Term
Peripheral
Spinal
Brainstem and cerebellum
Cerebrum |
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Definition
| Regions of the nervous system |
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Definition
| axons carry information toward the CNS. |
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Definition
| axons carry information away from the CNS. |
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Definition
| study concerned with the development, chemistry, structure, function, and pathologic characteristics of the nervous system |
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Definition
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Definition
| contains axons and myelin. |
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Definition
| are projections of nerve cells that usually convey information away from the cell body |
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Definition
| consists of cells that insulate the electrical conduction of axons. |
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Definition
| contain interneurons and the endings of sensory neurons. |
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Definition
| contain autonomic cell bodies. |
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Definition
| contain cell bodies of the motor neurons and interneurons. |
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Definition
| contains important groups of neurons that control equilibrium, cardiovascular activity, respiration, and other functions. |
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Term
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
Subthalamus |
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Definition
| Dienceohalon 4 structures |
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Term
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Definition
(large, egg-shaped collection of nuclei in the center of the cerebrum)
Nuclei relay information to the cerebral cortex; process emotional and some memory information; integrate different types of sensation; or regulate consciousness, arousal, and attention. |
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Definition
| Maintains body temperature, metabolic rate, and chemical composition of tissues and fluids. |
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Definition
| makes up 4/5's of the diencephalon |
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Definition
| divides the two cerebral hemispheres. |
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Definition
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| divides the frontal and the parietal lobes |
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Definition
| Surface of the cerebral hemispheres |
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Definition
Processes sensory, motor, and memory information.
Is the site for reasoning, language, nonverbal communication, intelligence, and personality. |
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Definition
| nuclei in the cerebral hemispheres are the caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus. |
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Definition
| Includes parts of the hypothalamus, thalamus, and cerebral cortex; several deep cerebral nuclei; and the hippocampus. |
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Definition
| Involved with emotions and the processing of some types of memory (specific to smell associated with memory) |
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Term
| Cerebrosipinal Fluid System |
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Definition
| circulates from cavities inside the brain to the surface of the CNS and is reabsorbed into the venous blood system |
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Definition
| three connective tissue membranes that envelope the brain |
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Definition
| Synthesizes a large quantity and variety of proteins used as neurotransmitters. |
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Term
| Soma, dendrites, axon, presynaptic terminals |
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Definition
| Main components of a typical neuron |
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Term
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Definition
| Are branchlike extensions that serve as the main input sites for the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| Is the output unit of the cell, specialized to send information to other neurons, muscle cells, or glands. |
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Term
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Definition
| Transmit elements of the neuron. |
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Term
Resting membrane potential
Local potential
Action potential |
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Definition
| 3 types of electrical potentials for transmitting information |
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Term
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Definition
| Resting membrane potential (#) |
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Term
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Definition
| large, depolarizing signal actively propagated by repeated generation of a signal |
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Definition
a sheath of proteins and fats surrounding an axon
Provides insulation, increases speed of action potential, thicker--> faster conduction and greater chances of action potential |
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Term
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Definition
| is any pathologic change involving peripheral nerves |
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Term
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Definition
Involves acute inflammation and demyelination of peripheral sensory and motor fibers
Occurs 2 to 3 weeks after a mild infection; in 2/3 of cases it is preceded by an intestinal infection that activates the immune system causing production of an antibody that mistakenly cross-reacts with the myelin sheath |
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Term
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Definition
| Onset common between 20 and 40 years; women are three times more frequently affected |
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Definition
| weakness, lack of coordination, impaired vision, double vision, impaired sensation, and slurred speech; disruption of memory and emotions also possible |
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Term
1. Action potential arrives at the presynaptic terminal.
2. Presynaptic terminal depolarizes, opening Ca2+ channels.
3. Triggers the movement of synaptic vesicles toward a release site in the membrane.
4. Release neurotransmitter |
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Definition
| Events at the synapse (4) |
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Term
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Definition
| is an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP). |
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Definition
| is an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP). |
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Term
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Definition
| is released by a presynaptic neuron and acts directly on postsynaptic ion channels or activates proteins inside the postsynaptic neuron |
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Term
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Definition
| are released into extracellular fluid and adjust the activity of many neurons. |
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Term
| Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators |
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Definition
| Chemicals that convey information among neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
| Neuromodulators are not as _____________ as neurotransmitters |
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Term
| fast acting & slow acting |
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Definition
| 2 types of neurotransmitters/neuromodulators |
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Term
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Definition
neurotransmitters that act directly
Transmission requires less than 1/1000 of a second. |
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Term
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Definition
neurotransmitters that act indirectly
Transmission requires 1/10 of a second to minutes. |
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Term
| usually excitatory and is fast-acting |
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Definition
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Term
| amino acid that is excitatory and fast acting |
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Definition
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Term
| inhibitory and fast-acting |
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Definition
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Term
| Amines- dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, histamine Peptides- substance P, calcitonin, gene related peptide, galanin, opioid peptides Nitric oxide- a diffusible transmitter |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-One of the most common neuropeptides
-Stimulates nerve endings at the site of injury and then in the CNS.
-Acts as a neurotransmitter carrying information from the spinal cord to the brain.
-Strongly implicated as a neuromodulator in the pathophysiologic response to pain syndromes, which involves the perception of normally innocuous stimuli as painful. |
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Term
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Definition
| are drugs that bind to the receptor and mimic the effects of naturally occurring neurotransmitters. |
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Term
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Definition
| are drugs that prevent the release of neurotransmitters or bind to the receptor and impede the effects of a naturally occurring transmitter. |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability of neurons to change their function, chemical profile (amount and types of neurotransmitters produced), or structure |
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Term
-Habituation
-Learning and memory
-Cellular recovery after injury |
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Definition
| Neuroplasticity is a general term used to encompass 3 mechanisms |
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Term
| -Habituation -Experience dependent: Learning and memory -Cellular recovery after injury |
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Definition
| Neuroplasticity is a general term used to encompass 3 mechanisms |
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Term
| Sunderland Classification system |
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Definition
| System of classification for nerve injury and it's characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| the wrinkles or folds on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres |
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Definition
| valleys or crevices on the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| this is a collective name for sulci and gyri- the raised and depressed surfaces of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| Deep groove in the surface of the brain- this is deeper than a sulci- a finger can be inserted into this structure during dissection |
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Term
| Medial longitudinal Fissure |
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Definition
| separates the L and R cerebral hemisphere- runs along the midsagittal plane |
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Term
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Definition
| separates the frontal and parietal lobes- * separates the primary motor cortex from the primary somatosensory cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| is the primary motor cortex- this area is handles voluntary movement- it is just anterior to the central sulcus |
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Term
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Definition
| this is the primary somatosensory cortex. Located just posterior to the central sulcus- this section mediates the detection of physical sensation |
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Definition
| separates the temporal lobe from the frontal lobe |
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Definition
| Mediates cognition skills like: intelligence, problem solving, motor planning, working memory. Injury to this area can result in personality and behavior changes. *Swears like a sailor- combative* |
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Definition
| executive functions ( organizing, planning, sequencing, motivation) and self insight and regulation of emotions. |
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Definition
| Lobe that processes sensory detection, perception, and interpretation |
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Term
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Definition
| most inferior or caudal lobes. Hearing, comprehension of language and long-term memory |
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Term
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Definition
| Interpretation of visual stimuli from the optic pathways |
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Term
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Definition
| it lies deep in the lateral fissure- covered by the frontal parietal and temporal lobes- you will hear it called the 5th lobe- most think of this as an extension of the temporal lobe and limbic structures. |
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Definition
| Responsible for interpretation of perceptual and spatial information- creativity, interpretation that requires abstraction rather than concrete thinking. Interpretation of tonal inflections in language ( not the literal meaning of words). Making literal interpretations of a story- and forming abstract symbols and metaphors. Interpreting emotional messages underlying concrete meanings. Controls the LEFT side of the body motorically- receives sensory information from the LEFT side |
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Definition
| In people who are R hand dominant- the L hemisphere is usually dominant. Plays a large role in language- expression, interpretation of written and spoken words. People with aphasia- which is a language disorder- often have L hemispheric or hemisphere damage. So- if you have a patient who has had a stroke and they have aphasia- clinical reasoning will tell you before you look at the chart that the most likely hemisphere where they had their stroke is the Left. Controls the RIGHT side of the body and receives sensory information from the RIGHT side |
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Definition
| sits on the surface of the cerebrum and cerebellum. matter extends deep within the CNS and consists of nerve cell bodies |
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Term
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Definition
| collection of neural cell bodies, usually outside the CNS or in the peripheral nervous system |
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Definition
| matter that consists of myelinated fiber tracts or neuronal axons |
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Term
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Definition
| any collection of white matter that connects one side of the nervous system to the other |
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Definition
| acts as a screener for information traveling to the cortex- this means that it can inhibit less important information and send it along on a subcortical level and then send other information to the cortex that needs to be handled on a conscious level. |
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Definition
| Regulates the : ANS, temperature, hunger, thirst, sleep-wake cycles, releases hormones from the pituitary, adrenal and pineal glands. |
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Definition
| the secretion of melatonin and secretion of hormones from pituitary gland by the pineal gland(involved in circadian rhythms), and regulation of motor pathways and emotions. |
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Definition
| Deep structure- contains cells that use dopamine. Key structure in connecting feedback and feedforward circuits of the thalamus and basal ganglia |
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Definition
| Only 1, endocrine gland that secretes hormones that regulate growth, reproductive activities and metabolic processes- collaborates with the hypothalamus |
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Term
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Definition
| largest commissure in the brain- connects the L and R hemispheres- allows communication. |
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Definition
| crossing over point- midline structure located at the base of the brain just above or superior to the pituitary gland. |
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Definition
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connects the cerebral cortex with the diencephalon; neighbor to diencephalon |
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Term
Neuroplasticity
Experience-Dependent Plasticity: Learning and Memory |
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Definition
During the initial phases of motor learning, large and diffuse regions of the brain are active.
When tasks are repeated, the number of active regions in the brain are reduced.
When a motor task is learned, only small, distinct regions of the brain show an increased activity when performing the task. |
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Term
Neuroplasticity
Cellular Recovery From Injury |
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Definition
Injuries that damage or sever axons cause degeneration but may not result in cell death; some neurons have the ability to regenerate the axon.
Injury to the axon or an injury that destroys the cell body of a neuron leads to death of the cell. |
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Term
Neuroplasticity
Habituation |
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Definition
| Decreased in response to a repeated benign stimulus; applied to techniques and exercises intended to decrease the neural response to a stimulus |
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Term
| Axonal injury in the spinal cord |
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Definition
Damage evolves hours and days following the initial injury due to a cascade of cellular events.
Extent of deficits depends on the degree of damage to white fiber tracts in the spinal cord and the vertebral level of the injury. |
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Term
sensory input, experience, learning, and brain injury.
Cortical plasticity and reorganization are likely mechanisms driving functional recovery after a stroke; reorganization can take years.
Reorganization after a nerve injury may be a factor in some chronic pain syndromes. |
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Definition
| Cortical maps can be modified by |
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Term
| decreases the sensory cortex response to overstimulation. |
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Definition
| Repeated stimulation of somatosensory pathways can cause increases in inhibitory neurotransmitters, what does this do to sensory response? |
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| causes the cortex to be more responsive to weak sensory inputs. |
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Definition
| Under stimulation of somatosensory pathways has what affect on sensory response? |
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Term
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Definition
| Neurons deprived of --------- for a prolonged period die and do not regenerate |
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Term
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Definition
| is the pathological process by which neurons are damaged and killed by the overactivations of receptors for the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate |
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Definition
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Definition
| day 15 to the end of week 8 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Metencephalon becomes... pons, upper medulla, cerebellum and 4th ventricle Mylencephalon becomes... lower medulla |
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Definition
| Metencephalon becomes... Mylencephalon becomes... |
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Term
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Definition
| What day does brain formation begin? |
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Term
Lower section becomes the myelencephalon.
Upper section becomes the metencephalon. |
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Definition
| Hindbrain divides into two sections: |
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Term
Embryonic stage
Phases:
1. Neural tube formation (days 18 to 26).
2. Brain formation (begins on day 28). |
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Definition
| In what stage does the formation of the nervous system occur and what are it's 2 phases? |
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Term
Posterior region of the forebrain becomes the diencephalon.
Anterior part of the forebrain becomes the telencephalon. |
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Definition
| Forebrain divides into both sections: |
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Term
| The telencephalon develops into... cerebral hemisphere, basal ganglia, cerebral cortex, and lateral ventricles |
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Definition
| The telencephalon develops into... |
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Term
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Definition
| Nervous system damage occurring early is not evident until the damaged system normally becomes functional. (Importance of assessing milestones) |
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Term
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Definition
| begins in the 4th fetal month; most are completed by the end of the 3rd year of life. |
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Term
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Definition
| CNS is the most susceptible to major malformations between... |
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Definition
| formation of a rudimentary brainstem without cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres |
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Term
| Arnold-Chiari malformation: |
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Definition
developmental deformity of the hindbrain
-Type I is often asymptomatic (doesn’t cause any issues).
-Type II causes progressive hydrocephalus (buildup of CSF) paralysis of the sternocleidomastoid muscles, deafness, bilateral weakness of lateral eye movements, and facial weakness. |
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Term
| folic acid supplementation |
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Definition
| - the incidence (risk) of Spina Bifida is significantly decreased by |
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Definition
| Cord adheres to a lower vertebra causing dermatomal and myotomal deficits in the lower limbs, pain in the saddle region and lower limbs, and bowel and bladder dysfunction. |
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Definition
| Autosomal recessive disorder: Motor neurons with cell bodies in the spinal cord that innervate skeletal muscles degenerate |
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Definition
Forebrain malformation: if prosencephalon does not divide into two cerebral hemispheres, resulting in a single cerebral hemisphere
-Associated with facial abnormalities: a single eye (or no eye), a deformed nose, and cleft lip and palate |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of CP: neuronal damage in the basal ganglia |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of CP: damage to axons adjacent to the lateral ventricles |
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Term
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Definition
-Is a movement and postural disorder caused by permanent, nonprogressive damage of the developing brain.
-Effects include cognitive, somatosensory, visual, auditory, and speech deficits; growing into a deficit is common.
-Nervous system damage is not progressive, but new problems may appear when developmental milestones are typically reached. |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of CP: when more than one type of abnormal movement coexist in one individual |
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Definition
| Type of CP: site of damage unknown |
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Definition
| Type of CP: damage in the cerebellum |
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Term
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Definition
| normal intellect, without traumatic brain injury or cerebral palsy or other neurologic problems, who lack the motor coordination to perform tasks that most children their age are able to perform |
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Term
| Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder |
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Definition
Characterized by developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and motor restlessness.
-Volume of the prefrontal cortex, caudate and putamen, dorsal cingulate cortex, and cerebellum is reduced.
-Stimulant drugs increase the availability of dopamine and norepinephrine in synapses, improving function in some individuals. |
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Definition
| Disorders are characterized, in varying degrees, by difficulties in social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication and repetitive behaviors. |
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Definition
| sensory reception from inside our body |
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Term
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Definition
| adapted receptors for sensory information from the outside world |
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Definition
| located in muscles, tendons, joints, vestibular; detect body position and motion |
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Term
Epicritic- Can precisely and accurately locate sensation
Protopathic- Adapted to identify gross bodily sensation rather than specific areas |
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Definition
| Classification of sensory receptors and their definitions |
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Definition
| stimulated in response to a mechanical pressure |
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Term
Mechanoreceptors
Thermo
Chemo
Photo |
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Definition
| Sensory Receptors by Design |
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Term
| -Cutaneous (Exteroreceptors) -Muscle, Tendon, Joints ( Proprioceptors) -Visceral (Interoreceptors) |
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Definition
| Sensory Receptors by Location |
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Term
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Definition
Hypersensitive to touch
Tactile defensiveness comes from
Avoid activities that can overstimulate their system
Can have direct conflict with everyday activities (showering, getting into the bath, etc.)
May not enjoy gravitational input (swings, teeter totters, etc.) |
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Definition
| respond to temperature, all over our body, higher density in the facial area (mouth, nose, eyes, etc.) |
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Definition
| rods and cones in your eyes |
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Definition
Direct- when I out something in my mouth, DIRECT
Distant- smelling cookies, yum! |
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Definition
| electrically excitable nerve cells |
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Definition
| spaces between the myelin, action potentials jump |
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Term
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Definition
-Random demyelination of the CNS
-Characterized by exacerbations (flair up or worsening) and remission
-Upper motor neuron issue
-There are different types
-Signs and Symptoms Vary
--Abnormal gate
--Vision or sensory loss
--Numbness and parasteia
--Vertigo
--Nystagma
--Ataxia
--Trouble speaking |
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Definition
| Caudate and putamen together are called the |
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Term
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Definition
| Putamen and globus pallidus together are called the |
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Definition
-Anoxia- not getting enough oxygen to it
-Paralysis 2* poison- venom or plant poison, botulisum
-Spasms- cholinergic (refers to neurosystems that use acetylcholine) drugs increase the effect of ACH at the neuromuscular junction |
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Term
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Definition
-Chronic Autoimmune disorder that affects the neuromuscular junction of voluntary muscles
-Severe muscular weakness
-Typically affects the eye and head first
-Production of acetylcholine antibodies destroys acetylcholine receptors |
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Term
| caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus. |
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Definition
| 3 basal ganglia in the cerebral hemispheres: |
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Term
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Definition
| In temporal lobe, essential for processing memories that can be easily verbalized (declarative memories); part of the limbic system |
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Term
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Definition
drugs that increase affects of ACH at neuromuscular junctions;
Can cause spasms and tar dive dyskinesia |
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