl CoA (ditto) |
|
|
Term
| Where does the pentose phosphate pathway happen? |
|
Definition
| Cytoplasm of Red Blood Cells, and in lactating mammary glands, liver, and adrenal cortex (all sites of fatty acid or steroid synthesis except RBCs) |
|
|
Term
| What vitamin is necessary for regeneration of S-adenosyl-methionine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the clinical presentation of essential fructosuria? |
|
Definition
| Fructose appears in the blood and urine |
|
|
Term
| What disease state is glycolytic enzyme deficiency generally associated with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phosphofructokinase-1: What inhibits it? |
|
Definition
| ATP (don't need more of me), Citrate (my cycle is going well) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Catabolic processes to carry reducing equivalents away as NADH |
|
|
Term
| Where does NADPH come from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name some oxidizing agents that someone with a G6PD deficiency is vulnerable to. |
|
Definition
| 1. Fava beans 2. Sulfonamides 3. Primaquine 4. Antituberculosis drugs |
|
|
Term
| What disease process is due to a missing respiratory burst? |
|
Definition
| Chronic granulomatous disease |
|
|
Term
| DNA polymerase III: Which direction does it write? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What activated carriers carry: Acyl |
|
Definition
| 1. Coenzyme A 2. Lipoamide |
|
|
Term
| What reaction does citrate synthase catalyze? |
|
Definition
| Oxaloacetate and acetyl coA combine to yield citrate. |
|
|
Term
| What toxin inhibits lipoic acid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where and when does eukaryotic RNA processing happen? |
|
Definition
| In the nucleus after transcription |
|
|
Term
| What are the requirements of PEP carboxykinase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What protection does G6PD deficiency provide? |
|
Definition
| Protection against malaria |
|
|
Term
| What are the main products of the pentose phosphate shunt and their uses? |
|
Definition
| 1. NADPH (for fatty acid and steroid synthesis) 2. Ribose-5-phosphate (for nucleotide synthesis) 3. G3P and F6P (glycolytic intermediates) |
|
|
Term
| Chondroitin Sulfate: Where found?/Distinguishing characteristic from other GAGs |
|
Definition
| Cartilage, tendons, ligaments, aorta. Most abundant GAG in body. |
|
|
Term
| Keratan Sulfate: Where found?/Distinguishing characteristic from other GAGs |
|
Definition
| Found in cartilage proteoglycan aggregates with chondroitin sulfate, and in cornea. Most heterogeneous GAG. |
|
|
Term
| ATP and methionine react to form what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Altered Hemoglobin precipitates within RBCs, found in G6PD deficiency |
|
|
Term
| What is the rate-limiting enzyme in the Pentose phosphate pathway? |
|
Definition
| Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase |
|
|
Term
| What is glutathione used for? |
|
Definition
| Detoxification of free radicals and peroxides. |
|
|
Term
| What disease results from NADPH oxidase deficiency? |
|
Definition
| Chronic Granulomatous Disease |
|
|
Term
| What is the sequence to make TG (VLDL) from 1,3 DPG? |
|
Definition
| 1,3 DPG to Glyceraldehyde-3-P to DHAP to Glycerol-3-P + FA makes TG |
|
|
Term
| Why are alcoholics prone to gout? |
|
Definition
| Ketoacids and Lactic Acid compete w/ uric acid for excretion in the kidneys; so Uric Acid Accumulates! |
|
|
Term
| Name two proteins involved in the structure of macula adherens. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name two proteins involved in the structure of zona adherens? |
|
Definition
| 1. E-cadherins 2. actin filaments |
|
|
Term
| What is the regulator of fat synthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most bile salts are composed of what? |
|
Definition
| Cholic acid with glycine or taurine |
|
|
Term
| Which process utilizes the citrate shuttle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which are the essential fatty acids? |
|
Definition
| Arachidonic, linolenic and linoleic |
|
|
Term
| Which lipoprotein is most dense? |
|
Definition
| HDL (peripheral scavenger) |
|
|
Term
| Which component of ground substance is a polymer? |
|
Definition
|
|
