Term
| 1. 2 main functions of the respiratory system. |
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Definition
| 1) GASSEOUS EXCHANGE, 2) ACID-BASE BALANCE |
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Term
| 2. Gaseous exchange is dependent on these 3 mechanisms. |
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Definition
| 1) VENTILATION, 2) PERFUSION, 3) DIFFUSION |
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Term
| 3. _____ deals with the amount of gas delivered by the lungs. |
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Definition
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Term
| 4. _____ states that when the temperature is constant, the volume of a fixed amount of gas is inversely proportional to its pressure. |
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Definition
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Term
| 5. _____ states that when the pressure is constant, the volume of a fixed amount of gas is directly proportional to the absolute temperature. |
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Definition
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Term
| 6. _____ deals with the amount of blood delivered by the heart to the lungs. |
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Definition
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Term
| 7. _____ deals with the amount of gas that passes through the air-blood barrier. |
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Definition
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Term
| 8. The air-blood barrier is made up of these 3 components. |
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Definition
| 1) CAPILLARY ENDOTHELIUM, 2) BASEMENT MEMBRANE, 3) TYPE 1 PNEUMOCYTES |
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Term
| 9. Type 1 pneumocytes make up _____% of the cell types in the alveolus. |
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Definition
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Term
| 10. Type 2 pneumocytes produce _____, which reduces the surface tension in the alveoli. |
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Definition
| SURFACTANT (DIPALMITOYL PHOSPHATIDYCHOLINE) |
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Term
| 11. The rate of diffusion in gaseous exchange is governed by _____, which states that diffusion through a tissue membrane is inversely proportional to the tissue thickness. |
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Definition
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Term
| 12. In the ventilation/profusion ration (Va/Q), Va is _____L/min and the pulmonary blood flow is _____L/min. |
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Definition
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Term
| 13. Va/Q is highest in the _____ of the lung, and lowest in the base of the lung; while it is closest to the ideal ratio of 0.8 in the _____ of the lung. |
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Definition
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Term
| 14. _____ is highest in the apex of the lung. |
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Definition
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Term
| 15. _____ is highest in the base of the lung. |
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Definition
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Term
| 16. The oxygen carrying capacity of the blood is dependent on the amount of _____ and _____. |
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Definition
| OXYGEN IN PLASMA, AND AMOUNT CARRIED AS OXYHEMOGLOBIN |
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Term
| 17. 4 factors that cause the oxygen saturation curve to shift to the right, which decreases hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen (releases more oxygen). |
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Definition
| 1) ACIDOSIS, 2) INCREASE IN CO2, 3) INCREASE IN TEMP, 4) 2,3-DPG (DIPHOSPHOGLYCERATE) |
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Term
| 18. An increase in CO2 and decrease in pH causes the oxyhemoglobin to give up O2, which is referred to as the _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 19. The Bohr effect causes the oxidation saturation curve to shift to the _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 20. Does blood carry more CO2 or O2? |
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Definition
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Term
| 21. Blood carries about _____mL of CO2 compared to _____mL of O2 per 100mL of blood. |
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Definition
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Term
| 22. 3 ways CO2 is transported in the blood. |
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Definition
| 1) AS BICARBONATE (70%) , 2) CARBAMINOHEMOGLOBIN (23%) , 3) DISSOLVED IN PLASMA (7%) |
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Term
| 23. The maiN way the body transmits CO2 in the blood is through the use of a _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 24. _____is the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin causing CO2 to be displaced. |
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Definition
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Term
| 25. High O2 levels in the _____ displaces CO2, and low O2 levels in the _____ binds more CO2. |
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Definition
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Term
| 26. _____and _____ of breathing so that arterial PCO2 is roughly _____mmHg. |
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Definition
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Term
| 27. Under normal circumstances, the concentration of _____ in the blood is the major determinant of breathing. |
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Definition
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Term
| 28. 5 components of the brain stem that control respiration. |
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Definition
| 1) PNEUMOTAXIC CENTER, 2) APNEUSTIC CENTER, 3) DORSAL MEDULLA, 4) VENTRAL MEDULLA, 5) CEREBRAL CORTEX |
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Term
| 29. _____ in the upper pons turns off or inhibits the respiratory center, causing a decrease in the depth of inspiration. This results in an increase of the respiratory rate. |
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Definition
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Term
| 30. _____ in the lower pons prevents the turning off of the inspiratory center. |
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Definition
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Term
| 31. The dorsal center in the medulla is responsible for _____, while the ventral centers in the medulla are responsible for _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 32. Higher centers in the _____ are responsible for controlling the medullary centers. |
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Definition
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Term
| 33. CO2 can freely cross the blood brain barrier and enter the _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 34. In the CSF, CO2 combines with _____ to form _____, which then dissociates to form _____ and _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 35. The medulla senses the levels of _____ directly, and the _____ indirectly. |
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Definition
| H+ IN THE CSF; CO2 IN THE BLOOD |
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Term
| 36. Are the medullary receptors sensitive to O2? |
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Definition
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Term
| 37. Chemoreceptors in the carotid body, and adjacent to the aorta are peripheral chemoreceptors that are stimulated by these 3 things. |
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Definition
| 1) DECREASED PO2, 2) INCREASED PCO2, 3) DECREASED pH |
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Term
| 38. _____ is characterized by periods of rapid breathing with increasing then decreasing the tidal volume, followed by a period of apnea. |
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Definition
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Term
| 39. Cheyne-stokes breathing can be seen in a patient with _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 40. _____ is characterized by deep rapid regular breathing (air hunger). |
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Definition
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Term
| 41. Kussmaul breathing can be seen in patients with _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 42. _____ is characterized by bouts of irregularly irregular breathing and apnea. |
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Definition
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Term
| 43. Biot’s respiration can be seen in patients with _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 44. _____ is a reflex that limits over inflation of the lungs. It is mediated by stretch receptors found in the smooth muscle of the airways. |
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Definition
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Term
| 45. The hering-breuer reflex sends afferents along the _____ nerve, and efferents via the _____ nerve. |
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Definition
| VAGUS NERVE; PHRENIC NERVE |
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Term
| 46. _____ is a measure of the distensibility of the lungs and chest wall. |
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Definition
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Term
| 47. Lung compliance is the changing _____ caused by a given change in _____. |
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Definition
| LUNG VOLUME, RESPIRATORY PRESSURE |
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Term
| 48. Lung compliance is related to the _____, _____ and _____ in the lungs. |
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Definition
| ELASTIC FIBERS, WATER CONTENT, AND SURFACTANT |
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Term
| 49. Lung compliance is inversely related to the amount of _____, and proportional to the _____. |
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Definition
| ELASTIC TISSUE; FORCE NEEDED TO EXPAND THE CHEST |
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Term
| 50. The elasticity of the lungs tends to_____ the lung. |
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Definition
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Term
| 51. _____ helps to counter the lungs tendency to collapse. |
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Definition
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Term
| 52. _____ is a condition that increases lung compliance, allowing the lungs to over-expand. |
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Definition
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Term
| 53. _____ and _____ are 2 conditions that decrease lung compliance. |
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Definition
| PULMONARY FIBROSIS, PULMONARY EDEMA |
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Term
| 54. _____ is a condition that decreases the ability of the chest wall to expand. |
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Definition
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Term
| 55. _____ is a condition that will cause a decrease in the chest wall’s ability to expand. |
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Definition
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Term
| 56. _____ is a measurement of the total volume held in the lungs. |
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Definition
| TLC (TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY) |
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Term
| 57. The average total lung capacity is _____mL. |
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Definition
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Term
| 58. _____ is a measurement of lung volume expired after maximal inspiration. |
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Definition
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Term
| 59. The average vital capacity is _____mL. |
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Definition
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Term
| 60. _____ is a measurement of the volume of normal breath. |
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Definition
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Term
| 61. The average tidal volume is _____mL. |
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Definition
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Term
| 62. _____ is a measurement of the volume inspired after tidal volume. |
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Definition
| INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME |
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Term
| 63. The average inspiratory reserve volume is _____mL. |
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Definition
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Term
| 64. _____ is a measurement of the volume expired after normal breath. |
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Definition
| EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME |
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Term
| 65. The average expiratory reserve volume is _____mL. |
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Definition
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Term
| 66. _____ is a measurement of the lung volume after maximal expiration. |
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Definition
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Term
| 67. The average residual volume is _____mL. |
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Definition
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Term
| 68. _____ is a measurement of the air left in lungs after normal expiration. |
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Definition
| FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL VOLUME |
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Term
| 69. The average functional residual volume is _____mL. |
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Definition
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Term
| 70. _____ is a measurement of forced volume expired after 1 second of time. |
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Definition
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Term
| 71. The average forced expiratory volume is _____% of air. |
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Definition
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