Term
| 1. The _____ is an excretory organ with an endocrine function that is made up of 2 parts, the cortex and the medulla. |
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Definition
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Term
| 2. 4 main functions of the kidneys. |
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Definition
| 1) WASTE EXRETION, 2) ELECTROLYTE BALANCE, 3) BLOOD PRESSURE CONTROL, 4) ACID-BASE BALANCE |
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Term
| 3. The functional unit of the kidney is the _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 4. There are 2 types of nephrons in the kidney. The _____ makes up 80% of all nephrons, while _____ nephrons make up 20%. |
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Definition
| CORTICAL; JUXTA-MEDULLARY |
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Term
| 5. Each nephron contains these 3 parts. |
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Definition
| 1) GLOMERULUS ENVEOLOPED IN A DOUBLE LAYR BOWMANS CAPSULE, 2) 2 CONVULUTED TUBULES; ONE PROXIMAL AND ONE DISTAL, 3) A THIN DESCENDING AND THICK ASCENDING LOOP OF HENLE |
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Term
| 6. Two hormones secreted by the kidneys are _____ and _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 7. 5 hormones that act on the kidney. |
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Definition
| 1) ADH, 2) ALDOSTERONE, 3) ANP, 4) 1,25 DIHYDROXYCHOLECALCIFEROL, 5) PARATHORMONE |
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Term
| 8. The kidneys function is dependent on its _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 9. What is the cardiac output to the kidney? |
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Definition
| 1L/min (20% OF TOTAL CARDIAC OUTFLOW) |
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Term
| 10. What is the renal plasma flow? 600mL/min |
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Definition
| (60% OF RENAL BLOOD FLOW) |
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Term
| 11. The glomerulus and bowman’s capsule allow an _____ to pass into the proximal convoluted tubule. |
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Definition
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Term
| 12. _____ pushes water out of the capillary. |
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Definition
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Term
| 13. What is the typical hydrostatic pressure? |
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Definition
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Term
| 14. _____ pulls water back into the capillary. |
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Definition
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Term
| 15. What is the typical oncotic pressure? |
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Definition
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Term
| 16. _____ pushes water back into the capillary. |
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Definition
| BOWMAN’S CAPSULE PRESSURE |
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Term
| 17. What is the typical bowman’s capsule pressure? |
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Definition
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Term
| 18. The total net pressure in glomerular filtration is _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 19. The filtration rate through the glomerulus is _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 20. _____in the capillary membrane and _____ between the pedicles of the podocytes in bowman’s capsule as well as the _____ sandwiched in between allow free passage of small molecules and the repulsion of negatively charged proteins. |
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Definition
| PORES; SLITS; NEGATIELY CHARGED BASEMENT MEMBRANE |
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Term
| 21. Do the openings in bowman’s capsule allow red blood cells to be filtered? |
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Definition
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Term
| 22. These 5 things can passively be filtered through the glomerulus and be actively reabsorbed by the body as needed. |
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Definition
| 1) NA+, 2) K+, 3) H+, 4) CA++, 5) UREA |
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Term
| 23. _____ is only passively filtered by the glomerulus. |
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Definition
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Term
| 24. Glues can be actively reabsorbed by the _____ one the threshold is exceeded. |
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Definition
| PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE |
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Term
| 25. What is the renal threshold for glucose? |
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Definition
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Term
| 26. The main function of the _____ is related to reabsorption. |
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Definition
| PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE |
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Term
| 27. These 6 things are reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule. |
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Definition
| 1) BICARBONATE, 2) PHOSPHATE, 3) WATER, 4) UREA, 5) FILTERED AMINO ACIDS, 6) GLUCOSE |
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Term
| 28. The _____ part of the loop of henle is permeable to water and impermeable to urea. |
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Definition
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Term
| 29. What is the purpose of the thin part of the loop of henle? |
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Definition
| TO CONCENTRATE URINE BY TRAPPING SODIUM AND CHLORIDE AND REMOVING WATER |
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Term
| 30. The _____ part of the loop of henle and is the diluting segment of the loop. |
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Definition
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Term
| 31. The _____part of the nephron is involved in sodium, chloride, water, and calcium reabsorption. |
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Definition
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Term
| 32. _____ is a hormone that acts on the distal convoluted tubule to facilitate sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion. |
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Definition
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Term
| 33. At the DCT, _____ is a hormone that converts 25 hydrocycholecaliferol to 1,25 dihydroxycholeciferol which is the active form of _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 34. Vitamin D produced by the skin is converted to 25 hydroxycholecaliferol in the _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 35. 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol acts on the DCT to facilitate _____ resorption and _____ secretion. |
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Definition
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Term
| 36. _____ is a hormone that acts mainly on receptors in the cells of the collecting ducts increasing water permeability allowing more water to be reabsorbed. |
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Definition
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Term
| 37. The kidney produces _____ in response to hypoxia. It acts on the myeloid tissue in the bone marrow increasing the production of RBC’s. |
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Definition
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Term
| 38. Erythropoietin is produced by _____ cells in the cortex of the kidney. |
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Definition
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Term
| 39. _____ is produced by cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus in response to a drop in blood pressure. |
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Definition
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Term
| 40. A drop in renal blood flow results in a decrease _____ delivery to the macula densa. |
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Definition
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Term
| 41. The macula densa is located in the _____ near the afferent and efferent arterioles in the glomerulus. |
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Definition
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Term
| 42. The decrease in NaCl concentration triggers the secretion of _____ from cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus. |
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Definition
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Term
| 43. Renin is released from the _____ located in the walls of the afferent arteriole immediately proximal to the glomerulus. |
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Definition
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Term
| 44. Renin is a proteolytic enzyme which causes _____ secreted by the liver to be converted to _____. |
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Definition
| ANGIOTENSINOGEN; ANGIOTENSIN 1 |
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Term
| 45. Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by _____, which is found in the lung. |
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Definition
| ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME |
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Term
| 46. _____ is a powerful vasoconstrictor which will cause an elevation in blood pressure. |
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Definition
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Term
| 47. In addition, angiotensin II stimulates the release of _____, which causes NaCl reabsorption and thus water. |
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Definition
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Term
| 48. The increased water causes an increase in the blood volume, which in turn causes an increase in _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 49. Increased venous return increased the cardiac output which in turn raises the _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 50. What is another name of anti-diuretic hormone? |
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Definition
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Term
| 51. ADH is secreted by the _____ in the _____ due to the stimulation of osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus. |
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Definition
| SUPRA-OPTIC NUCLEUS; HYPOTHALAMUS |
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Term
| 52. ADH acts mainly on the principal cells in the _____of the kidney causing the reabsorption of water. |
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Definition
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Term
| 53. _____ is a peptide hormone produced by stretched atrial myocardial fibers. PEPTIDE HORMONE |
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Definition
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Term
| 54. What is the function of peptide hormone? |
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Definition
| DECREASED NA REABSORPTION RESULTING IN INCREASED URINE PRODUCTION |
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Term
| 55. _____ is a hormone that acts on the distal convoluted tubule causing increased calcium reabsorption. |
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Definition
| 1,25 DIHYDROXYCHOLECALCIFEROL |
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Term
| 56. _____ is a hormone that acts on the DCT increasing NaCl reabsorption. |
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Definition
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Term
| 57. The other role of the kidney together with the _____ is acid/base balance. |
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Definition
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Term
| 58. The pH of blood should be in the range of _____ to _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 59. The pH is inversely proportional to the actual _____ concentration of blood. |
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Definition
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Term
| 60. There are 2 types of acids produced in the body which are _____ and _____. |
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Definition
| VOLATILE AND NON-VOLATILE |
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Term
| 61. The _____ acid is produced when CO2 reacts with H20 to form carbonic acid. |
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Definition
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Term
| 62. _____ catalyzes the reversible reaction between CO2 and H2O making carbonic acid. |
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Definition
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Term
| 63. This non-volatile acid is a product of protein metabolism. |
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Definition
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Term
| 64. This non-volatile acid is a product of phospholipid breakdown. |
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Definition
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Term
| 65. This non-volatile acid is a product of glucose breakdown. |
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Definition
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Term
| 66. These 3 non-volatile acids are products of fatty acid breakdown. |
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Definition
| KETOACIDS: 1) ACETONE, 2) ACETOACETATE, 3) HYDROXYBUTYRATE |
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Term
| 67. _____ is the major buffer in blood. |
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Definition
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Term
| 68. The kidney is involved in filtering out excess _____ and _____ ions depending on the needs of the body. |
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Definition
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Term
| 69. The excess hydrogen ions are excreted as _____ in the kidneys. |
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Definition
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Term
| 70. If the body produces too much non-volatile acid it causes _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 71. When metabolic acidosis is present, the lungs will compensate by _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 72. If the lungs are under-functioning, volatile acid and CO2 will be retained causing _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 73. When respiratory acidosis occurs, the kidneys will compensate by _____ or _____, while the lungs will compensate by _____. |
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Definition
| EXCRETING EXCESS H+ OR INCREASING HCO3- REABSORPTION; HYPOVENTILATION |
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Term
| 74. If too much CO2 is blown off by the lungs by hyperventilation it causes _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| If respiratory alkalosis occurs, the kidneys will compensate by _____. |
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Definition
| DECREASING H+ EXCRETION AND HCO3- REABSORPITON |
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