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What is Navy's Function?

How should Navy be deployed?

1. Command of the seas

2. Battle Fleets

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Where should the coaling stations needed to support fleets be eastablished?

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What is the value of commerce destruction and should this be the primary or secondary goal of naval action?

It cannot win wars and should be secondary

(ex. CSS Alabama)

• US needs to build battleship navy capable of defeating enemy fleets
• Colonies are valuable for coal locations and vital to steam driven navy
• Panama Isthmus passage necessary for US naval power, critical choke point and makes us two ocean navy
• need to enlarge the merchant marine

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US and "Great Navy"

• mark of and prereq for national greatness
• designed to fight an enemy in fleet engagements in order to win command of sea and not for commerce raiding

Spanish American War

Causes

• decreased isolationism in US public and Congress
• Yellow Journalism
• Cuban Revolution threatened US investment, Spanish authorities commit autrocities against Cuban civilians, sympathetic to Cubans

Spanish American War

The Fuze

• USS Maine Explosion-US public pissed and blamed Spain
• President William McKinley-Congress declares war on Spain
• Yellow Journalism about event

Fronts of Spanish American War

US

Front of Spanish American War

Spanish

Inferior naval forces

Montojo-Manilla Bay

Cervera-Cape Verde Islands

• US Asiatic Fleet sails from Hong Kong to Manila
• Spanish use shore guns to augment anchored Fleet
• Dewey-"You may fire when ready, Gridley"
• Spanish sunk at anchor by superior US guns
• Dewey becomes national hero
• Siege of Manila follows with Army troops
• War against Aguinaldo's Phiippine Nationalists

• American blockade of Santiago harbor under Vice Adm Sampson
• Spn under command of Adm Cervera
• Cervera attempted to run blockade when Sampson went to meet w Gen Shafter
• Spanish Navy was then chased and defeated by Adm Schley who stayed behind

• lead the charge in Battle of San Juan Hill during battle of Santiago
• Commanded by Teddy Roosevelt

• First all "big gun" battleship launched by Great Britain
• Made all of their ships obsolete
• 8 12inch guns

• Eugene Fly
• First flight off of ship in 1910
• First landing on the ship in 1911

• Triple Entente (Allied Forces)-Great Britain, Russian Empire and France
• Others who joined: Italy(1915-16), US(1917), Japan(Pacific)
• Triple Alliance (Central Powers): Germany, Austro Hungarian, and Ottoman (Turk) Empires
• Plus Bulgaria

Similar to US SECNAV

Winston Churchill

Similar to US CNO

Adm Sir John Fisher

• Treaty of Versailles was attempt to use US power to ensure peace in Europe
• Germany was forced to follow military limitations
• Wilson's "Fourteen Points"
• Second point- freedom of seas and illegality of blockades, had British opposition
• League of Nations: Rep US senate rejects due to isolationist sentiment

• US wanted security of possesions in Pacific and end to naval arms race
• Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes proposed 10 yr "holiday" on construction of new capital ships and appealed to congress because they were determined to cut spending after WW1
• limited tonnage

• For when US and Japan are at war in Pacific
• attempt to hold Philippines
• build up forces in HI
• Amphibious ops across pacific
• defeat Japan in fleet engagements
• threaten Japanese home islands with naval forces
• Open Door-maintain territorial integrity of China

Marine and experienced with amphibious landings?

• Made in case France fell to Germans and Germans invaded Atlantic coast
• US would plant mines along coast if it happened

• Germany declares unrestricted submarine warfare in Feb of 1915 and sank the Lusitania in May 
• Sussex also torpedoed in 1916(French ship)

Why was Gallipoli a disaster?

• Turks laid sea mines in preparation for British and French fleets
• lack of unity of command

1. Navy as an instrument of foreign policy
2. interaction between congress and navy
3. interservice relations
4. technology
5. leadership
6. strategy and tactics
7. evolution of naval doctrine