Shared Flashcard Set

Details

NBCE Part 1
LaRose Carb Met
57
Health Care
Professional
08/23/2012
Click here to study/print these flashcards.

Create your own flash cards! Sign up here.

Additional Health Care Flashcards

 

 

Cards

Term
1.       4 different types of carbohydrates that we eat.
 Definition
1) STARCH, 2) SUCROSE, 3) LACTOSE, 4) CELLULOSE
Term
2.       _____is a polysaccharide carbohydrate consisting of a large number of glucose monosaccharide units joints together by glycosidic bonds. This complex mainly functions as an energy source.
 Definition
STARCH
Term
3.       All plant seeds and tubers contain starch predominantly as _____ and _____.
 Definition
AMYLOSE AND AMYLOPECTIN
Term
4.       _____ is a starch found in plant seeds that consists of long, un-branched chains of glucose linked at C1 and C4-alpha,1,4.
 Definition
AMYLOSE
Term
5.       _____ is a starch found in plant seeds that is a highly branched polymer of glucose. It has glucose unit linked in a linear way with alpha 1,4 bonds. Branching takes place with alpha 1,6 bonds occurring every 24-30 glucose units.
 Definition
AMYLOPECTIN
Term
6.       _____ is a disaccharide made up of glucose and fructose. It is found in table sugar and fruit.
 Definition
SUCROSE
Term
7.       _____ is the sugar found in milk, and is made up of galactose linked to glucose.
 Definition
LACTOSE
Term
8.       Humans can only process sugars with the _____ conformation.
 Definition
D
Term
9.       _____ is a polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to over ten thousand beta 1,4 linked D-glucose units. It is the primary structural component of the primary cell wall of green plants.
 Definition
CELLULOSE
Term
10.   Humans cannot digest cellulose, because they lack the enzyme _____ to break it down.
 Definition
CELLULASE
Term
11.   _____is an enzyme found in the mouth that breaks down starch into maltose. It begins the chemical process of digestion, and it is deactivated by stomach pH.
 Definition
SALIVARY AMYLASE
Term
12.   _____ facilitates starch breakdown in the small intestine cleaving 1,4 links to release di- and trisaccharides.
 Definition
PANCREATIC AMYLASE
Term
13.   _____ breaks down trisaccharides into di- and monosaccharides.
 Definition
TRISACCHARIDASE
Term
14.   _____ breaks down disaccharides into the monosaccharides.
 Definition
DISACCHARIDASE
Term
15.   3 different types of monosaccharides.
 Definition
DISACCHARIDASE
Term
16.   _____ breaks down sucrose into fructose and glucose.
 Definition
SUCRASE
Term
17.   _____ breaks down lactose into galactose and glucose for absorption.
 Definition
LACTASE
Term
18.   Lactase is secreted by the _____.
 Definition
INTESTINAL VILLI
Term
19.   Some people with lactose intolerance might not digest lactose because of a lack of _____.
 Definition
LACTASE
Term
20.   Undigested lactose remains in the gut and ferment causing _____ and _____.
 Definition
BLOATNG AND DIARRHEA
Term
21.   Glucose is absorbed and stored in the body as _____ in skeletal muscles and the liver.
 Definition
GLYCOGEN
Term
22.   When glucose is needed, glycogen storage in the liver and muscle is broken down which is a process called _____.
 Definition
GLYCOGENOLYSIS
Term
23.   The breakdown of glucose is a process called _____.
 Definition
GLYCOLYSIS
Term
24.   Glucose is transported from the blood to the cytoplasm of red blood cells, brain cells, the placenta and the testes by _____.
 Definition
GLUT 1
Term
25.   Glucose is transported from the blood to the cytoplasm of beta cells in the pancreas by _____.
 Definition
GLUT 2
Term
26.   Glucose is transported from the blood the cytoplasm of neurons by _____.
 Definition
GLUT 3
Term
27.   Glucose is transported from the blood to the cytoplasm of adipose cells, skeletal muscle, and cardiac muscles by _____.
 Definition
GLUT 4
Term
28.   Glycolysis is the process by which 6-carbon glucose is converted into two 3-carbon molecules called _____.
 Definition
PYRUVATE
Term
29.   What is the net yield for each glucose molecule in glycolysis?
 Definition
2 ATP AND 2 NADH
Term
30.   Glycolysis is the simplest form of metabolism in the cells, and it takes place in an _____ environment.
 Definition
ANAEROBIC
Term
31.   Where does glycolysis occur?
 Definition
ALL CELLS IN THE BODY
Term
32.   Red blood cells and neurons lack _____, so they are unable to finish the process of cellular respiration.
 Definition
MITOCHONDRIA
Term
33.   Glycolysis takes place in the _____ of the cell.
 Definition
CYTOPLASM
Term
34.   There are 2 phases of the glycolytic pathway which are the _____ and the _____.
 Definition
PREPARATORY PHASE AND THE PAY OFF PHASE
Term
35.   The _____ phase of glycolysis consists of the first 5 steps.
 Definition
PREPARATORY PHASE
Term
36.   The _____ phase of glycolysis consists of the last 5 steps.
 Definition
PAY OFF PHASE
Term
37.   These are the 4 regulating enzymes in glycolysis.
 Definition
1) HEXOKINASE, 2) GLUCOKINASE, 3) PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINAE, 4) PYRUVATE KINASE
Term
38.   This regulatory enzyme of glycolysis converts glucose into glucose-6-phosphate. It is found in most tissues and is allosterically regulated by G-6-P.
 Definition
HEXOKINASE
Term
39.   This regulatory enzyme of glycolysis is found in the liver, and converts glucose into glucose-6-phosphate.
 Definition
GLUCOKINASE
Term
40.   This regulatory enzyme of glycolysis controls the rate-limiting step. It is activated by AMP and ADP which converts fructose-6-phosphate into fructose-1,6-bisphosphate.
 Definition
PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE
Term
41.   _____ is the final regulatory enzyme in glycolysis that is activated by fructose 1,6-biphosphate and AMP and inhibited by ATP, fatty acids, alanine, and acetyl CoA.
 Definition
PYRUVATE KINASE
Term
42.   4 possible fates of pyruvate.
 Definition
1) OXIDATION, 2) REDUCTIN, 3) CARBOXYLATION, 4) TRANSAMINATION
Term
43.   Pyruvate can be oxidized to _____ which enters the TCA cycle.
 Definition
ACETYL COA
Term
44.   The oxidation of pyruvate is facilitated by _____.
 Definition
PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE
Term
45.   Pyruvate dehydrogenase is inhibited by high levels of _____, _____ or _____.
 Definition
ATP, ACETYL COA, AND NADH
Term
46.   Reduction converts pyruvate into _____ in a step which produces NAD+.
 Definition
REDUCTION
Term
47.   Reduction of pyruvate takes place through the use of _____.
 Definition
LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE
Term
48.   Carboxylation of pyruvate forms _____.
 Definition
OXALOACETATE
Term
49.   Carboxylation of pyruvate is through the use of _____.
 Definition
PYRUVATE CARBOXYLASE
Term
50.   Transamination of pyruvate produces _____.
 Definition
ALANINE
Term
51.   Transamination of pyruvate into alanine is through the use of _____.
 Definition
ALANINE TRANSAMINASE
Term
52.   Pyruvate enters the mitochondria and is converted to acetyl CoA to enter the _____, where a lot more energy can be produced.
 Definition
KREBS CYCLE
Term
53.   Al alternative method of dealing with glucose in the cell is to convert it to its alcohol counterpart called _____.
 Definition
SORBITOL
Term
54.   _____ converts glucose into sorbitol.
 Definition
ALDOSE REDUCTASE
Term
55.   Some tissues which contain _____ converts the sorbitol to fructose which can enter the glycolytic pathway by being converted to fructose-1-phosphate and then to glyceraldehyde.
 Definition
SORBITOL DEHYDROGENASE
Term
56.   3 tissues lacking sorbitol dehydrogenase that are at risk of sorbitol accumulation.
 Definition
1) LENS, 2) RETINA, 3) SCHWANN CELLS
Term
57.   Sorbitol is _____ active and draws water into the cell and this damages the lens, retina, and peripheral nerve resulting in premature cataracts, retinopathy, and peripheral neuropathies.
 Definition
OSMOTICALLY ACTIVE
Supporting users have an ad free experience!