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Nausea/Vomiting
N/V info
37
Accounting
2nd Grade
02/01/2013

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Cards

Term
major sources of input controlling vomiting
Definition
Visceral and extramedullary sources; chemoreceptor trigger zone
Term
stomach, GI tract, bile duct, sensory organs; signal brain to induce vomiting (ex: distention, bile duct stone, specific odors)
Definition
Visceral and extramedullary sources
Term
chemical reception center; drugs, hormones, electrolyte imbalance; once stimulated, signals vomition center to commence firing
Definition
Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone (CTZ)
Term
Prokinetic used for nausea/vomiting
Definition
Metoclopramide
Term
MOA: very complex! blocks dopamine in CTZ, increases upper GI motility w/out increasing gastric, biliary, or pancreatic secretions
Definition
Prokinetics
Term
Metoclopramide uses
Definition
nausea, gastroparesis, GERD?
Term
Metoclopramide adverse effects
Definition
drowsiness, fatigue, extrapyramidal symptoms,diarrhea
Term
Metoclopramide Interactions
Definition
increase absorption of other drugs but increasing their contact time with small bowel
Term
the antiemetic activity may be exerted primariliy through 5-HT3 receptors, whereas its side effects are the result of its interaction with dopamine receptors
Definition
metoclopramide
Term
Dolasetrron, granisetron, ondansetron, palonsetron
Definition
5HT3 inhibitors
Term
causes release of serotonin at the 5HT3 serotonin receptors in the CTZ
Definition
chemotherapy
Term
5HT3 inhibitors indications
Definition
N/V: chemotherapy-induced, post-operative, radiotherapy-induced, acute gastroenteritis, hyperemesis gravidarum (unlabeled)
Term
Ondansetron adverse effects
Definition
headache, fatigue, diarrhea, constipation, dizziness
Term
Pregnancy Category B; Interactions: CYP 3A4, 1A2 substrate; QT prolongation
Definition
Ondansetron
Term
Highly selective substance-P/neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist (First of it's class)
Definition
Aprepitant
Term
Blockade occurs in the emetic reflex center of the medulla; depression of neural activity, at least 95% blockade must occur for effect, recently shown to be effective in treating gastroparesis; Often given with prednisone***
Definition
Aprepitant (Emend)
Term
Aprepitant Adverse Effects
Definition
Fatigue, constipation, diarrhea, nausea, hiccups, increased LFTs
Term
Aprepitant contraindications
Definition
severe hepatic impairment,pregnancy category B
Term
Aprepitant interactions
Definition
CYP3A4 inhibitor: chemotherapy agents, benzos, statins

CYP2C9 inducer: warfarin, phenytoin
Term
Promethazine, Prochlorperazine
Definition
Pehnothiazine derivatives
Term
Histamine blocking action (competes for H1 receptors; GI, CNS (CTZ))
Definition
Promethazine
Term
D2 blockade (CTZ receptor site, not specific)
Definition
Prochlorperazine
Term
Promethazine ADRs
Definition
anticholinergic effects, sedation, insomnia, nervousness
Term
Promethazine and Prochlorperazine interactions
Definition
anticholinergics, Parkinson's medications, antiepileptics, antacids
Term
Prochlorperazine ADRs
Definition
anticholinergic effects, hyperprolactinemia, EPS< TD, NMS (all rare), cholestatic jaundice
Term
antagonizes acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors
Definition
Scopolamine
Term
prevents nausea and vomiting associated with motion sickings, reduce salivation and excess bronchial secretions prior to surgery, to reduce spastic states in parkinsonism (poor choice for treating N/V other than motion sickness)
Definition
Scopalamine
Term
Standardized preparation of THC; Endogenous cannabinoid receptor antagonist; also short term memory deficits, enhanced sensation, increased appetite, time distortion
Definition
Dronabinol
Term
Dronabinol (marinol) ADRs
Definition
High SEs (emotion instability, elation, heightened awareness; dizziness, euphoria, dysphoria, irritability, paranoia, drowsiness, and impaired cognition
Term
Dronabinol CIs
Definition
Hypersensitivity (sesame oil), cardiac disease, history of substance abuse, psychiatric disorders, hepatic disease; Pregnancy category C
Term
H1 antagonist; anticholinergic as well; 8-24 hour effect (OTC)
Definition
Meclizine (Antivert)
Term
55% diphenhydramine, anticholinergic effect, effects decreased w/continued use; 3-6 hr duration of action
Definition
Dimenhydrinate (Dramamine)
Term
N/V OTCs and alternatives
Definition
Pepto-Bismol, Ginger, Peppermint, chamomile, ginger
Term
competitive antagonist at ileal 5-HT3 receptors; may prevent motion sickness without sedating effects; antiplatelet effects at high doses
Definition
Galanolactone
Term
reduces intestinal spasms; orally, topically, aromatherapy
Definition
Menthol (Peppermint)
Term
Antispasmodic activity; mildly sedating; avoid if ragweed allergies;
Definition
Chamomile
Term
N/V drugs Pregancy Category A
Definition
Pyridoxine (B6), Doxylamine, Ginger, plus many antiemetic choices
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