Shared Flashcard Set

Details

NBCE Part 1
LaRose Fat met
75
Health Care
Professional
08/23/2012
Click here to study/print these flashcards.

Create your own flash cards! Sign up here.

Additional Health Care Flashcards

 

 

Cards

Term
1.       Lipids in the form of _____ are a major component of our diet and are an important calorie source as it stores a large amount of energy.
 Definition
TRIACYLGLYCEROLS
Term
2.       While metabolism of carbohydrates and proteins produce between _____kcal/g, metabolism of triglycerols produces _____kcal/g.
 Definition
4-5 KCAL/g; 9 KCAL/G
Term
3.       Other than triacylglycerols, the remainder of dietary lipids consists of _____, _____ and _____.
 Definition
CHOLESTEROL, PHOSPHOLIPIDS AND FREE FATTY ACIDS
Term
4.       Triglyceride digestion begins in the _____ by the action of _____ which hydrolyzes the ester bonds between the fatty acids and glycerol.
 Definition
CHOLESTEROL, PHOSPHOLIPIDS AND FREE FATTY ACIDS
Term
5.       Lipase is produced in the _____, and works best in _____.
 Definition
PANCREAS; WATER
Term
6.       The products produced by lipase are _____ and _____.
 Definition
MONOACYLGLYCEROL; 2 FATTY ACIDS
Term
7.       _____ is the end product of fat digestion which consists of a carbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end.
 Definition
FATTY ACID
Term
8.       Fatty acids and monoacylglycerol are absorbed by the _____ cells.
 Definition
ENTEROCYTES
Term
9.       Some fatty acids are transported to the _____ via the portal vein, while others are _____ and combined with a protein.
 Definition
LIVER; RE-ESTERFIED
Term
10.   Chylomicrons are absorbed by the _____ in the villi of the small intestine and are transported via the _____.
 Definition
CENTRAL LACTEALS, THORACIC DUCT
Term
11.   5 main types of lipoproteins.
 Definition
1) HDL, 2) IDL, 3) LDL, 4) VLDL, 5) CHYLOMICRONS
Term
12.   These are lipoproteins that are good cholesterol. They are in the cis-form, and form double bonds.
 Definition
HDL
Term
13.   These are lipoproteins that are bad cholesterol, and are similar to LDL.
 Definition
IDL
Term
14.   These are lipoproteins that consist of lethal cholesterol in the trans form.
 Definition
LDL
Term
15.   These are lipoproteins that transport triglycerides from the liver to tissues.
 Definition
VLDL
Term
16.   _____ are large lipoprotein particles that transport dietary lipids from the intestine to other locations in the body.
 Definition
CHYLOMICRONS
Term
17.   Fats are stored as triacylglycerols in _____ and in the _____.
 Definition
ADIPOSE TISSUE; LIVER
Term
18.   In order for energy to be released, triacylglycerols must be broken down by _____, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of the molecule into glycerol and fatty acids.
 Definition
LIPASE
Term
19.   4 main types of fatty acids.
 Definition
1) SATURATED, 2) UNSATURATED, 3) ESSENTIAL, 4) NON-ESSENTIAL
Term
20.   A _____ fatty acid is one with no double bonds between the carbon atoms.
 Definition
SATURATED FATTY ACIDS
Term
21.   3 types of saturated fatty acids, and the amount of carbon atoms they contain.
 Definition
1) PALMITIC ACID (16), 2) STEARIC ACID (18), 3) ARACHIDIC ACID (20)
Term
22.   _____ is a fatty acid with one or more double bonds between the carbon atoms. They can be classified according to the location of the closest double bond to the methyl end of the carbon chain furthest from the carboxyl group.
 Definition
UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS
Term
23.   When unsaturated fatty acids are classified, they get grouped into the _____ classification.
 Definition
OMEGA
Term
24.   _____ fatty acids are not made by the body and must be consumed in the food we eat.
 Definition
ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS
Term
25.   _____ is an essential omega-6 fatty acid with 18 carbon atoms.
 Definition
LINOLEIC ACID
Term
26.   _____ is an essential omega-3 fatty acid with 18 carbon atoms.
 Definition
LINOLENIC ACID
Term
27.   _____ fatty acids can be manufactured in the body.
 Definition
NON-ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS
Term
28.   _____ is a non-essential unsaturated fatty acid with 20 carbon atoms.
 Definition
ARACHIDONIC ACID
Term
29.   Arachidonic acid is made from _____.
 Definition
LINOLEIC ACID
Term
30.   Arachidonic acid becomes an essential fatty acid when _____ is absent from the diet.
 Definition
LINOLENIC ACID
Term
31.   Fatty acids are used to make cholesterol, which in turn makes these 5 things.
 Definition
1) BILE ACIDS, 2) CELL MEMBRANES, 3) HORMONES, 4) PROSTAGLANDINS, 5) VITAMIN D
Term
32.   _____ is the breakdown of fatty acids.
 Definition
LIPOLYSIS
Term
33.   Lipolysis of fatty acids occurs in the _____ of _____.
 Definition
MITOCHONDRIA OF ADIPOCYTES
Term
34.   Lipolysis of fatty acids is used to produce _____, which enters the kreb’s cycle where it can be used to produce energy.
 Definition
ACETYL COA
Term
35.   During lipolysis of fatty acids, activation converts the fatty acid to a coenzyme derivative in the outer surface of the mitochondria. This process is catalyzed by _____.
 Definition
FATTY ACYL-COA SYNTHETASE
Term
36.   A transport protein then carries the acyl-coA fatty acid derivative across the mitochondrial membrane into the matrix where it can be oxidized. This is done by the _____ system white drives the fatty acids into the mitochondrial matrix.
 Definition
SPECIAL CARNITINE CARRIER SYSTEM
Term
37.   Once activated, the acyl CoA is transported in the mitochondrial matrix via these 3 steps.
 Definition
1) ACYL COA IS CONJUCATED TO CARNITINE BY CARNITINE ACYLTRANSFERASE, 2) ACYL CARNITINE IS SHUTTLED INSIDE TRANLOCASE, 3) ACYL CARNITINE IS CONVERTED TO ACYL COA BY CARNITINE ACYLTRANSFERASE
Term
38.   Once inside the mitochondria of hepatocytes, acyl-CoA is _____, and the acyl-fatty acid derivative is shortened _____ carbons at a time.
 Definition
OXIDIZED; 2
Term
39.   Beta-oxidation consists of these 4 steps.
 Definition
1) REDUCTION USING FAD HYDRATION, 2) HYDRATION, 3) REDUCTION USING NAD, 4) CLEVAGE
Term
40.   _____, _____ and _____ are ketone body byproducts of betaoxidation.
 Definition
ACETONE, ACETOACETATE, B-HYDROXYBUTYRATE
Term
41.   Acetoacetone and B-hydroxybutyrate are converted to acetyl-CoA which enters the _____.
 Definition
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
Term
42.   _____ is the regulation enzyme in lipolysis of fatty acids.
 Definition
LIPASE
Term
43.   _____ can prevent acyl-CoA derivatives from entering the mitochondria by inhibiting carnitine acyltransferase, therefore inhibiting beta-oxidation.
 Definition
MALONYL-COA
Term
44.   High _____ levels inhibit beta oxidation.
 Definition
CITRATE
Term
45.   30min after sustained exercise, all the glycogen stores are used up and _____is then used.
 Definition
FAT
Term
46.   Ketone body synthesis occurs in the _____ of _____ when fatty acids are in high concentration in the blood during fasting, starvation, or uncontrolled diabetes mellitus.
 Definition
MITOCHONDRIA OF HEPATOCYTES
Term
47.   During ketone body synthesis, beta-oxidation produces NADH and results in the accumulation of _____.
 Definition
ACETYL COA
Term
48.   Two molecules of acetyl CoA condense to form _____, which is catalyzed b _____.
 Definition
ACETOACETYL COA, THIOLASE
Term
49.   Acetoacetyl CoA and acetyl CoA combne for form _____, which is then split to form acetyl CoA and acetoacetate.
 Definition
HMG COA
Term
50.   Acetoacetate is converted into _____ and _____.
 Definition
ACETONE AND BETA-HROXYBUTYRATE
Term
51.   Acetone is excreted in the breath and causes the fruity breath in _____.
 Definition
DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS
Term
52.   Acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate pass into the blood and are converted into _____.
 Definition
ACETYL COA
Term
53.   Acetyl CoA is taken up by the _____ in the muscle, kidney, and brain and used to produce energy
 Definition
KREBS CYCLE
Term
54.   _____ is the de novo process of building up fatty acids.
 Definition
LIPOGENESIS
Term
55.   Excess glucose in the diet is first converted to glycogen which is stored in t hiver and muscle. After these stores are saturated, the excess glucose is converted to _____ which in turn is converted to _____ which in turn is used to make fatty acids.
 Definition
ACETYL COA; MALONYL COA
Term
56.   Fatty acids are combined with glycerol to make _____ which are stored in adipose cells in the body.
 Definition
TRIGLYCRIDES
Term
57.   Lipogenesis is stimulated by _____ and _____.
 Definition
INSULIN AND ATP
Term
58.   Lipogenesis is inhibited by _____ and _____.
 Definition
GLUCAGON AND EPINEPHRINE
Term
59.   Lipogenesis occurs in the _____ of liver, adipose, and kidney cells.
 Definition
CYTOPLASM
Term
60.   Lipogenesis uses these 3 start up substrates.
 Definition
1) MALONYL COA, 2) ACETYL COA, 3) CITRATE
Term
61.   _____ converts acetyl CoA to malonyl CoA, and is the rate limiting enzyme in lopogenesis.
 Definition
ACETYL COA CARBOXYLASE
Term
62.   4 steps of acetyl CoA carboxylase converting acetyl CoA to Malonyl CoA.
 Definition
1) CONDENSATION, 2) REDUCTION OF NADPH, 3) DEHYDRATION, 4) FURTHER REDUCTION
Term
63.   _____ are produced from cholesterol in gonads and adrenal glands.
 Definition
STEROID HORMONES
Term
64.   Only 20% of the cholesterol in our body actually come from the diet. The rest is made by the liver from excess _____.
 Definition
CARBOHYDRATES
Term
65.   Cholesterol is made from _____ mainly in the liver.
 Definition
ACETYL COA
Term
66.   6 steps of cholesterol formation.
 Definition
1) 2 ACETYL COA MOLECULES CONDENSE TO ACETOACETYL COA, 2) A 3RD MOLECULE OF ACETYL COA IS ADDED AND HMG-COA IS PRODUCED, 3) HMG COA IS REDUCDED TO MEVAOLIC ACID BY HMG COA REDUCTASE, 4) MEVAOLIC ACID IS CONVERTED TO SQUALENE, 5) SQUALENE IS CONVERTED TO IANOSTEROL, 6) IANOSTEROL IS CONVERTED TO CHOLESTEROL
Term
67.   _____ is the rate limiting step of cholesterol synthesis, which is anchored to the membrane of the ER. It converts HMG CoA to mevalonate and is the target of widely available cholesterol-lowering drugs.
 Definition
HMG COA REDUCTASE
Term
68.   Cholesterol is converted to _____, which is controlled by _____ which is the rate limiting step.
 Definition
PREGNENOLONE; DESMOLASE
Term
69.   Pregnenolone is converted to _____.
 Definition
PROGESTERONE
Term
70.   Progesterone is then converted to these 4 things.
 Definition
1) CORTISOL, 2) ALDOSTERONE, 3) DEHYDROEPINDROSTERONE, 4) ANDROSTENEDIONE
Term
71.   DHEA is converted to _____.
 Definition
ANDROSTENEDIONE
Term
72.   Androstenedione is converted to _____.
 Definition
TESTOSTERONE
Term
73.   Testosterone is converted to _____ by _____.
 Definition
ESTRADIOL; AROMATASE ENZYME
Term
74.   _____ is the predominant active form of estrogen.
 Definition
ESTRADIOL
Term
75.   A deficiency of 21-hydroxylase enzyme will result in excess androgen production as seen in the _____ syndrome.
 Definition
ADRENOGENITAL SYNDROME
Supporting users have an ad free experience!