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A change in membrane potential from - to +, results from the increased permeability of sodium thru ion channels in the membrane. This results in positive current coming into the cell that causes peaks if the current passes a certain threshold.
Action potentials are all-or-nothing events, meaning that the amplitude of the AP is not graded by strength of stimulus. However, the frequency of AP peaks is correlated to the magnitude of the stimulus. |
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| neuron going from periphery (PNS) to the brain or spinal cord |
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| tracing from cortex activation to the peripheral action? |
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| Are systems that are located usually between two regions such as primary motor cortex and frontal cortex. These association systems usually have many axons going thru them connecting the two areas. |
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| are star shaped glial cells that support neurons and also help to provide the endothelial cells that create the Blood brain barrier- regulate |
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made up of several components that are specialized to send signals thru electrical current. Made up of an axon hillock, myelinated axons have nodes of ranview, and a pre synaptic terminal.
axons contain no cellular components so they dont make proteins there. Proteins must travel form the cell body to the axon and presynaptic terminals. |
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| functional area where you trigger an action potential when potential is above threshold |
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| Is the study of how neural connections may underlie complex cognitive behaviors such as learning and memory. |
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| composed of the brain and spinal cord |
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| A chemical synapse is one in which NT are released thru the presynaptic terminal, float across the cleft, and plug into receptors on the post-synaptic terminal. |
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| refers to a bundle of nerve fibers that cross the midline at their level of origin or entry (as opposed to a decussation of fibers that cross obliquely). The most common usage of the term refers to the brain's commissures, of which there are three—the anterior commissure, posterior commissure, and corpus callosum |
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how many inputs synapse on a neuron (sensory inputs)
Convergence: innervation of a target cell by axons from more than one neuron |
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| area of the brain believed to be the newest area, which comprises of the most complex cognitive actions. The cortex has 6 layers of cells that are specialized. In addition, the cortex has many wrinkles in order to fit something so large in a small space. Fissures very large wrinkle separates lobes. also have mountains: gyri and valleys: sulci |
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| the sensory ganglia associated with the cranial nerves: these correspond to the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal segmental nerves |
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| branching of axons, aborization of dendrites that arise form the soma in the formof branches. They are the primary target for synaptic input from other neurons and are distinguished by their high content of ribosomes as well as by specific cytoskeletal proteins |
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| number of targets innervated by any one neuron |
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| the segmental sensory ganglia of the spinal cord; containing the first order neruons of the dorsal column/medial leminiscus and spinothalamic pathways |
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| goes from brain to peripheral nervous system |
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| facilitated by gap junctions is far more rare |
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| coding region of the gene that is translated into protein |
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| where an electrode is placed near the cell of interest to detect its activity. Typically these recordings are used to detect action potentials, changes in voltage across the nerve cell membranes. Particularly useful for detecting temporal patterns of AP activity and relating those patterns to stimulation by other inputs or specific behavioral events |
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| noninvasive method that is applicable to both patient and control human subjects and can look at multiple brain structures at the same time |
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| functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) |
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| uses magnets and frequency waves to emit energy and the singal depends on how many atomic nuclei at certain location are tuned to detectors frequency. basically measures blood flow. |
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| collections of hundreds to thousands of neurons found outside the brain and spinal cord along the course of peripheral nerves |
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| is a sequence of DNA nucleotides Adenine, cytosine, guanine, Thymine. |
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| supporter cells that have important functions when there is damage. Also can promote regrowth of neurons or inhibit regrowth. |
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| areas containing neuron cell bodies (somas) |
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| neuron with a short axon, typically the cell body, dendrites, and axon is located all within the same structure |
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| where the electrode is placed inside the cell. It can detect smaller, graded potential changes that trigger action potentials and allow a more detailed analysis of communication between neurons within a circuit. |
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| areas of DNA that are not transcribed into protein, called noncoding regions that typically provide alot of regulatory information and control how the exons are expressed. |
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| studies that looked at functionality of brain areas |
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| or interneurons have relatively short axons and typically there cell bodies, axons and dendrites are all contained within the same structure |
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| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
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| uses magnets, looks at blood flow changes (activation) of particular areas of brain |
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| derived from hematopoietic precursor cells, share properties with macrophages, are primarily scavenger cells tjat remove cellular debris from site of injury or normal cell signaling moleules. also secrete cytokines that can modulate local inflammation and influence cell survival or death |
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| neurons that determine the activity of a variety of muscles. These neurons are located in the gray matter in spinal cord then send axons out to the PNS and innervate muscle. |
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| laminated, lipid rich wrapping around some axons especially projected neurons that are able to send signals much more quickly |
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| example of neural circuit: the afferent neurons that control the reflex are sensory neurons whose cell bodies lie in the PNS dorsal root ganglia and whose PNS axons terminated in sensory endings in skeletal muscles. The axon from the afferent axon synapses on a spinal cord interneuron which receives synaptic contacts form sensory afferents and makes synapses ont he efferent motor neurons that project to the flexor muscles |
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| a collection of peripheral axons that are bundled together and travel a common route (instead of a neuropil in the CNS) |
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| supporter cells, do not have electrical signaling but do play an important role in response to CNS damage. |
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| nerve cell complete with dendrites, cell body, axons |
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| dense tangle of dendrites, axons terminals, and glial cell processes found in neural circuits |
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| neurotransmitter molecule |
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| Neurotransmitters such as dopamine are stored in vesicles then transported by cytoskeletal structures down the axon and released in the presyntapic into the cleft. |
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| neurotransmitter receptor |
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| localized primarily at the post synaptic specialization, they bind the Neurotransmitters that were released into the synaptic cleft. These bind and modify the electrical properties of the target cell. |
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| inside the cell where the DNA is held. |
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| restricted to CNS they myelinate axons, multiple at a time and inhibit neuron regrowth. |
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| PNS (peripheral Nervous System) |
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| anything outside of the brain and spinal cord |
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| PET (positron emission tomography) |
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| post synaptic specialization |
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| area specialized for NT reception. |
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| specialized for transmitter release |
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| neurons that have axons that extend to distant targets |
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| The region in sensory space within which a specific stimulus elicits the greatest action potential response |
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| axon toward cell body, moving something up from axon to cell body (NT that are reabsorbed?) |
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| located in PNS, produces myelin but only one axon at a time, and facilitates regrowth of neurons |
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| term used to describe all components of CNS and PNS concerned with sensation |
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| single-cell electrophysiological recordings |
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| often records from several nearby cells in addition to the one slected, to record actino potential activity provides a cell by cell analysis of the organization of topographic maps and can give insight into the type of stimulus ti which the neuron is "tuned" |
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| single- unit electrophysiological recording |
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| same as single-cell electrophysiological recording |
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| CNS that extends from brain stem |
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| the area between the pre and post synaptic areas, in which the NT float across. The cleft contains reuptake proteins and probably macrophage like molecules |
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| graded potentials that arise at synapses by input from stimuli |
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| the chemical and electrical process by which the information encoded by action potentials is passed on at synaptic contacts to the next cell in a pathway |
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| breaks off of the golgi bodies packaged NT that is sent by microtubules down to the presynaptic terminal |
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| a protein that actively moves ions against there concentration gradients. |
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| when cell becomes more positive, if it reaches threshold action potentials can occur |
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| electrochemical equilibrium |
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| point at which the concentration gradient and relative electrical gradient are in balance. |
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| the electrical potential generated across the membrane as electrochemical equilibrium determined by nernst equation |
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| equation that tells you membrane potential while taking into account relative permeabilities |
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| when the cell is made more negative there its resting membrane potential. Doesnt really change anything, no negative potential threshold |
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| allows for specific ions to diffuse thru the membrane along their concentration gradient |
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| equation that results in the equilibrium potential for each individual ion. Doesnt take into account relative permeabilities |
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| phase after which NA channels have been opened and sodium continues to rush into the cell when the Membrane potential is close to sodiums equilibium potential of +58mV |
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| the membrane potential change elicited in receptor neurons during sensory transduction |
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| resting membrane potential |
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| the inside-negative electrical potential that is normally recorded across all membrane |
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| phase during which sodium channels are opened and thus begin diffusing inside the cell making the Membrane potential more + |
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