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NBCE Part 1
LaRose General Principals of biochem
71
Health Care
Professional
08/23/2012
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Term
1.       These are the 3 energy systems in the body.
 Definition
1) AEROBIC, 2) ANAEROBIC, 3) PHOSPHAGEN
Term
2.       Aerobic metabolism uses the _____ and the _____ which are located in the mitochondria.
 Definition
KREBS CYCLE AND THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
Term
3.       Anaerobic metabolism uses _____ and is located in the cytosol.
 Definition
GLYCOLYSIS
Term
4.       Anaerobic metabolism is _____than aerobic metabolism, and produces _____ ATP.
 Definition
FASTER, LESS
Term
5.       How many ATP’s are produced by aerobic metabolism.
 Definition
36-38
Term
6.       The _____energy system uses high-energy phosphate compounds such as ATP in the ligase-mediated reactions.
 Definition
PHOSPHAGEN
Term
7.       A _____ is a protein which speeds up e rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy.
 Definition
ENZYME
Term
8.       3 characteristics regarding enzymes.
 Definition
1) THEY ARE NOT CONSUMED IN THE REACTON, 2) THEY DO NOT ALTER TH EQUILIBRIUM OF H REACTION, 3) THEY DO NOT CHANGE DELTA G
Term
9.       Enzymes are _____ to the reactions they catalyze.
 Definition
SPECIFIC
Term
10.   A _____ is an inactive enzyme precursor which requires a biochemical change for it become an active enzyme.
 Definition
PRO-ENZYME (ZYMOGEN)
Term
11.   A _____ is the protein component of an enzyme to which the co-enzyme is attached.
 Definition
APOENZYME
Term
12.   _____ is the process in which there is a loss of hydrogen, or a gain of oxygen.
 Definition
OXIDATION
Term
13.   _____is an enzyme that causes oxygen in a compound to be changed to water.
 Definition
OXIDASE
Term
14.   _____ is an enzyme which oxidizes a compound by removing hydrogen.
 Definition
DEHYDROGENASE
Term
15.   _____ is the process in which there is a gain of hydrogen, or a loss of oxygen.
 Definition
REDUCTION
Term
16.   A _____ is an enzyme which adds hydrogen to a compound.
 Definition
REDUCTASE
Term
17.   _____ is the chemical process by which a carboxyl (-COOH) group is added or displaces a hydrogen atom.
 Definition
CARBOXYLATION
Term
18.   _____ is the enzyme which catalyzes the addition of a carboxyl group during carboxylation.
 Definition
CARBOXYLASE
Term
19.   _____ is the process in which a carboxyl group is removed from an organic compound as CO2, and is commonly replaced by a hydrogen atom.
 Definition
DECARBOXYLATION
Term
20.   _____ is the enzyme that catalyzes the release of CO2 from compounds during decarboxylation.
 Definition
DECARBOXYLASE
Term
21.   _____ refers to the cleavage of a compound by the addition of water. It usually causes the hydroxyl group to be incorporated in one fragment, and the hydrogen atom in another fragment.
 Definition
HYDROLYSIS
Term
22.   _____is the enzyme that facilitates hydrolyisis as in sucrose in the breakdown of sucrose.
 Definition
HYDROLASE
Term
23.   _____ is the process of introducing a phosphate group into an organic molecule.
 Definition
PHOSPHORYLATION
Term
24.   _____ is the enzyme which adds inorganic phosphate to a substrate without using ATP.
 Definition
PHOSPHORYLASE
Term
25.   _____ is the enzyme that removes a phosphate group from its substrate by hydrolyzing phosphoric acid monoester into a phosphate ion and a molecule with a free hydroxyl group.
 Definition
PHOSPHATASE
Term
26.   _____ is an enzyme that transfers a phosphate group from high-energy donor molecules, such as ATP, to a specific substrate.
 Definition
KINASE
Term
27.   _____ is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a functional group from one molecule to another.
 Definition
TRANSFERASE
Term
28.   _____ is an enzyme that catalyzes the joining of 2 molecules.
 Definition
LIGASE
Term
29.   _____ refers to the maximum velocity of a reaction and its proportional to enzyme concentration.
 Definition
VMAX
Term
30.   _____ is the amount of substrate required to reach ½ the Vmax.
 Definition
KMAX
Term
31.   A _____is any substance which slows down the rate of reaction of an enzyme.
 Definition
INHIBITOR
Term
32.   These are the 3 types of enzymatic regulation.
 Definition
1) NON-COMPETITIVE INHIBITION, 2) COMPETITIVE INHIBITION, 3) ALLOSTERIC REGULATION
Term
33.   In _____ the inhibitor always binds to the enzyme at a site other than the enzyme’s active site and is irreversible. It reduces Vmax, and increasing the concentration of the substrate does not affect the activity of the inhibitor.
 Definition
NON-COMPETITIVE INHIBITION
Term
34.   In _____, the inhibitor binds to the same active site as the normal enzyme substrate, without undergoing a reaction and is reversible. Increasing the concentration of the substrate will overcome the activity of the inhibitor, thus Vmax will not change.
 Definition
COMPETITIVE INHIBITION
Term
35.   In _____, an enzymes activity is regulated by binding an effector molecule at the enzyme’s allosteric site (a site other than its active site).
 Definition
ALLOSTERIC REGULATION
Term
36.   Effectors that enhance the proteins activity are referred to as _____.
 Definition
ALLOSTERIC ACTIVATORS
Term
37.   Effectors that decrease the protein’s activity are called _____.
 Definition
ALLOSERTIC INHIBITORS
Term
38.   _____ is the phosphorylated form of nicotinaminde adenine dinucleotide (NAD). It is used in anabolic reactions such as lipid and nucleic acid synthesis and pentose phosphate pathways which require NADPH as a reducing agent.
 Definition
NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHATE (NADP)
Term
39.   _____ is the reduced form of NAD and is given off in the krebs cycle to make ATP.
 Definition
NADH
Term
40.   Both _____ and _____ facilitate the transport of electors from the krebs cycle to the electron transport chain.
 Definition
NAD AND FAD
Term
41.   These are the 4 basic energy fuels in the body.
 Definition
1) CARBOHYDRATES, 2) PROTEINS, 3) FAT, 4) ALCOHOL
Term
42.   Catabolism of energy fuels results in _____ and _____.
 Definition
HEAT GENERATION; ATP SYNTHESIS
Term
43.   _____ is the universal energy currency in the body.
 Definition
ATP
Term
44.   _____ is a degradative process which breaks down large molecules into smaller units releasing useful energy.
 Definition
CATABOLISM
Term
45.   _____ is a biosynthetic process which constructs large molecules from smaller ones. These reactions require energy.
 Definition
ANABOLISM
Term
46.   5 types of chemical bonds.
 Definition
PEPTIDE, 2) HYDROGEN, 3) ESTER, 4) GYCOSIDIC, 5) PHOSPHODIESTER
Term
47.   _____ is a covalent bond formed between 2 molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule, thereby releasing a molecule of water.
 Definition
PEPTIDE BOND
Term
48.   Peptide bonds are a _____ reaction, and usually occurs between amino acids.
 Definition
CONDENSATION (DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS)
Term
49.   _____ bonds result from a dipole to dipole force with a hydrogen atom bonded to a nitrogen, oxygen or fluorine (highly electronegative atoms).
 Definition
HYDROGEN BONDS
Term
50.   What type of bonds are found between the bases of RNA and DNA?
 Definition
HYDROGEN BONDS
Term
51.   _____ bonds are chemical covalent bonds between glycerol and fatty acids. They consist of an inorganic or organic acid in which one hydroxyl (-OH) group is replaced by a –O-alkyl group.
 Definition
ESTER BONDS
Term
52.   _____ bonds are the chemical bonds between 2 sugars.
 Definition
GLYCOSIDIC BONDS
Term
53.   _____ bonds are the chemical bonds between 2 nucleotides. It is a group of strong covalent bonds between the pohosphorus atom in a phosphate group and two other molecules over two ester bonds.
 Definition
PHOSPHODIESTER BONDS
Term
54.   _____ is a general statement regarding either the substrate or the end product.
 Definition
PURPOSE
Term
55.   _____ are particular sites in the body where metabolic pathways are most important.
 Definition
TISSUE LOCATION
Term
56.   _____ is where in the cell the pathway occurs.
 Definition
CELL SITE
Term
57.   3 metabolic pathways that occur in the mitochondria.
 Definition
1) FATTY ACID OXIDATION, 2) TCA CYCLE, 3) OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
Term
58.   4 metabolic pathways that occur in the cytoplasm.
 Definition
1) FATTY ACID SYNTHYSIS, 2) HMP SHUNT, 3) GLYCOLYSIS, 4) PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Term
59.   These 3 metabolic pathways occur both in the mitochondria and in the cytoplasm.
 Definition
1) HEME SYNTHESIS, 2) UREA CYCLE, 3) GLUCONEOGENESIS (HUG’S TAKE TWO!!!)
Term
60.   _____ is the overall reaction sequence and the number of stages or reactions.
 Definition
SEQUENCE OF EVENTS
Term
61.   _____ are steps that form control (rate limiting) points or for main branch points.
 Definition
KEY STEPS
Term
62.   The rate limiting step of glycolysis is the formation of _____.
 Definition
PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE
Term
63.   The rate limiting step of gluconeogenesis is the formation of _____.
 Definition
FRUCTOSE-1,6 BISPHOSPHATASE
Term
64.   The rate limiting step of the TCA cycle is the formation of _____.
 Definition
ISOCITRATE DEHYDROGENASE
Term
65.   The rate limiting step of glycogen synthesis is the formation of _____.
 Definition
GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE
Term
66.   The rate limiting step of glycogenolysis is the formation of _____.
 Definition
GLYCOGEN PHOSPHORYLASE
Term
67.   The rate limiting step of HMP shunt is the formation of _____.
 Definition
GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE
Term
68.   The rate limiting step of the urea cycle is the formation of _____.
 Definition
CARBAMOYL PHOSPHATE SYNTHETASE
Term
69.   The rate limiting step of fatty acid synthesis is the formation of _____.
 Definition
ACETYL-COA CARBOXYLASE
Term
70.   The rate limiting step of fatty acid oxidation is the formation of _____.
 Definition
CARNITINE ACYLTRANSFERASE
Term
71.   The rate limiting step of cholesterol synthesis is the formation of _____.
 Definition
HMG-COA REDUCTASE
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