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NBDE Biochem
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509
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Graduate
08/24/2015

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Cards

Term

Glucose ---> G6P requires what enzyme?

 

While G6P ---> glucose requires what?

Definition

glucokinase/hexokinase

 

G-6-phosphatase

Term

F6P ---> F 1,6 BP needs what enzyme?

 

F 1,6 BP ---> F6P needs what?

Definition

Phosphofructokinase-1

 

Fructose 1,6 Bisphosphatase

Term
G6P ---> F6P needs what enzyme?
Definition
Phosphoglucose isomerase
Term

F 1,6 BP ---> DHAP + Glyceraldehyde 3P needs what enzyme?

 

 

DHAP <---> Glyceraldehyde 3P needs what?

Definition

Aldolase

 

 

triose phosph. isomerase

Term
Glyceraldehyde 3 P ---> 1,3 BPG needs what enzyme?
Definition
glyceraldehyde 3 phosph. dehydrogenase
Term
1,3 BPG ---> 3 PG
Definition
phosphoglycerate kinase
Term
3 PG ---> 2 PG needs what enzyme?
Definition
phosphoglyceromutase
Term
2 PG ---> PEP needs what enzyme?
Definition
enolase
Term
PEP ---> Pyruvate needs what enzyme?
Definition
pyruvate kinase
Term
where does glycolysis take place in mitochondria?
Definition
at the formation of pyruvate
Term
Pyruvate ---> oxaloacetate needs what enyzme?
Definition
pyruvate carboxylase
Term
oxaloacetate ---> PEP needs what enzyme?
Definition
PEP carboxykinase
Term
where is ATP ---> ADP in glycolysis?
Definition

glucose ---> G6P

 

F6P ---> F1,6 BP

 

 

(pyruvate ---> oxaloacetate is ATP + CO2 -> ADP)

Term
where is ADP ---> ATP in glycolysis?
Definition

1,3 BPG ---> 3 PG

 

PEP ---> Pyruvate

Term
what conversion yields H2O in glycolysis?
Definition
2 PG ---> PEP
Term
where in glycolysis does NAD(+) + Pi ---> NADH?
Definition

Glyceraldehyde 3P ---> 1,3 BPG

 

Term
where is GTP ---> GDP + CO2?
Definition
oxaloacetate ---> PEP in gluconeogenesis
Term

in gluconeogenesis, where is NAD+ ---> NADH?

 

where is NADH ---> NAD+?

Definition

malate to oxaloacetate outside of the mitochondria

 

 

oxaloacetate to malate inside the mitochondria

Term

Oxidative Phosphorylation:

 

Complex 1

Complex 2

Complex 3

Complex 4

Definition

1 - NADH --> NAD+

NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase

 

2 - Succinate --> Fumurate

Succinate-ubiquinone oxidoreductase

 

3 - Ubiquinol --> cytochrome C oxidoreductase

 

4 - Cytochrome C oxidase

Term

glucose --> G6P ---(ATP and NADH produced)---> pyruvate --> lactate

in muscles and liver (where ATP and NADH is needed) is known as?

Definition
Cori Cycle
Term

in HMP shunt, what uses epimerase?

 

what uses isomerase?

Definition

Ribulose 5 phosphate ---> Xylulose 5 phosphate

 

Ribulose 5 phosphate ---> Ribose 5 phosphate

Term

GAP <---> Sedoheptulase

 

F6P <---> Erythose 4 phosphate

 

F6P <---> GAP

Definition

transketolase

 

transaldolase

 

transketolase

Term

Phase 1 of HMP Shunt

 

Phase 2

Definition

oxidative with isomerase and epimerase

 

nonoxidative with transketolase and transaldolase

Term
Acetyl CoA ---> citrate by what enzyme?
Definition
citrate synthesis
Term
what conversion uses Aconitase?
Definition
citrate to isocitrate
Term
isocitrate ---> alpha ketoglutarate?
Definition
isocitrate dehydrogenase
Term
alpha ketoglutarate ---> Succinyl CoA?
Definition
uses alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
Term

what conversion uses succinate dehydrogenase?

 

and what conversion uses succinyl CoA synthetase?

Definition

Succinate to fumurate

 

succinyl CoA to succinate

Term
fumurate ---> malate
Definition
fumerase
Term
malate ---> oxaloacetate?
Definition
malate dehydrogenase
Term

what results from a deficiency in glucose 6 phosphatase? 

 

what are some symptoms?

Definition

Von Gierke (type 1) glycogen storage disease (most common)

 

hypoglycemia

lactic acidosis

hyperuricemia

hypertriglyceridemia

hepatomegaly

stunted growth

 

 

Term
what results from a deficiency in lysosomal glucosidase?
Definition

Type 2 Pompe glycogen storage disease

 

symptoms: cardiomegaly, hepatomegaly

Term
what results in a deficiency in muscle glycogen phosphorylase (myophosphorylase)?
Definition

McArdle's Syndrome (Type 5) glycogen storage disease

 

muscle cramps

myopathy

Term
What type of inheritance pattern are glycogen storage diseases from?
Definition
autosomal recessive
Term
what is the most unique GAG and why?
Definition
hyaluronic acid b/c it does not form Proteoglycan and contains no sulfur
Term
there are 2 mucopolysaccharide storage diseases, what are they?
Definition

Hurlers - auto rec

 

Hunters - x linked rec - gargoylism

 

(both have mental retardation)

Term

Hurlers syndrome is a deficiency in what?

 

Hunters is a deficiency in what?

Definition

alpha-L-iduronidase -- will cause accumulations of heparin and dermatan sulfate

 

 

L-iduronidate sulfatase - also will have accumulations of HS and DS

Term
All AAs are in what configuration?
Definition
L configuration
Term
3 Aromatic AAs?
Definition

Phenylalanine

Tryptophan

Tyrosine

Term
3 Basic AAs?
Definition

Arginine

Histidine

Lysine

Term
Thiol AAs?
Definition

Cysteine

Methionine

Term
Acidic AAs?
Definition

Aspartate

Glutamate

Term
5 Nonpolar AAs?
Definition

Alanine

Isoleucine

Glycine

Proline

Valine

Term
6 Polar AAs?
Definition

Asparagine

Cysteine

Glutamine

Methionine

Serine

Threonine

Term
Heme is a derivative from what AA?
Definition
Glycine --> porphyrin --> heme
Term
deficiency in homogenistic acid oxidase causes what?
Definition
Alkaptonuria -- black urine
Term
Plasma proteins consist of Albumin, Fibrinogen, and Globulins. What are the 3 types of globulins and what do they do?
Definition

Alpha - angiotensinogen, HDL

 

Beta - sex hormone, transferrin, LDL

 

Gamma - antibodies

 

(Albumin-in egg whites)

Term

Types of hemoglobin:

HbA

HbC

HbH

HbM

HbS

Definition

A - normal

C - chronic anemia

H - Thalassemia

M - Metheglobinemia

S - Sickle Cell anemia

Term

What happens in HbC?

 

HbM?

 

HbS?

Definition

lysine replaces glutamate

 

tyrosine replaces histidine

 

valine replaces glutamate

Term

lecithins need what?

 

cephalins need?

 

sphingomyelins need?

Definition

lecithins need choline

 

cephalins need ethanolamine

 

sphingomyelins need ceramide

Term

HMG - CoA --??--> mevalonate ---> cholesterol

 

                     ---> acetoacetate ---> Beta hydrobutyrate

Definition
by HMG-CoA reductase
Term

arachidonic acid --> ? by 15 Lox

 

                     --> ? by 5 Lox

Definition

lipoxins

 

leukotrienes

Term
what diseases are disorders of the reticuloendothelial system?
Definition

lipid storage diseases

 

Gauchers

Neimann-Pick

Tay Sachs

Fabrys

Term

what lipid storage disease?

 

auto recessive

deficiency in B-glucocerebrosidase

hepatomegaly

splenomegaly

skin pigments changes

anemia

Definition
Gauchers disease
Term

deficiency in sphingomyelinase

CNS degeneration

Rapidly fatal

Autorecessive

lipid storage disease

 

What disease?

Definition
Niemann-Pick
Term

deficiency of Hexosaminidase

accumulated gangliosides

cherry red spot on retina

Mental and CNS degeneration

Rapidly fatal

autosomal recessive

 

Definition
Tay Sachs
Term
lipid storage disease that is x linked recessive?
Definition

Fabry's

 

(others are autosomal recessive)

Term

deficiency in alpha galactosiderase

accumulated ceramide trihexoside

skin lesions

CV peripheral neuropathy

lipid storage disease

X linked recessive

Definition
Fabry's
Term
histones contain what AAs?
Definition
lysine and arginine
Term

Michalis Menton equation



 

Definition
 
Vi = Vmax (S)
       Km + (S)
 
Term
Gibbs Free Energy
Definition
G = Gp - Gs
Term

cationic charge in molecular structure?

 

cationic bond cleavage by elimination?

 

union of 2 molecules?

Definition

isomerases

 

lyases

 

ligases

Term
how can galactose also join up with glucose in glycolysis?
Definition

galactose --1--> galactose 1 phosphate --2-->

 

glucose 1 phosphate <--3--> G6P

 

 

1. galactokinase

2. galactose 1 phosph. uridyltransferase

3. phosphoglucomutase

Term
fructose enters glycolysis by?
Definition
fructose ---> F1P ---> DHAP
Term

how many ATP produced via the malate-aspartate shuttle?

 

via the glycerol-phosphate shuttle?

Definition

38 ATP

 

36 ATP

Term
where in the TCA cycle can oxidative phosphorylation come out?
Definition
by NAD between succinyl CoA and succinate
Term
urea cycle
Definition

 

Citrulline --(L aspartate joins and ATP to AMP)-->

 

arginosuccinate --(Fumarate)--> arginine --(H20 to urea)

 

--> ornithine

Term
gluconeogenesis occurs where?
Definition
in liver and kidneys
Term

Fates of Acetyl CoA

 

synthesis via: HMG-CoA reductase ?

 

                  via HMG-CoA lyase ?

 

              via malonyl CoA ?

Definition

cholesterol synthesis

 

ketone body synthesis

 

Fatty acid synthesis

Term
what 3 AAs are not transaminated?
Definition

Lysine

Serine

Threonine

Term

what levels are elevated with tissue necrosis or MI?

 

 

what is elevated with hepatic tissue cirrhosis?

Definition

AST - Aspartate amino transferase

 

 

ALT - alanine amino transferase

Term
where is GTP generated in the Citric Acid Cycle?
Definition

conversion of succinyl CoA ---> succinate

 

(GTP can be used for protein synthesis)

Term
apices of roots of permanent teeth close how many years after eruption?
Definition
about 2-3 years after eruption
Term
apices of primary teeth close when?
Definition

1-2 years after eruption

 

all primary teeth root are completed by about age 3-4

Term
Root completion of a primary central and lateral incisor?
Definition

central - at 1.5 years

lateral - 1.5 - 2 years

Term
root completion of a primary canine is when?
Definition
2 - 2.5 years
Term
root completion of a primary 1st and 2nd molar?
Definition

1st molar - 3 - 3.5 years

2nd molar - 3 years

Term
eruption sequence of primary teeth?
Definition

central - 6 mo

lateral - 9 mo

1st molar - 12 mo

canine - 18 mo

2nd molar - 25 mo

 

mandibular generally erupt before maxillary

Term
exfoliation of primary teeth....
Definition

central - 6-7 yo

lateral - 7-8 yo

1st molar - 9-12 yo

canine - 9-12 yo

2nd molar - 10-12 yo

Term
eruption sequence of permanent mandibular teeth...
Definition

1st molar - 6 yo

central - 6 yo

lateral - 7 yo

canine - 10 yo

1st premolar - 10 yo

2nd premolar - 11 yo

2nd molar - 12 yo

3rd molar - 20 yo

 

Term
eruption sequence of permanent teeth.... what is the big difference in maxillary and mandibular teeth sequence?
Definition

after 1st molar, the mandibular teeth erupt in order anterior to posterior

in the maxilla, the canine erupts after both premolars

 

mandibular teeth erupt before maxillary teeth

Term
permanent maxillary eruption sequence....
Definition

1st molar - 6 yo

central - 7 yo

lateral - 8 yo

1st premolar - 10 yo

2nd premolar - 10 yo

canine - 11 yo

2nd molar - 12 yo

3rd molar - 20 yo

Term
what permanent teeth erupt around age 10?
Definition

mandibular canine and 1st premolar

maxillary 1st and 2nd premolar

 

 

(i guess heres an exception... the 2nd premolar of maxillary erupts before mandibular 2nd premolar)

Term
vertical rest/occlusion/freeway space relationship...
Definition
VDR = VDO + FS
Term
what tooth has 2 triangular ridges?
Definition
maxillary molars -- ML cusp
Term
what cusps of what teeth contain oblique ridges?
Definition
maxillary molars. ML to DB cusps
Term
angle formed by nonworking condyle and sagittal plane during lateral movement?
Definition
Bennett angle
Term
what are the contact areas for anterior teeth?
Definition

maxillary: IJ, JM, JM, MM, MM, MM, MM, M

mandibular: II, II, IM, MM, MM, MM, MM, M

Term
number of teeth erupted compared to age in months...
Definition

remember that whatever age in months they are, if you subtract 3, that is typically how many teeth they have erupted. 

 

ex: if they are 7 mo, they have 4 teeth erupted

11 mo, 8 teeth erupted

23 mo, 20 teeth erupted

 

Also known as the "Rule of Four"

7, 11, 15, 19, 23 mo // 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 teeth erupted

Term
where is the cingulum on incisors of permanent teeth?
Definition

              maxillary: central: slightly to distal

lateral: centered

canine: centered

 

      mandibular: central: centered

 lateral: slightly to distal

canine: slightly to distal

Term
what is the most vertical tooth?
Definition
maxillary 1st premolar
Term
how many teeth only occlude with one other tooth?
Definition
2 -- mandibular central incisors
Term
cervical cross sections of maxillary anterior teeth...
Definition

maxillary: central - triangular

lateral - round/oval

canine - oval

1st and 2nd premolar - kidney shaped

molars - obtuse/rhomboidal

Term
cross sections of mandibular teeth...
Definition

central - oval

lateral - oval

canine - oval

1st and 2nd premolars - oval/rectangular

molars - kidney shaped

Term
transamination uses what coenzyme?
Definition

PLP - pyridoxal phosphate, which is the active form of vitamin B6

made up of pyridoxal, pyridoxamine, pyridoxine

Term
what vitamin plays a part in protein and synthesis of fatty acids, isoleucine, and gluconeogenesis?
Definition
Vitamin B7 - biotin
Term
T/F: both joints of the TMJ are synovial.
Definition
true
Term
what muscle of mastication is involved in the capsule of TMJ in the region of attachment to the articular disk and to the neck of the mandible?
Definition
lateral pterygoid
Term
what are the 3 extracapsular ligaments associated with the TMJ?
Definition

lateral ligament (closest to the joint)

sphenomandibular ligament

stylomandibular ligament

Term
depression of the TMJ is generated by what muscles?
Definition

geniohyoid

digastric

mylohyoid

 

(elevation by the medial pterygoid, masseter, and temporalis)

Term

1. a condition where tiny salivary stones form in the glands

2. painful infection of the salivary gland

3. viruses that can cause enlargement of the salivary glands

4. painless enlargement of the salivary gland without a known cause (usually affects parotid)

Definition

1. Sialolithiasis

2. Sialadenitis - caused by staph, streptococcus, H. influenza

3. mumps, flu, Coxsackie, CMV, echovirus

4. Sialadenosis

Term

1. most common parotid tumor

painless lump at the back of the jaw

more common in women

 

2. 2nd most common benign tumor of the parotid gland

more common in men

Definition

1. Pleomorphic adenoma

 

(benign can grow in submandibular, but less often than in parotid)

 

2. Warthin's tumor

Term

of the brachial plexus, what nerves are....

1. extensors of arm and forearm

2. arm flexors

3. forearm flexors

Definition

1. radial nerve

2. musculocutaneous nerve

3. median nerve

Term

brachial plexus: what comes from C5-T1?

what branches does it give off?

Definition

posterior cord - Radial nerve

gives off upper and lower subscapular, thoracodorsal, axillary nerves

Term
brachial plexus: proximal to distal
Definition

roots, trunks, divisions, cords, branches

 

(randy travis drinks cold beer)

Term
brachial plexus: C5-C7
Definition

lateral cord - gives off musculocutaneous nerve

 

(also gives off portion to go to form median nerve)

Term
brachial plexus: C8-T1
Definition

medial cord: ulnar nerve

 

(gives off branches to medial cutaneous nerves of the arm and forearm, as well as part of the median nerve)

Term

1. what 2 nerves come from roots of the brachial plexus?

 

2. lateral + medial cord = ?

Definition

1. dorsal scapular nerve

long thoracic nerve

 

2. median nerve

Term

Aortic hiatus opens the diaphragm at what vertebral level?

and consists of what structures passing through?

Definition

T12

aorta, thoracic duct, azygous, and hemiazygous veins

Term

1. caval opening of the diaphragm is at what level?

 

2. what level is esophageal opening?

Definition

1. T8

2. T10

 

 

Term

fetal ligament remnants:

fossa ovale becomes?

ductus arteriosus becomes?

umbilical vein becomes?

unbilical arteries become?

Definition

foramen ovale becomes fossa ovalis

ductus venosus becomes ligamentum venosum

umbilical vein becomes ligamentum teres

ductus arteriosus becomes ligamentum arteriosus

umbilical arteries becomes superior vesicular arteries (males - arteries to the ductus deferens)

 

 

Term

keratinization:

gingival and hard palate?

vermillion border of lip and dorsum of tongue?

rest?

tissue type?

Definition

gingival and hard palate are parakeratinized- thin submucosa

vermillion border of lip and dorsum of tongue are keratinized - thick submucosa

the rest is nonkeratinized

all is stratified squamous

Term
name the 3 types of gingival fibers
Definition

1. dentogingival - extend toward the crest of gingiva, laterally, and outward, and downward along the alveolar bone

2. circular - they don't contact the tooth

3. transseptal - spans interproximal tissue between adjacent teeth (consists of semicircular and transgingival)

Term
Name the 6 PDL fibers
Definition

transseptal

alveolar crest

horizontal

oblique (most numerous)

apical

interradicular - only between multirooted teeth

Term
depression in the interdental gingival connecting the buccal and lingual papilla immediately apical to the contact areas of adjacent teeth
Definition
gingival col area
Term

what are the differential lines of enamel called?

lines of cementum?

Definition

striae of Retzius

resting lines

Term
mineralization of peritubular dentin? or intertubular dentin?
Definition

peritubular dentin is hypermineralized

intertubular dentin is hypomineralized

Term

hypomineralized ribbon like structures that run longitudinally and extend from the DEJ to about 1/5 or 1/3 into the enamel

likely found in the molars

Definition
enamel tufts
Term
hypomineralized structure in teeth that extend from DEJ to enamel surface (or vice versa)
Definition
enamel lamellae
Term

short linear defects from the DEJ into the enamel. more prevalent in cusp tips. 

basically these are odontoblasts that extend into the enamel

Definition
enamel spindles
Term

3 other names for alveolar bone proper.

what is it?

Definition

bundle bone

lamina dura

cribriform plate

 

it is corticol bone surrounding teeth and into which PDL fibers are embedded. cancellous bone fills area between cortical plates and makes up majority of the alveolar bone

Term
what kind of epithelium is in the respiratory tract?
Definition
pseudostratified ciliated columnar
Term
lingual artery is where in relation to the hyoglossus muscle?
Definition
medial
Term

innervation of the Tensor veli palatini?

tensor typani?

levator veli palatini?

Definition

TVP - V3

TT -V3

LVP - X

Term
what nerve pierces the thyroid cartilage/ thyrohyoid membrane?
Definition

internal laryngeal nerve

(branch of the superior laryngeal)

Term
pH of tissue is elevated beyond normal range; decrease in H+; increase bicarbonate
Definition
metabolic alkalosis
Term
body produced too much acid or kidney and not removing enough from the body; increase H+; inability to form bcarbonate
Definition
metabolic acidosis
Term
hypoventilation; decreasing respiration causing increase in CO2; decrease in pH
Definition
Respiratory acidosis
Term
hyperventilation; decrease in CO2; increase pH
Definition
Respiratory alkalosis
Term
Pharyngeal Arch 1
Definition

Trigeminal

Maxillary artery

MAMTT

Muscles of Mast, Ant Digastric, Mylohyoid, Tensor Tympani, Tensor Veli Palatini

Malleus, Incus, Sphenomandibular ligament, Meckel;s cartilage

Term
Pharyngeal Arch 2
Definition

Hyoid artery

Stapedial artery

Facial nerve

Muscles of facial expression, stapedius, stylohyoid, post. belly of digastric

Term
Pharyngeal Arch 3
Definition

internal carotid artery

Glossopharyngeal nerve

Stylopharyngeus muscle

greater cornu of hyoid

Term
Pharyngeal Arch 4
Definition

Right subclvian artery and aorta

Vagus nerve

pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles

Term

Pharyngeal pouches

1

2

3

4

Definition

1. middle ear auditory tube

2. supratonsillar fossa

3. thymus, inferior parathyroid gland

4. supraparathyroid gland

(2, 3, 4 - cervical sinus)

Term
what AAs are only ketogenic and yield acetyl-CoA?
Definition

leucine

lysine

Term
which AAs are glucogenic and ketogenic?
Definition

isoleucine

phenylalanine

tryptophan

tyrosine

Term

which AA's are glucogenic and yield pyruvate?

Definition

arginine                                threonine

aspratate                              valine

asparagine

alanine

cysteine

histidine

methionine

glycine

glutamate

glutamine

proline

serine

 

 

Term

 

collagen synthesis takes place where?

collagen is glycosylated where?

tropocollagen occurs where?

Definition

in the rER

Golgi

in extracellular matrix

Term
extracellular copper enzyme that catalyzes the formation of aldehydes lysine residues in collagen and elastic precursors
Definition
lysyl oxidase
Term

diet and plasma membrane --??--> Arachidonic acid

arachidonic acid --??--> lipoxins

arachidonic acid --??--> leukotrienes

arachidonic acid --??--> prostaglandins

prostaglandins --??--> prostacyclins

prostaglandins --??--> thromboxanes

Definition

PLA-2

15-LOX

5-LOX

COX

PGI-2

TXA-2

 

Corticosteroids block PLA-2; NSAIDS block COX

Term
Do mixed or serous salivary glands secrete lysozymes?
Definition
mixed secrete lysozymes
Term

Glucose 1 phosphate --??--> glycogen

glycogen --??--> glucose 1 phosphate

Definition

glycogen synthase + insulin (glycogen formation and cell glucose uptake)

glycogen phosphorylase + glucagon and epi (stimulate glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis; glycogen breakdown)

Term
Urea cycle
Definition

Arginine reacts with water and produces ornithine and urea

excess nitrogen is carried on with urea

carbomyl phosphate is RLS

Term
xanthine oxidase does what?
Definition

converts xanthine to uric acid

plays an important role in purines and gout

Term
most common masses of the breast?
Definition
fibrocystic diseases
Term
bradykinin does what?
Definition
is a vasodilator and lowers BP
Term
which portion of the renal tubule system is in the renal medulla?
Definition

collecting duct

Loop of Henle

Term
achalasia is associated with what?
Definition
the esophagus
Term
aging pulp is associated with?
Definition
more collagenous fibers
Term
fatty acid is transported in plasma bound to?
Definition
albumin (secreted by the liver)
Term

what causes caries?

what is then present within caries that typically further generates the cavity?

Definition

s. mutans

lactobacillis

Term

cavities

class 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Definition

class 1 - occlusal of posteriors

class 2 - occlusal and proximal of posteriors

class 3 - proximal of anteriors

class 4 - incisal and proximal of anteriors

class 5 - cervical

Term
when foramen does the nasopalatine nerve go through?
Definition
sphenopalatine foramen
Term
nerve that runs through the foramen lacerum?
Definition
nerve of the pterygoid canal
Term
swelling similar to hives, but beneath skin rather than on surface (subcutaneous)
Definition
angioedema
Term
concerned with graft vs host disease mostly in what type of transplant?
Definition
bone marrow
Term
type 4 hypersensitivity
Definition

delayed hypersensitivity

contact dermatitis

DM type 1

MS

RA

Crohns

peripheral neuropathy

 

 

Term
type 2 hypersensitivity
Definition

myasthenia gravis

anemia

purpura

pemphigus vulgaris

rheumatic fever

goodpastures syndrome

grave's disease

Term
type 3 hypersensitivity
Definition

SLE

serum sickness

polyarteritis nodosa

post-strep glomerulonephritis

reactive arthritis

Term
right common carotid and right subclavian arteries are branches from?
Definition

brachiocephalic

 

left side - both go straight into aorta and no brachiocephalic

Term

recurring progressive thromboangitis obliterans

blocking of blood vessels in hands and feet

Definition
Beurger's disease
Term
between dry heat and sterilization, which is less likely to dull instruments?
Definition

dry heat

 

but sterilization is most effective for heat sensitive materials (ethylene oxide - main sterilization technique)

Term
which ligament is the major ligament of the TMJ; is the thickened lateral portion of the capsule; contains an outer oblique portion and an inner horizontal portion
Definition
temporomandibular ligament
Term
what pathway does aspirin inhibit?
Definition
COX-2 pathway
Term
SA node receives blood from?
Definition
right coronary artery
Term
tricuspid valve disease can be caused by?
Definition

rheumatic fever

infective endocarditis (UV drug users)

Term
bisphosphonate therapy for pt with osteoporosis does what?
Definition
inhibits resorption of bone
Term
an infection can spread to which vessel by way of the deep facial vein?
Definition
internal jugular vein
Term
sigmoid sinus empties into?
Definition
jugular foramen
Term

ADH is synthesized in what part of the hypothalamus?

 

where in the hypothalamus is oxytocin synthesized?

Definition

supraoptic nuclei

 

paraventricular nuclei

Term

disturbed sense of taste?

lack of taste?

diminished acuteness of taste?

Definition

dysgeusia

ageusia

hypogeusia

 

Term

lateral shift of working side aka immediate side shift.

influenced by how far working condyle moves laterally

Definition
bennett's side shift
Term
increasing posterior cusp height can cause an increase in what?
Definition

overjet

increases anterior disclusion

Term
neural crest derivatives
Definition

MEN SCAR CAP:     melanoblast of skin

enamel of teeth

neurilemma (schwann cells)

spinal nerves - DRG

CN 5, 7, 9, 10

Autonomic ganglion (symp and para)

retina cell ganglion layer

chromaffin cells of suprarenal medulla

arachnoid

pia mater

Term
which are responsible for nucleosome formation?
Definition
histones
Term

at synapses within the ganglia, preganglionic releases what?

activates what on postganglionic neurons?

releases what on peripheral tissues?

Definition

ACh

activates nicontinic receptors

epinephrine

Term
in sweat glands, what is released?
Definition
Ach for the activation of muscularinic receptors
Term

2 point discrimination on skin

encapsulated and unmyelinated

 

Definition
Meissner's corpuscles
Term

pressure, vibration, subcutaneous

can detect surface (rough or smooth)

encapsulated

Definition
Pacinian corpuscles
Term

stretch; in dermis of hairy skin

unmyelinated and excapsulated

can act as a monitor for slippage along the surface of skin

Definition
Ruffini's corpuscle (Bulbous copuscle)
Term

pain, touch, pressure, tickle, temperature

no myelin

nonencapsulated

most common type

rapidly adapting

ex: in dental pulp, skin

Definition
free nerve endings
Term

touch, pressure

on hairless skin -- fingertips

provide touch receptors to the brain

slowly adapting

Definition
Merkel's disc
Term

unmyelinated nerve membrane where depolarization occurs describes?

jump from one to another and continue to spread action potential during nerve transmission

Definition
nodes of Ranvier
Term

carotid body is innervated by what nerve?

aortic body is innervated by what nerve?

Definition

carotid body (afferent) - IX

aortic body (efferent) - X

Term

secretin is secreted where?

Brunners glands are in where?

Peyers patches are in?

Definition

duodenum

duodenum

ileum

Term
Gastrin
Definition
increases gastric motility
Term
basophils of pituitary
Definition

FLAT

 

FSH

LH

ACTH

TSH

 

GPA - acidophils - GH, Prolactin

Term
what functions to inhibit release/secretion of GH, insulin, glucagon, gastrin
Definition
somatostatin
Term
causes of hyperparathyroid...
Definition

PTH adenoma

multiple endocrine neoplasia

von Reckinghausen disease

bone resorption

nephrolithiasis

bone pain

Term
causes of hypoparathyroidism
Definition

DiGeorge's syndrome

Hemochromatosis

thyroidectomy

increase Ca in bone

increase phosphate in plasma

Term
alternatives for heat sensitive materials
Definition
ethylene oxide and glutaraldehyde
Term
detergents mechanism of action...
Definition
interfere with the function of the cell membrane
Term

impetigo is a skin infection caused by what?

also causes TSS, scarlet fever, pharyngitis, rheumatic fever

Definition

s. pyrogenes

causes suppuration

Term
what is associated with hairy leukoplakia, B cell lymphoma, Burkitts lymphoma, inf. mononycleosis, Kaposi sarcoma
Definition
EBV
Term
type of vaccine for measles, mumps, rubella, polio, varicella zoster, small pox
Definition

live attenuated vaccine (active immunity)

- stimulates IgA, IgG, and T cell responses

Term
influenza, polio, rabies, Hep A
Definition
killed vaccine - stimulates mostly IgG responses
Term
vaccine for Hep B
Definition
Subunit vaccine - purified viral protein subunits
Term
vaccine for Hep B, rabies, varicella-zoster
Definition

immune globulin vaccine - passive immunity

fast onset, short life span

Term
ischemia, protein denaturation, tissue architexture preserved, triangular infarct, ischemic coagulation, putrefaction
Definition

coagulative

 

examples: MI and gangrene

Term
enzymatic digestion, suppuration, loss of tissue architexture, adipose liquefaction, fatty acids released
Definition

liquefactive

 

examples: focal bacterial infections, acute pancreatitis

Term
granulomatous inflammation, clumpy cheesy material
Definition

caseous

example: TB

Term
sjogren occurs in the presence of what other autoimmune disorders?
Definition
SLE and RA
Term
bilaminar, vascular zone of the TMJ
Definition
retrodiscal tissue
Term
articular disc is derived from?
Definition
primary cartilage ??
Term
gram negative, nonspore forming, obligate intracellular parasite
Definition
rocky mounted spotted fever and typhus from Rickettsia
Term
what medium do you grow fungus on?
Definition
potato dextrose agar
Term
what is often mistaken for chancre because of the similar appearance?
Definition
squamous cell carcinoma
Term

renal clearance=?

what are the 2 best things to use to estimate GFR?

Definition

renal clearance = urine conc x urine flow rate

                       plasma conc

 

use CR or inulin clearance to estimate GFR (bc they are not freely filtered by the glomerulus)

Term
3 nerve fiber types
Definition

A fiber - consists of alpha, beta, gamma, delta

B fiber

C fiber

Term
which nerve fiber is not myelinated?
Definition

C fiber

 

A and B fibers are!

Term
which fibers are most sensitive to local anesthetic?
Definition
C fibers
Term

which nerve fibers are the largest?

which are the smallest?

Definition

alpha fibers of the A group

C fibers

Term

which nerve fiber functions in dull pain, temperature, and postganglionic autonomic?

 

which nerve fiber is associated with preganglionic autonomics?

Definition

C fibers

 

B fibers

Term

which nerve fiber functions in proprioception and motor?

 

which are sensory and involved in touch and pressure?

 

which are associated with muscle spindles?

 

which are associated with sharp pain, temperature, and touch?

 

Definition

alpha of A fibers (1a, 1b, golgi tendon organs, innervate extrafusal fibers)

beta of A fibers

gamma of A fibers (nuclear bag and nuclear chain fibers, innervate intrafusal fibers)

delta of A fibers

Term
which adrenergic receptors are involved in vascular smooth muscle of the skin, mucosa, and GI and can cause vasoconstriction?
Definition
Alpha-1
Term
which adrenergic receptors are involved in the heart and cause an increase in heart rate and contractility?
Definition
Beta-1
Term
which adrenergic receptor is involved with skeletal muscle and bronchial smooth muscle, vasodilation, and bronchodilation?
Definition
Beta-2
Term
which adrenergic receptor is found in pre-synaptic nerve terminals, platelets, fat cells, GL tract wall, and causes inhibition (relaxation or dilation)?
Definition
Alpha-2
Term
the right kidney is probably closest to?
Definition
colon maybe?
Term

what muscles abduct the vocal cords?

 

which muscle is innervated by a nerve different from the rest?

Definition

posterior and lateral cricoarytenoid

 

cricothyroid is innervated by the external laryngeal nerve, which the others are innervated by recurrent laryngeal nerve.

Term

which muscle relaxes the vocal cords?

which muscles close the rima glottides?

which muscle stretch and tenses vocal cords?

which muscle acts in antagonism to cricothyroid, tenses the anterior vocal ligament and relaxes the posterior ligament?

Definition

thyroarytenoid

transverse and oblique arytenoid

cricothyroid

vocalis

Term
innervation of trapezius?
Definition

accessory nerve

cervical spinal - C3 and C4

Term
Ca pyrophosphhate crystals make up?
Definition
they are uric acids that cause Gout
Term

which infrahyoid muscle is innervated by C1 via XII?

which is innervated by the superior root of ansa cervicalis?

Definition

thyrohyoid

superior belly of omohyoid

(sternohyoid, sternothyroid, and inferior belly of omohyoid are innervated by ansa cervicalis)

 

Term

which suprahyoid muscles are innervated by V3?

which suprahyoid muscles are innervated by VII?

which suprahyoid muscle is innervated by deep portion of C1?

Definition

mylohyoid and anterior belly of digastric

stylohyoid and posterior belly of digastric

geniohyoid

Term
90% of what substance is found in developing tooth enamel?
Definition
ameloginins
Term
acid phosphatase marker for prostate cancer?
Definition
PSA
Term

enamel defects:

abnormal thickness or pitting, normal hardness, but defected enamel matrix?

normal thickness, soft and chalky and defect in mineralization?

normal thickness, abnormal hardness, defect in maturation?

Definition

hypoplastic

hypocalcified

hypomaturation

Term
valves of kerkring are located where?
Definition
jejunum
Term
Descending abdominal aorta gives off what branches?
Definition

Prostitutes Cause Sagging Swollen Red Testicles Living In Sin

 

phrenic, celiac, superior mesenteric, suprarenal, renal, testicular, lumbars, inferior mesenteric, sacral, then common iliac

Term

autosomal dominant

familiar colorectal polyps

numerous polyps along the intestine

osteoma soft tissue tumor

high risk of colon cancer

Definition
Gardners syndrome
Term
facial artery passes through what triangle of the neck?
Definition
anterior triangle of the neck
Term
gag reflex innervated by what?
Definition

IX for sensory

X for motor

Term
what innervates the biceps brachii?
Definition
musculocutaneous nerve
Term
what drugs inhibit folic acid synthesis by competing with PABA?
Definition
sulfonamides
Term
how much of a tooth root is developed before it starts to erupt?
Definition
50%
Term
vitamin needed for transamination?
Definition
B6
Term
what vessel do the sinusoids of liver empty into?
Definition
central vein
Term

thenar eminence atrophy is by a defect in what nerve?

hypothenar?

Definition

median nerve

ulnar nerve

Term
vitamin k is needed for?
Definition
prothrombin
Term
action potentials travel along sarcolemma through what?
Definition

t-tubules

they extend from outer surface of muscle fibers to SR of 2 adjacent

Term
septic embolism results in the formation of what?
Definition
pus
Term
differences in glucokinase and hexokinase
Definition

glucokinase works in the liver

hexokinase is allosterically inhibited

glucokinase has a high Km and Vmax

Term
which germ layer forms the stomach, colon, liver, pancreas, bladder, lining or urethra, epi of trachea, lungs, pharynx, thyroid, parathyroid, and intestines.
Definition
endoderm
Term
which germ layer forms the skeleton, skeletal muscle, dermis of the skin, connective tissue (all ms types, blood, cartilage, etc), urogenital system, heart, kidney and spleen
Definition
mesoderm
Term
which germ layer does CNS, lens of the eye, cranial and sensory, ganglia and nerves, pigment cells, head connective tissue, epidermis, hair, mammary glands. and neural crest (which is sometimes considered a 4th germ layer)
Definition
ectoderm
Term
virchow's triad?
Definition

endothelial injury

stasis

hypercoagulability

Term
where is cholesterol stored?
Definition
liver
Term

what is the immediate precursor for ammonia?

 

arginosuccinate lyase will yield what?

Definition

glutamate

 

fumarate and arginine

Term
what connects the jejunum and ileum?
Definition
mesentery
Term
emergency opening of the trachea?
Definition

cricoid membrane

but dont use pure O2 bc it can cause severe depression of ventilation??

Term
characteristics of emphysema...
Definition

destruction of elastic tissues in alveolar walls

decreased elastic recoil, traction, functioning parenchyma, and surface area

appear barrell chest on x-ray

pink puffers

residual volume decreases FEV1/FVC

 

Term
a decrease in GFR transitional epitheilium can be indicative of what?
Definition
a clear sign of renal disease
Term
coal workers pneumonia, inhalation of coal dust not containing silica (but similar to silicosis)
Definition
Anthracosis
Term
bone originates from what germ layer?
Definition
mesoderm
Term
ligament needed to prevent inferior and posterior displacement?
Definition

temporomandibular ligament

aka lateral ligament

Term
herpangina are painful mouth blisters/infection caused by what?
Definition

coxsackie virus

 

 

 

((random... but also associate blastofetalis with autoimmune??))

Term
what nerve do you get to numb canine?
Definition
anterior superior alveolar nerve
Term
cryptococcus neoformans
Definition

yeast (fungi) from Tromellomycetes

replicates by budding

cause lung infections

often in pigeon excretion

Term
lymph nodes around external carotid and internal jugular vein?
Definition
deep cervical lymph nodes
Term
do encapsulated or nonencapsulated deal with discriminate touch like in fingers?
Definition

encapsulated

(meissners corpuscles)

Term
type of reflex that helps maintain posture?
Definition
Stretch reflex
Term
nongonnococcal urethritis...
Definition

bacterial - chlamydia

viral - herpes simplex, adenovirus

parasitic - trichomonas vaginalis (rare)

noninfectious - catheter

Term
morning stiffness is a common symptom for patients with what?
Definition
rheumatoid arthritis
Term
pepsinogen is formed where?
Definition
body of the stomach
Term
thrombin acts on what?
Definition
fibrinogen
Term
opening of jaw causes articular disc to move...
Definition
anteriorly
Term
most common location for rectal carcinoma
Definition
sigmoid colon
Term
midbrain is from what part of the brain?
Definition
mesencephalon
Term
esophagus receives blood supply via..
Definition
thyrocervical trunk
Term
what cells form around an implant?
Definition
osteoblasts
Term
triceps are innervated by what nerve?
Definition
radial nerve
Term
first precursor to purines?
Definition
inositol?
Term
what is not present with acute imflammation?
Definition

lymphocytes, which have macrophages, dendritic cells, histocytes, kupfer cells, neutrophils

 

present: plasma cells and leukocytes

 

macrophages mark change from acute to chronic inflammation

Term
taller the cusp of spee....
Definition
... the higher the cusps must be
Term
what exits the pterygopalatine fossa and enters the nasal pharynx through the spenopalatine foramen?
Definition
sphenopalatine artery
Term
how is fat transported?
Definition

TG (storage)

LDL

HDL

Term

passive congestion is the slowing of blood and accumulations in an organ.

T/F: peripheral edema and pulmonary edema will not cause passive congestion

Definition
true
Term
which ducts have specialized base portion, and contain more mitochondria
Definition
striated ducts
Term
branches of the celiac trunk?
Definition

left gastric

splenic

common hepatic

Term
components of urine...
Definition

urea, creatinine, K, Na, Cl

 

not uric acid?

Term
loop of Henle..
Definition

helps regulate water absorption

 

ascending limb - impermeable to water

descending limb is impermeable to ions

Term
pyloric sphinctor
Definition
from stomach to duodenum
Term
what phosphorylates glycogen synthase and deactivates it and decreases glycogen synthesis?
Definition

protein kinase

 

when hungry: glycogen/epi activate adeylate cyclase which ATP-->cAMP. cAMP will activate protein kinase which will phosphorylate glycogen synthase.

 

(in this case, phos will deactivate glycogen synthase and dec glycogen synthesis)

Term

what enables the transfer of glucose?

ex: glycogen synthase, glycogen phosphorylase

and needed to form dextran (used in glycogen synthesis to initiate branch chains)

Definition
glucosyl transferase
Term
what muscle hooks around hamulus?
Definition
tensor veli palatini
Term
what causes macrodontia - incomplete fusion of max and mand plates?
Definition
gigantism
Term
hypoventilation
Definition

increase in CO2 and respiratory acidosis

decrease in pH 

Term

pharyngeal tonsils also called? where are they located?

 

palatine tonsils are located where?

Definition

adenoids and located roof of pharynx

 

palatine tonsils are located in the oropharynx and found between the palatopharyngeus and the palatoglossus

Term
a pt has 2 masses 4x4 under tongue, could be:
Definition

subligual caruncle

subligual tumor

Term
the greater the vertical dimension for the cusps...
Definition
the greater the articular eminence
Term
where does the lingual artery lie?
Definition

between the hyoglossus and genioglossus

(lingual nerve is medial to the hyoglossus)

Term
what foramen is not made up of 2 cranial bones?
Definition
infraorbital
Term

associate parasympathetics with salivatory nuclus ?

 

 

what is most likely to cause hemetamesis?

Definition
esophageal varices
Term

fatalis optomotris?

 

bond between tRNA and anticodon?

Definition

from gonorrhea?

 

hydrogen

Term
what disease mainly effects the hippocampus?
Definition
Alzheimers
Term

destruction of the immune cells of exocrine glands that produce saliva; become fibrotic and atrophy causing decreased salivation and rampant caries.

triad of xerostomia, keratoconjuctivitis sicca, and other autoimmune disorders like RA or SLE

Definition
Sjogren's syndrome
Term
which supinator is at the junction of the radial and ulnar nerve?
Definition
Biceps
Term
what nerves run through the cavernous sinus?
Definition
3, 4, 5-1, 5-2, 6
Term
which phase of the cell cycle is considered to be the most variable stage?
Definition
G1
Term
axial skeleton and base of skull arise by what type of ossification?
Definition

endochondral

the rest of the head and face is pretty much by intraosseous

Term
major sensory nerve of the TMJ is what?
Definition
auriculotemporal nerve
Term
upper or lower head of the lateral pterygoid that connects to the articular disc of the TMJ?
Definition
upper head of the lateral pterygoid
Term
a tumor of the maxillary sinus can cause an overflow of tears by exerting pressure on the?
Definition
nasolacrimal duct
Term
T/F: sex hormone is secreted by chromophobes and basophils.
Definition
True
Term
tuberculum impar from what branchial arch?
Definition

by the 1st branchial arch

will form anterior 2/3s of tongue served by mandibular nerve

 

Term
 a macula can be found in..
Definition
inner ear, retina, and kidney
Term
serous demilunes are in what type of structures?
Definition

glands that are serous and mucus secreting (mixed) 

example: submandibular gland

Term
what gland contains myoepithelial cells, granular serous cells, striated ducts and intercalated ducts?
Definition
parotid gland
Term
loose fibrous tissue includes?
Definition

reticular tissue such as bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes

adipose and areolar tissue

 

(dense fibrous tissue consist of: dermis of the skin and tissue in tendons)

Term
if someone loses the ability to swallow food, what nerve is affected?
Definition
glossopharyngeal nerve
Term
apical abscesses of which teeth have a greater potential for spreading to the cervical or neck area?
Definition
mandibular molars
Term
what passes through the stylomastoid foramen?
Definition

facial nerve

stylomastoid artery

Term
contact between teeth during attrition is kept by what?
Definition
kept by active eruption - compensatory deposition of cementum at the apical region of the root
Term

as subclavian vein crosses the 1st rib, it passes anterior or posterior to the anterior scalene muscles?

 

subclavian artery along with the brachial plexus?

Definition

anterior

 

posterior (b/w anterior and middle scalenes)

Term
what actively ingests bacteria by phagocytosis?
Definition
neutrophils or PMNs
Term
what is located in the spaces between the basal lamina and the secretory cell membrane?
Definition
basket (myoepithelial) cells
Term
cell bodies of primary sensory neurons of mechanoreceptors in PDL are found in which brainstem nuclei?
Definition
mesencephalic nucleus of 5
Term
which nuclei of the brainstem receives input from the glossopharyngeal nerve, gag and carotid reflexes?
Definition
mucleus solitarius
Term
what are the 3 sensory nuclei of the trigeminal?
Definition

mesencephalic nucleus - concerned with proprioception

principle nucleus

spinal nucleus - pain and temperature

Term
chorda tympani is in what ganglion?
Definition
geniculate
Term
stratum granulosum contain what type of flattened cells?
Definition
cells containing keratohyalin
Term
dental tubules are S shaped in the crown of the tooth by?
Definition
crowding of odontoblasts
Term
desmosomes are also  known as?
Definition
macula adherens
Term
what cells are supporting cells that nourish the developing spermatids?
Definition
Sertoli cells
Term
T/F: spleen is not formed from an outpocketing of the gut tube.
Definition
True. it is from the mesoderm
Term
T/F: intermaxillary process is not from the 1st branchial arch.
Definition
true
Term
what passes through the optic foramen?
Definition

optic nerve

opthalmic artery

Term

lamellae are basically cracks

enamel spindles are formed by odontoblastic processes that project into the enamel

Definition
Term

obstruction of the cerebral aqueduct affects what ventricles?

obstruction of foramen Megendie?

obstruction in foramen lushka?

obstruction of the interventricular foramen?

Definition

3rd ventricle

lateral ventricles

 

4th ventricle, as well as the other 3

 

in 4th ventricle, will cause enlargement of the entire ventricular system

 

will cause enlargement of the lateral ventricles

Term

small, painless, raised, pale on scrotum, penis, or on various sites in the oral cavity.

considered a developmental anomaly

form of ectopic sebaceous gland

Definition
Fordyce's spot
Term

dental papilla produces?

dental sac/follicle produces?

enamel organ?

Definition

pulp and dentin

PDL and cementum

enamel

Term

gingiva contains collagenous fibers only

alveolar contains collagenous and elastin fibers

connective tissue papilla extend into gingiva to a much greater degree than alveolar mucosa

rete pegs are more prominent in gingiva than alveolar mucosa

Definition
Term

"motor strip"

voluntary motor movements take place

Definition

precentral gyrus

 

post central gyrus - sensory

angular - language

temporal - hearing

paracentral - movement of the lower extremity

Term
osteoclasts of bone resorption are...
Definition

multinuclear

 

mononuclear - mast cells

polymorphonuclear - neutrophils

Term

hyaline cartilage grows how?

bone grows how?

Definition

interstitually

apositionally

Term
demarcation line between free gingiva and attached gingiva extends between the ?
Definition
bottom of the gingival sulcus and the free gingiva groove
Term
which cells have specialized folds of the basal portions  of the cell membrane which contain numberous mitochondria?
Definition
cells of the striated duct
Term
relative to size, which have a great proportion of muscle tissue -- arterioles or arteries?
Definition
arterioles
Term

extensions of ameloblast cytoplasm into the enamel matrix.

forms at the apical end of the ameloblast and contain secretory granules with the glycoprotein matrix of the enamel

involved in enamel matrix secretion

Definition
Tomes processes
Term

keratin is found in the most superficial layer stratum corneum

stratum spinosum lacks much tissue fluid

capillaries remain in the epithelial layer in the CT layer

Definition
Term
as a person ages, the articulating surface of the TMJ becomes more...
Definition
fibrous connective tissue containing chondrocytes
Term
afferent lymph channels are found where?
Definition

in lymph nodes

 

spleen filters blood not lymph

palatine and pharyngeal tonsils secrete IgA but dont have incoming lymph channels

thymus producse lymph but doesnt have any incoming channels

Term
how to tell a different in stomach and duodenum?
Definition
duodenum has submucosa, stomach does not
Term
antibodies that act against bacterial antigens are produced by?
Definition
plasma cells
Term
most of the fibers ascending to or descending from the cerebral cortex transverse the ?
Definition
internal capsule
Term
most of the lymph is returned to the blood at?
Definition
the junction of the left internal jugular and subclavian veins
Term

rotation of the head occurs via what joint?

saying yes involves what joint?

Definition

atlanto-axial joint

atlanto-occipital joint

Term
T/F: odontoblasts are characterized by possessing long cytoplasmic processes which lie within dentinal tubules
Definition
True
Term

central (upper motor neuron) lesion would result in what kind of paralysis?

 

peripheral (lower motor neuron) lesions of VII will cause?

Definition

contralateral paralysis of only the lower facial muscles

 

ipsilateral faccid paralysis of the facial musculature

Term

what is bile secreted by?

 

what are kupfer cells?

Definition

the hepatocytes in the liver

 

phagocytic cells of the liver

Term

striated cells of salivary glands ducts are what type of epithelium?

 

acinar cells are?

Definition

simple columnar cells

 

simple cuboidal

Term
salivary, sweat, sebaceous, and von Ebners glands have what in common?
Definition

they are exocrine

 

endocrine secretes directly into circulation

Term

primate space in mandible of primary dentition is usually found where?

 

in max?

Definition

between the canine and first molar (or canine and 1st premolar in adult)

 

in max - usually between lateral incisor and canine

Term
T/F: not only will the articular disc move anteriorly, but it might move inferiorly as well.
Definition
true
Term
because of the presence of a fissured groove, cavity preps most frequently need to be extended from the occlusal surface on what teeth?
Definition
lingual surface of maxillary molars
Term
the only tooth that begins its calcification and coincides with birth is...
Definition

calcification of 6 year molars

 

also the first permanent tooth to begins its calcification

second molar begins to calcify around 2-3 years

3rd molar around 7-8 years

canines calcify before 1st premolars and 1st premolars are before 2nd premolars

 

Term
T/F: as a very rough guidance, there is about 7-10 years difference between calcification and eruption of permanent teeth
Definition
true
Term

random facts: PDL does not participate in epithelial attachment

 

when viewed proximally, max canine appears almost vertical

 

intercuspal position on Posselts envelope of motion is the most superior point (3)

Definition

lowest point is the position of maximum opening (8)

 

most anterior point is the maximum protruded position

 

most posterior point is the retruded contact position (4)

Term
which of the molars is the mesial fossa most distinctly separated from the remainder of the occlusal table by a transverse ridge?
Definition

mandibular 1st molar

triangular ridges of the MB and ML join to form a transverse ridge whch separates teh mesial fossa from the rest of the occlusal table

 

even more distinctly pronounced on the primary mandibular first molar

Term
max teeth most likely to present concavities..
Definition

max 1st premolar - mesial

distal of 1st molar

Term
which tooth has the same number of pits on the occlusal surface of a maxillary first molar?
Definition
Y type mandibular 2nd premolar
Term
perikymata
Definition

normal enamel features

grooves are known as imbrication lines and elevations are known as perikymata

Term
primary teeth are differ from permanent in one way in that they have straighter surfaces from the occlusal to cervical ridge
Definition
Term
cervical ridges or bulges are noted on what primary teeth?
Definition
buccals and linguals of incisors and buccals of molars
Term
anterior tooth least likely to have a M or D root concavity?
Definition
maxillary central incisor
Term

facts: apices of a mandibular second molar are located inferiorly to the mylohyoid insertion

 

narrowest zones of attached gingiva are found on the max and mand 1st premolars. widest are at incisor regions.

 

glenoid fossa is an oval cavity or a depression in the temporal bone just anterior to the auditory canal

Definition

max lateral incisor and canine have the largest incisal/occlusal embrasure

 

on the mand 1st premolar, lingual cusp is 2/3 the height of the facial cusp

 

mand linguals are involved in working movements

 

parotid duct - stensons, submandibular - whartons duct

Term
facts: max 1st molars are closest to the max sinus
Definition
Term
white lesions with rings around them and red rashes on face are usually...
Definition
measles
Term

diabetes - 3 polys?

 

insipidus can be from hypothalamic damage - lack of ADH secretion or nephrogenic - kidney tubules not sensitive to ADH tho secretion is normal

Definition
polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia
Term
adrenal medulla tumor?
Definition
pheochromatoma
Term
in protrusion, the lateral pterygoids act together to pull the mandible forward without...
Definition

rotation

 

it is involved in opening and working movements, just not in protrusion

Term

facts about premolars:

contain a transverse ridge

the max 1st premolar has a long central groove and not many supplemental grooves --- the max 2nd premolar has a shorter central groove and more supplemental grooves

Definition
Term
what is the main retractor of the tongue?
Definition
styloglossus
Term
a distolingual groove present on what tooth can complicate root planing?
Definition
max lateral incisor
Term

location of PDL fibers

oblique - found in the middle 1/3 of root

transseptal - coronal portion of the root

horizontal - coronal 1/3 of the root

alveolar crest - coronal 1/3

Definition
Term
what jaw position is almost exclusively determined by the behavior of mandibular musculature ?
Definition

postural or rest position

 

any contact where the teeth are in contact is determined by the teeth themselves

Term

crown of the maxillary canine when viewed from the facial or lingual aspect is pentagonal (5 sided)

 

only tooth the exhibits a mesial marginal ridge more cervically than distal is the mand 1st premolar

 

mand 1st premolar is also the only tooth to have a mesiolingual groove

Definition
Term

what molar most closely resembles a premolar?

 

cusp sizes from largest to smallest of the mand 1st molar?

Definition

max 1st molar

 

MB>ML>DL>DB>D

Term
what root most likely has a concavity on either or both of facial and lingual surfaces?
Definition
lingual root of a max 1st molar
Term

which teeth haev sharp demarcations between pulp chambers and pulp canals?

 

tooth most likely to have a distal coronal concavity that can pose problems in matrix placement?

Definition

max 1st premolars

 

max 1st molars

Term
which premolar has a facial cusp with a triangular ridge so uniquely prominent as to frequently separate its mesial pit from its distal pit?
Definition
mand 1st premolar
Term

hyperparathyroidism is a common cause of what?

 

hypoPTH?

Definition

hypercalcemia

associated with osteomalacia, chronic kidney disease, lithium

phosphate is low a lot of times

 

tetany, calcified basal ganglia, hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia

Term

decreased ACTH or cortisol, hypoglycemia, hypotension, hyperpigmentation, hyperkalemia

 

increased cortisol, central obesity, moon face, buffalo hump, skin atrophy

Definition

addisons

 

cushings

Term

what secretes secretin?

 

chief cells in stomach secrete what?

 

parietal cells secrete what?

Definition

duodenum (also secretes CCK)

 

pepsinogen

 

gastric acid - which contains HCl, and gastrin

Term

decreased serum and urine levels of hydroxyproline?

 

increased serum levels of hydroxyproline?

Definition

Scurvy

 

Pagets disease

Term

enzyme that can transfer a phosphate group from ATP to protein in a cell

acts as an on and off switch

phosphorylation is an important mechanism for signal transduction

Definition

tyrosine kinase (subclass of protein kinase)

 

inhibitors of these enzymes can work as drugs against cancer by turning the enzyme off (suicide, noncompetitive, competitive)

Term

RLS for glycolysis is?

 

inhibitor of glycogen synthase?

Definition

PFK-1

 

epinephrine in skeletal muscle

Term

this transports cholesterol within the bloodstream

 

this transports cholesterol to liver for excretion

 

transport from the intestines to other locations in the body

Definition

LDL

 

HDL

 

(VLDL is converted to LDL in the bloodstream)

 

chylomicrons

Term
what uses cofactors TPP, lipolic acid, CoA, FAD, NAD?
Definition
pyruvate dehydrogenase
Term
t tubules are not found in which type of muscles?
Definition
smooth muscles
Term

what measures renal plasma flow, renal function, partially filtered from plasma at glomerulus and filtered reabsorbed by tubules?

 

what is completely filtered at the glomerulus so it is used to meansure GFR and is neither secreted nor absorbed by tubules?

Definition

PAH

 

inulin

Term
where are JG cells made?
Definition
bowmans capsule, loop of henle, and afferent proximal tubule
Term
branches of the maxillary artery
Definition

DAM I AM Piss Drunk But Stupid Drunk I Prefer, Must Phone Alcoholics Anonymous

1st part: Deep Auricular, Ant. tympanic, Middle meningeal, IA, Accessory meningeal

 

2nd part: Masseteric, Pterygoid branches, deep temporal, buccal

 

3rd part: Sphenopalatine, descending palatine, PSA, MSA, pharyngeal, artery of pterygoid canal, ASA

Term
superior orbital fissue is bound by what?
Definition
lesser and greater wings of the sphenoid bone
Term

right gonadal vein drains into the IVC

left gonadal drains into the left renal vein

 

Which structure leaves an impression on the right lung?

Definition
right vagus artery, azygous vein, aorta arch
Term

what causes pneumothorax?

 

 

Definition
collection of air or gas in pleural cavity of chest between lung and chest wall
Term

degeneration of cartilage

 

inflammation of synovial joints

Definition

OA

 

RA

Term

neurohypophysis is derived from what?

this is from neuroectoderm

 

adenohypophysis from ectoderm and forms Rathke's pouch

Definition

derived from the diencephalon 

is the posterior portion of the pituitary

extends from the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus

consists of the pars nervosa, infundibular stalk, and median eminence

(role in disease: diabetes insipidus)

 

ant pit - adenohypophysis - consists of pars distalis, tuberalis, and intermedia

Term

facts: sphenoid bone is not connected to the mandible

 

glucose is transported with Na

 

HMG CoA reductase - regulates cholesterol synthesis

 

reciprocal action of insulin is glucagon

 

heart is in mediastinum

Definition

adrenal medulla is not essential for life

 

protein kinase a activates phosphorylase a in glycogen synthesis

 

aerosols from handpieces can spread influenza

 

metastasis of cancer thru lymph nodes will enter brachiocephalix vein first

 

Term
follicles in ovaries, corpus luteum, and placenta all produce what?
Definition
estrogen
Term
cell bodies for pregang sympathetic are where?
Definition
in the thoracic spinal cord
Term
forensic tester uses what for DNA testing?
Definition
southern blot
Term
nerve that supplies the muscles of mastication run through which opening?
Definition

foramen ovale

also runs through the infratemporal fossa

Term
what are the 3 branched chain AAs?
Definition
leucine, isoleucine, and valine
Term

least places to metastasize?

 

sickle cell can be caused by a simple base substitution

 

what binds ergosterol?

Definition

thyroid, lung, breast, and tongue

 

nyastatin

Term

koplik spots seen in ?

 

tear in mitral valve can cause?

 

direct inguinal hernia is medial to what?

Definition

rubeola

 

left ventricular hypertrophy

 

inferior epigastric artery (indirect hernias are lateral to this)

Term

microspasms in fingers can be a result of?

 

heavy chain is where what is?

 

osteoclasts in pits of bone surfaces are called?

 

macrophages are potent produces of what cytokinins are stimulate osteoclasts?

 

 

Definition

Raynauds phenomenon

 

ABs (IgE, etc)

 

Howships lacunae

 

IL-1 and IL-6 and TNFalpha

Term

bullet wound that goes from back of the head to right above the eyebrow... which bones didnt get fractured?

 

alopurinol is used to treat what?

 

anemia is not a complication of high BP

Definition

combo of bones, not occipital and frontal

 

gout

Term

what drains under inferior concha?

what does inferior meatus drain?

middle meatus drains what?

 

Definition

inferior meatus

inferior meatus upens into the lacrimal duct

middle meatus drains frontal, ethmoidal, and max sinus

Term

blockage of the femoral vein ends up where?

 

superficial temporal vein and maxillary vein anastamose to?

Definition

lungs

 

retromandibular vein

Term

if a bullet goes through 7th and 8th intercostal space, what part of lung is damaged?

 

right sided heart failure does not cause left sided heart failure

Definition
Term
dieterle stain can be used to detect what type of bacteria?
Definition

treponema pallidum

 

bejel, pinta, and yaws

Term

yeasts reproduce how?

molds reproduce how?

Definition

by asexual budding

by mitosis

 

(molds have hypha and mycelium)

(yeasts are single cells)

 

dimorphism is when they exist at molds in ambient temperatures and as yeasts in warmer temperatures

Term
what lies deep to the carotid sheath and lies on the longus colli muscle?
Definition
sympathetic cervical chain
Term
what is believed to be involved in bone resorption and osteoclast differentiation?
Definition
MMP-13
Term
membrane pierced by internal larygeal nerve?
Definition

hyothyroid membrane

 

internal laryngeal nerve is above the vocal folds

recurrent laryngeal nerve below the vocal folds

Term
what passes between superior and middle constrictor muscles?
Definition
glossopharyngeal nerve
Term

high fat diet stimulates which endocrine cell?

 

listeria monocytogens can cause?

 

CN5 nucleus for pain and temperature?

Definition

CCK

 

risk of spontaneous abortion

 

spinal trigeminal nucleus

Term

anterior interventricular descending artery (branch of left coronary artery) runs with what vein?

 

marginal branch of the right coronary artery runs with what vein?

 

posterior interventricular descending artery runs with what vein?

Definition

great cardiac vein (artery can also anastomose with posterior interventricular branch of the right coronary artery)

 

small cardiac vein

 

middle cardiac vein

 

tributaries of the coronary sinus are small, medium and great cardiac vein and oblique vein

Term

calcification begins at?

 

branch of the ophthlamic artery pierces the optic nerve is the ?

 

cerebellar coretex makes what type of cells?

Definition

DEJ

 

central artery of the retina

 

Purkinje cells

 

horizontal cells - assoc with rods and cones; martinotti cells assoc with cerebral cortex

Term

common bile duct, hepatic artery, and the portal vein are all group into what structure?

 

hepatic veins drain into the?

 

large asceding bundles of fibers in medulla composed of 2nd order neuron fibers conveying proprioception and discriminatory touch sensations to conscious level?

Definition

lesser omentum

 

inferior vena cava

 

medial leminiscus (reticular formation is also in medulla and does afferent and efferent fibers)

Spinal trigeminal tract carries painful and thermal sensations

inferior cerebellar peduncle carries propriocep back and forth

Term

thoracic duct empties into ?

 

ascending colon is part of the midgut and is innervated by?

 

tropocollagen is not found in what type of fibers?

Definition

left internal jugular and subclavian veins

 

vagus

 

elastic fibers, but is in collagen and reticular

Term
cysteinuria is inability to absorb what?
Definition

COAL in the renal tubules

cysteine

ornithine

arginine

lysine

Term
dilation of the afferent arterioles and constriction of efferent arterioles result in increase or decrease in GFR?
Definition
increase (opposite would decrease)
Term

inulin is used to measure?

PAH is used to measure?

Definition

GFR

renal plasma flow

Term

in the lumbar plexus: damage to gray matter affects what?

damage to white matter affects?

Definition

motor coordination

sensation

Term
"cotton wool" bone describes what disease?
Definition
Pagets disease
Term
nerves in circumflex of the arm?
Definition
suprascapular, axillary, lateral pectoral nerves
Term
ligamentum teres comes from?
Definition
umbilical vein
Term
adenosine deaminase
Definition

enzyme needed to break down purines

2nd most common type of SCID

Term
thymoma is associated with what disease?
Definition
myasthenia gravis
Term
hyperkalemia associated with?
Definition
metabolic acidosis
Term

O linked glycosylation occurs where?

 

N linked glycosylation occurs?

Definition

in the golgi

 

in ER

Term
lesser petrosal nerve...
Definition

exits through the foramen ovale

synapses in otic ganglion

Term
what creates the osmotic gradient in medulla?
Definition
loop of henle
Term

prosencephalon: telencephalon, diencephalon?

 

mesencephalon (midbrain)

 

rhombencephalon (hindbrain): myelencephalon ?

metencephalon?

Definition

telenceph: cerebralcortex, basal gang, limbic system

dienceph: thalamus, hypothalamus

 

mesen: tectum (colliculi), cerebral peduncle

 

rhomb: medulla oblongata

pons, medulla

Term

benchmark for testing in autoclaving?

benchmark for testing in disinfectants?

Definition

bacterial spores

TB

Term
corynebacterium diptheriae is a?
Definition
gram positive rod infection of respiratory tract
Term
where does crohns disease usually occur?
Definition
illeum and colon
Term

ethylene oxide takes how long?

steam autoclaving?

dry heat?

cold sterilization?

Definition

8-10 hours

20-30 minutes

1-2 hours

24 hours

Term
what can cause fat emboli?
Definition
bone fractures
Term

hemophilia B (Christmas disease) deficiency in what?

 

vWF deficiency in what?

Definition

factor IX

 

VIII antigen

Term

gram negative dipplococci?

motile gram neg rods?

gram negative pleomorphic rods?

gram positive cocci?

gram positive dipplococci?

Definition

neisseria influenza

campylobacter jejuni

haemophilus influenza

staph aureus

streptococcus pneumonia

 

Term
FEV1 is decreased, and lung capacity and residual volume are increased in...
Definition
emphysema
Term

strep pyogenes causes?

 

impetigo caused by?

Definition

scarlett fever

 

Group A streptococci

Term
goodpastures affect basement membranes of what?
Definition
kidney and lung
Term

pannus is found in?

heberdens nodes found in?

Definition

RA

OA

Term

sufficient caloric intake, but insufficent protein content?

insufficient caloric intake and results in cachexia?

Definition

kwashiorkor

marasmus

Term
during the fasting state, what is released?
Definition

motilin - begins in the stomach and gradually migrates to the illeum. eating a meal interrupts it.

 

CCK in intestinal phase - evoked by fat in duodenum and induced contraction of gallbladder and relax of sphinctor of oddi

 

gastrin - gastric phase, increases motility

 

GIP - mediates neural release of gastrin

 

secretin - intestinal phase of digestion. evoked by duod pH less than 4.5 and decreases rate of stomach emptying. stimulates bicarbonate

Term
T/F: anaerobic activity such as fusobacteria, prevotella, and aerobic spirochetes are the most common isolates from lung abscesses.
Definition
true
Term
fasting in a pt who has an insulin secreting tumor would cause...
Definition

decrease in glycosylated hemoglobin levels

plasma C peptide would be increased

plasma glucagon would be increased

plasma glucose would be decreased

proinsulin would be increased

Term

systolic murmor?

diastolic murmor?

Definition

systolic murmor: aortic stenosis (between aorta and venricle) and mitral valve insuffiency (increased volume and pressure in atrium and ventricle)

 

diastolic murmor: mitral stenosis (increases left atrial volume and pressure) and aortic insufficiency (increases preload)

Term

multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN)

MEN 1

MEN 1 and 2

MEN 3

Definition

MEN 1 - gastrinomas, insulinomas, pituitary adenomas

MEN 1 and 2 - parathyroid adenomas

MEN 3 - pheochromatoma

Term
chief cells, g cells, and mucous cells are all under what type of stimulation?
Definition
vagal stimulation
Term
so if you have a laceration in the hand, what is decreased in the skeletal muscles in the legs?
Definition

adenosine

bc the adenosine is basically washed away with the blood flow and then this causes a constriction in the arteries and arterioles -- called autoregulation of blood flow

Term

what is sometimes called glucose dependent insulinotropic peptide bc it stimulates pancreatic secretion in the presence of hyperglycemia?

 

 

Definition
GIP
Term
what inhibits the release of gastrin, CCK, and other gastrointestinal hormones, and basically shuts the gut off?
Definition
somatostatin
Term
most commonly measured acute phase reactant in nonspecific inflammation?
Definition
elevated serum C-reactive protein
Term

increase in GFR leads to...

 

decrease in GFR would lead to...

Definition

decreased afferent arteriolar resistance

 

decreased efferent arteriolar resistance

Term
nerve plexus of rashkow is where?
Definition
the cell free zone (zone of weill) of pulp
Term
T/F: phenylephrine acts on the alpha 1 rec to increase CA+ through formation of inositol 1,4,5 triphosphate 
Definition
true
Term
lecithinases produced by?
Definition

clostridium perfringes

listeria monocytogenes

Term
malignant epithelial cells increase their number of...
Definition
laminin
Term
microcytic hypochromic anemia is due to?
Definition
chronic blood loss
Term
rickettsia produce severe illness in humans because it is destructive to what cells?
Definition
endothelial cells
Term
lymphogranuloma venerum...
Definition
least commonly transmitted STD
Term
the coating of microorganisms by antibody and/or complement to enhance phagocytosis - only affects extracellular organisms
Definition
opsonization
Term
staph aureus can penetrate bone and can therefore cause..
Definition
osteomyelitis
Term
prolonged use of what drug has a narrow therapeutic window and is associated with renal toxicity and ototoxicity?
Definition
streptomycin
Term
gram positive aerobic coccus that produces coagulase and is hemolytic
Definition
staph aureus
Term
aerosols during dental procedures often contain....
Definition
gram positive microorganisms
Term
c. diphtheria becomes virulent by the transfer of DNA via
Definition
lysogenic conversion
Term
which type of infections may follow oral procedures and are often accompanied by draining fistulas and material described as sulfur granules and have club like extensions
Definition
actinomyces
Term
messner and auerbach plexi are missing in what problem?
Definition
megacolon (Hirschprung disease) - infant cannot eliminate feces aka make a shu-shu
Term
arthus reaction is what type of hypersensitivty reaction?
Definition
type 3 hypersensitivity ex: serum sickness
Term
most antigenic of all classes are ?
Definition
proteins
Term
what do lymphocytes become?
Definition
plasma cells
Term

osteitis deformans is also known as?

and it increases chances of what?

Definition

pagets disease

osteosarcoma

Term
T/F: chronic bronchitis is precancerous
Definition

true. 

bronchiectasis

Term
Dane particle is associated with what?
Definition

Hep B

HbsAg - not complete viral particles, but contain antigen aka no longer infective

HbcAg - core antigen

HbeAg - increased viral replication and infectivity

Term
what is produced by cells when invaded by viruses?
Definition
interferons (which are glycoproteins)
Term
forms of ulcer, ocular, and genital lesions are known as/
Definition
Behcets disease
Term
bacillary dysentry is caused by?
Definition
shigella
Term
what occurs when an individual produces antibodies to group A strep following strep pharyngitis; produces aschoff bodies?
Definition
Rheumatic fever
Term
accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity?
Definition
empyema
Term
m. bovis is most closely related to ?
Definition
m. tuberculosis
Term
acute pancreatitis have ?
Definition

elevated amylase and lipase enzymes in blood

 

pagets has elevated alkaline phosphatase

Term
orchitis - swelling of the testes is most commonly founs in?
Definition
male mumps patients
Term
testosterone is produced by?
Definition
Leydig cells
Term
what develops when the plasma CO2 levels drop below normal levels and in response, body will retain CO2?
Definition

respiratory alkalosis

primary cause is hyperventilation and loss of CO2 and increasing the respiratory rate

Term
first step on the catabolism of an AA is what?
Definition

the removal of the amino group

requires vitamin B6

amino group can be removed by deamination or transamination (amino group attaches to keto acid)

liver is the primary site for deamination

Term

christmas factor is type what?

hageman factor is type what?

proaccelerin is factor?

Definition

IX

XII

V

Term

pressure of right atrium?

rght ventricle?

pulmonary artery?

left atrium?

left ventricle?

aorta?

Definition

2-5 mmHg

15-20

15-25

5-12

100-140

100-140

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