Term
| 1. Glycogen storage occurs primarily in _____ and in the _____. |
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Definition
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| 2. Both glycogen synthesis and breakdown take place in the _____of the cell. |
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Definition
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| 3. Glycogen is a branched polymer of glucose which can be used during _____ or _____. |
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Definition
| HYPOGLYCEMIA OR MUSCLE CONTRACTION |
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Term
| 4. Synthesis of glycogen (glycogenesis) is mediated by _____ while breakdown (glycogenolysis) is facilitated by _____. |
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Definition
| GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE; GLYCOGEN PHOSPHORYLASE |
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Term
| 5. Branching of the glycogen polymer occurs via a branching enzyme which breaks a _____ bond and transfers a block of glycosyl residues to create a new _____ bond. |
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Definition
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| 6. _____ is the process of glycogen synthesis in which glucose molecules are added to chains of glycogen for storage in liver and skeletal muscle. |
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Definition
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| 7. The initial step in glycogen synthesis is initiated by the enzyme _____, which is used to lengthen the glycogen chain. |
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Definition
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Term
| 8. What is the rate limiting step of glycogenesis? |
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Definition
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Term
| 9. _____ is a protein which serves as the site at which the initial glucose unit is attached in glycogenesis. |
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Definition
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Term
| 10. The glucose units of glycogen are linked by _____ bonds. |
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Definition
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Term
| 11. The main backbone of glycogen is made up of _____ links. |
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Definition
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Term
| 12. The branches of glycogen are _____ links. |
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Definition
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Term
| 13. Glycogenesis is activated by _____ response to high glucose levels. |
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Definition
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Term
| 14. Glycogenesis is inhibited by _____ and _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 15. 3 advantages of having 3 reducing ends of glycogen. |
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Definition
| 1) INCREASES THE RATE OF SYNTHESIS, 2) INCREASES THE RATE OF DEGRADATION, 3) INCREASED SOLUBILITY |
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Term
| 1. _____ is the process of breaking down glycogen into glucose units. |
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Definition
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Term
| 2. The major degradation enzyme/rate limiting enzyme of glycogenolysis is _____ and _____. |
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Definition
| GLYCOGEN PHOSPHORYLASE A AND B |
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Term
| 3. Glycogenolysis occurs in the _____, _____ and _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 4. Glycogenolysis is activated by _____ and deactivated by _____. |
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Definition
| PHOSPHORYLATION AND DEPHOSPHORYLATION |
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Term
| 5. 3 steps of glycogenolysis. |
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Definition
| 1) GLYCOGEN PHOSPHORYLASE CLEAVES THE GLYCOSIDIC BOND AT THE 1 POSITION BY SUBSTITUTION OF A PHOSPHORYL GROUP AND BREAKS DOWN THE GLUCOSE POLYMER UNTIL 5 LINKED GLUCOSES ARE LEFT ON THE BRANCH, 2) DEBRANCHING ENZYMES MOVE THE REMAINING GLUCOSE UNITS TO ANOTHER NON-REDUCING END, 3) G1P IS CONVERTED TO G6P THROUGH THE ENZYME PHOSPHOGLUCOMUTASE |
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Term
| 6. Hormonal regulation of glycogenolysis involves _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 7. Glycogenolysis is stimulated by _____ and _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 8. Glycogenolysis is inhibited by _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 9. _____ is synthesized from ATP by adenylyl cyclase and acts as a secondary messenger activating phosphorylase kinase. |
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Definition
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Term
| 10. Phosphorylase kinase activates _____. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 1) INHIBITS GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE, 2) REGULATES THE PASSAGE OF CALCIUM THROUGH IONIC CHANNELS, 3) USED IN INTRACELLULAR SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION SUCH AS TRANSFERRING THE EFFECTS OF GLUCAGON AND EPINEPHRINE WHICH CANNOT PASS THROUGH CELL MEMBRANES |
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