Term
| Which of the following would have the closest meaning to the word “disaster”? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two hazard types cause the most damage and loss of life (globally) over the last 100 years? |
|
Definition
| A) hurricanes and earthquakes |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is true about “natural hazards” and/or “disasters”? |
|
Definition
| exponential human growth makes disasters out of hazards. (people get in the way) |
|
|
Term
| The carrying capacity of an island or planet is the maximum population that..... |
|
Definition
| b) the available resources can sustain |
|
|
Term
San Diego Co. (2009) has a population of 3 million, @ 2% growth rate when will the population
reach 6 million, remember the rule>>>>>> 70 ÷(%growth) = doubling time in years (approximately) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the current birthrate on planet Earth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
If isotopes in an igneous rock showed there to be 50% parent and
50% daughter, what would be the age of the rock if the system had a half life of 10 million years? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The outer most part of the Earth which is divided into plates is the...... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How has the growth rate of the human population changed over the last 20 years |
|
Definition
| b) it has decreased from 1.9 to 1.2 percent |
|
|
Term
| On the early Earth what biologic process over time drastically changed Earth’s atmosphere? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following elements is the most abundant in the core of the Earth ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following objects would form the mantle of the Earth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following processes resulted in a structured and an internally layered planet? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Earth's internal heat is responsible for causing which of the following? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is not true about the magnetic field of Earth? |
|
Definition
| D) it acts a shield to protect our atmosphere and life |
|
|
Term
| The inclination angle of the Earth’s magnetic field is oriented so that…. |
|
Definition
| A) The inclination is relative to your latitudinal position on Earth |
|
|
Term
| What 20th century discovery convinced scientists that plate tectonics was real? |
|
Definition
| B) layers on the continents recorded a more detailed picture about plate movements |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is NOT true about oceanographic magnetic anomalies? |
|
Definition
| A) they form a striped pattern on the ocean floor |
|
|
Term
| The process of subduction... |
|
Definition
| A) makes new continental crust adjacent to deep sea trenches |
|
|
Term
| The oldest oceanic crust is... |
|
Definition
| B) found near subduction zones. |
|
|
Term
| Which feature would be found along a subduction zone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How come the ages we obtain for the ocean floor are so much younger than the ocean itself? |
|
Definition
| B) It is because the sediment that is deposited on top of the ocean floor is so young. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following would be similar in meaning to convergence? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What tectonic process, by its action, can directly result in a continental collision zone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| . How would you describe the motion across the pictured fault? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is true about the asthenosphere? |
|
Definition
| B) it is partially molten (squishy) low velocity upper mantle |
|
|
Term
| 6 earthquake releases _______as much energy as a magnitude 4. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is true about aftershocks? |
|
Definition
| C) some aftershocks can be larger than the main shock |
|
|
Term
| The type of fault that occurs in an area undergoing a compressional force is a...... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The difference in time between the arrival of the P-wave and the S-wave tells you..... |
|
Definition
| A) the distance to the focus or hypocenter |
|
|
Term
| The Modified Mercali scale would be least helpful in describing the... |
|
Definition
| A) moment magnitude of an earthquake |
|
|
Term
| . The magnitude of a quake can be quickly estimated by the.... |
|
Definition
| A) the duration of shaking |
|
|
Term
| The 9.6 Chile (‘60), the 9.2 Alaska (‘64), and the Indonesia (‘04) quakes were generated by..... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| San Diego is located on the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following best describes the San Andreas Fault? |
|
Definition
| A) a right lateral strike slip fault with a left bend |
|
|
Term
At your location you notice an incoming earthquake on a
seismogram. The time between the P-wave and S-wave is 30
seconds. The seismogram records the maximum amplitude of the
S-wave at 15 millimeters. What is the Richter Magnitude? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How far from the quake is the seismograph located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is used to calculate the moment magnitude of an earthquake? |
|
Definition
| A) the length and depth of the fault rupture |
|
|
Term
If the “duration” of strong shaking of a quake lasted for 30
seconds what would be the approximate Moment magnitude.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long would it take to form 2,000 kilometers of ocean crust at 2 centimeters per year? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Modified Mercalli Scale has a range from..... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As seismic waves move from bedrock into a sedimentary basin they....... |
|
Definition
| B) slow down and get larger |
|
|
Term
| Which type of building would be the least earthquake resistant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tsunami means ________in Japanese and most are formed by______ |
|
Definition
| C) harbor wave, earthquakes |
|
|
Term
| What occurs as a tsunami wave approaches the edge of a land mass? |
|
Definition
| A) the wavelength increases, velocity increases, height increases |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is true based on observations of tsunami? |
|
Definition
| B) tsunami can be devastating on all sides of an island. |
|
|
Term
| The destructive powers of tsunami results mainly from their... |
|
Definition
| C) momentum and long wavelength |
|
|
Term
| Which area on a coastline would likely be hit the hardest by tsunami waves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What best describes the number of waves associated with a tsunami? |
|
Definition
| C) a tsunami can often be four waves or more |
|
|
Term
| The bending of tsunami waves around an island would be called _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The main process that causes volcanoes to explode violently is _______________. |
|
Definition
| C) a decrease in pressure triggering rapid expansion of the gases in a magma |
|
|
Term
| Most of Earth’s volcanic activity is not visible and occurs along |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Magma made by lowering pressure forms along_____ by ________ |
|
Definition
| A) ocean rift systems by de-compressive melting of the asthenosphere |
|
|
Term
| AS ocean crust is subducted what plays a key role in forming magma at depth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of plate boundary would have no volcanic activity? |
|
Definition
| D) transform plate boundaries. |
|
|
Term
| Global climate can be changes by volcanoes that emit large quantities of______? |
|
Definition
| A) ash and sulfur dioxide |
|
|
Term
| Most volcanism on Earth occurs...... |
|
Definition
| A) in volcanic island arcs |
|
|
Term
| What might provide evidence of an ancient supervolcano eruption? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a super volcano erupted the Earth would become... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mauna Loa in the island of Hawaii would be referred to as a….. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Subduction zones generate this type of magma and crust?? |
|
Definition
| c) rhyolite magma and continental crust |
|
|
Term
| . Which would be the least common type of activity in continental arc volcanoes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following statements is true about explosive volcanic eruptions? |
|
Definition
| d) they produce large amounts of ash products |
|
|
Term
| Which composition would have the highest silica content? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which composition would be more likely to form a lava dome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which composition would likely form a shield volcano? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which composition would have the highest temperature of eruption? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which composition would not usually be associated with mudflows? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which composition would have the lowest viscosity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which composition would be the least explosive? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which composition would be found in the Andes Mountains? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| . Which composition would make the darkest color rocks? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which composition would be characteristic of Kilauea volcano on Hawaii |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which composition would be characteristic of Mt St Helens in Washington |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which composition would be intermediate and is associated with islands arcs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The largest eruption in the last 1 million years occurred in ___________? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following places would be the location of a supervolcano? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Explosivity of a volcano increases with an increase in....... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When a volcanic cone collapses into its magma reservoir it forms a _____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Melting of of snow on volcanoes, such as Mount Rainier, can generate....... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is NOT true about pyroclastic flows? |
|
Definition
| they are also called lahars and can travel extremely long distances |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following describes the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in 1991? |
|
Definition
| B) a moderate volume ash rich columnar eruption |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is hazardous to people living ~50 km from a strato-volcano? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following volcanic flows moves relatively slow (10-50 km/hr) but has been responsible for a very large number (10’s of thousands) of deaths over the last 25 years. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where in the world would most expect to see a lava lake? |
|
Definition
| B) Mt Pinatubo in the Philippines |
|
|
Term
| What happens to gases emissions before a large explosive eruption? |
|
Definition
| gas emissions decrease abruptly |
|
|
Term
| Maurice and Kattia Kraft, the famous volcano observers, died where and how? |
|
Definition
| B) on Mt Unzen in Japan by a pyroclastic flow |
|
|
Term
| . Which of the following would help predict the timing of an eruption the most precisely? |
|
Definition
| the location and frequency of earthquakes |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following shapes would result from the most violent volcanic eruption? |
|
Definition
| D) a caldera collapse structure that is 20 kilometers across and 5000 feet |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is absolutely required for mass wasting? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do all long-runout landslides have in common besides the distance they travel? |
|
Definition
| C) an exceptionally large mass of material |
|
|
Term
| How would a giant landslide into the ocean at Mauna Loa volcano kill the most people? |
|
Definition
| D) an exceptionally large tsunami |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following are possible explanations of why long-runout landslides go so far? |
|
Definition
| E) all of the above are possible explanations |
|
|
Term
| What best describes the movement of a rotational landslide? |
|
Definition
| C) a mass slumps due to movement along a curved slip surface. |
|
|
Term
| This type of mass movement always requires water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What would be general characteristic of the rocks that contributes to a translational slide? |
|
Definition
| A) dipping layers or structures |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following would make a slope more stable usually? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the typical run-out distance for non-fluidized mass movements? |
|
Definition
| a) a run-out distance is usually equal to the vertical fall |
|
|
Term
| Decrease in which of the following causes a slope to be more stable? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following slopes would be least stable? |
|
Definition
| A) steep, saturated, clay and sand |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following gases weighs the least? (atomic weight reference O =16, N=14, H=1, C=6) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following atmospheric gases is the most abundant (highest percentage) in the atmosphere? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following air masses would have the lowest density (least mass per unit volume)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of seasons on Earth? |
|
Definition
| B) changes in the tilt of Earth’s axis of rotation |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following provides the energy for severe storm development? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following would NOT be a weather producing front? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following describes atmospheric conditions around low pressure areas? |
|
Definition
| C) rising air, condensation, and clouds |
|
|
Term
| At what latitude would you generally expect to find the driest conditions on Earth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following conditions is most favorable for glacier formation in the northern hemisphere |
|
Definition
| B) warm winters and cold summers |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is true about glacial ice sheets |
|
Definition
| B) they form very slowly and melt relatively quickly |
|
|
Term
| The wobble of the Earth’s axis of rotation causes seasons to reverse every.....? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following types of variations, described by the Milankovich cycles, closely approximates the periodicity of last 10 or so ice ages? |
|
Definition
| B) the eccentricity (stretch) of the Earth's orbital revolution |
|
|
Term
| A rapid melting of polar ice caps might produce…… |
|
Definition
| A) large quantities of fresh water forcing ocean currents to slow down |
|
|
Term
| Deep ocean currents originate in ______ and likely effect climate on a scale of______ . |
|
Definition
| D) polar oceans, hundred of thousands to millions of years |
|
|
Term
| Based on climate data the interval between 17,000-11,000 YBP was characterized by a _______, which caused seal level to___________ |
|
Definition
| C) warming, lower 400 feet |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is true about the greenhouse effect on Earth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| El Ninos are short term climate changes related to... |
|
Definition
| B) changes in surface ocean currents |
|
|
Term
| Why does an El Nino radically disrupt the fisheries off the coast of South America |
|
Definition
| A) the warm water brings invasive species that kill off native species |
|
|
Term
| Current global observations reveal that the most dramatic climate changes are occurring__________? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following would help to change climate on the longest term? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Climate cycles with periods of about 100,000 years are probably caused... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The boundary in the atmosphere along which we would find a strong winter jet stream is... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ocean current called the ________along the east coast of U.S. is ______ and flows ______. |
|
Definition
| B) Gulf Stream, warm, north |
|
|
Term
| How did the 9-11 tragedy play a role in climate studies? |
|
Definition
| C) grounding of airliners allowed for unprecedented atmospheric measurements |
|
|
Term
| What describes the pan-evaporation rate? |
|
Definition
| E) all the above are true |
|
|
Term
| If global dimming is true what does it mean? |
|
Definition
| B) that he world is actually cooling off not warming up |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following can occur along the polar front? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What came together to form the “Storm of the Century”? |
|
Definition
| D) the subtropical, pacific and polar jet streams |
|
|
Term
| What was common to both the “Perfect Storm” and the “Storm of the Century”? |
|
Definition
| A) they were both transitional season storms |
|
|
Term
| What conditions would favor the formation of a strong hybrid or frontal cyclone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is true about the 1993 “Storm of the Century”? |
|
Definition
| B) it was a powerful hybrid cyclone that hit most everyone across the eastern U.S. unexpectedly hard |
|
|
Term
| The worst flash flood in U. S. history was a thunderstorm related to.... |
|
Definition
| c) a mountain front T-storm |
|
|
Term
| The worst flash flood in U. S. history was a thunderstorm related to.... |
|
Definition
| C) a mountain front T-storm |
|
|
Term
| Most thunderstorms in the U.S. are the result of collision of cooler Canadian air with a........ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What thunderstorm hazard kills the most people consistently year after year? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between an air mass T-storm and a super cell T-storm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Estimating the distance to a thunderstorm can be done by assuming that.... |
|
Definition
| A) each 5 seconds of time between the flash and the thunder equals 1 miles |
|
|
Term
| IF the temperature at the surface is 32º C ........what would be the freezing altitude level on an average day? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thunder is caused by........ |
|
Definition
| A) thermal expansion of air molecules |
|
|
Term
| IF a pilot and wanted to see areas of potential wind shear it would be best to have data supplied by... |
|
Definition
| A) enhanced doppler radar |
|
|
Term
How would low pressure located in the Gulf of Mexico affect the path of a hurricane as it approached
Florida from the east? (draw a picture) |
|
Definition
| A) the hurricane would move directly toward the center of the low |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following would help to kill a hurricane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following would be the most likely location for a hurricane to develop? |
|
Definition
| C) 15 degrees N latitude, in August off the west coast of MEXICO |
|
|
Term
| Hurricanes generally move... |
|
Definition
| B) to the west and away from the equator |
|
|
Term
| What is true about hurricane formation and maximum life span? |
|
Definition
| C) they form over warm ocean or land and can last for weeks |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is relevant to the height and damage from the storm surge? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The dynamic aspect of hurricanes that has historically killed the most people around the world |
|
Definition
| A) the oceanic storm surge |
|
|
Term
| Surfing waves are formed by.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If we get 5-thirty foot swells every century how many will happen in a million years? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
IN the movie “Condition Black”, an open ocean swell of 25s @ 28 feet can make waves that become as
high as____ feet when they jack up and break. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was a principle weather/climate factor that made such big waves possible? |
|
Definition
| B) a super strong surface ocean current |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following best describes a rogue wave? |
|
Definition
| A) an unusual and dangerous large ocean wave |
|
|
Term
| The lowest level to which a stream may erode is called _____________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dams are designed to reduce flooding by _______________. |
|
Definition
| providing storage for flood water |
|
|
Term
| Channelization of streams is designed to reduce flooding by _________________. |
|
Definition
| speeding the passage of floodwaters |
|
|
Term
| The type of flood which wiped out Big Thompson Canyon in 1976 was... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Urbanization usually results in an increase in flood frequency because... |
|
Definition
| less water is able to infiltrate into the ground, so more goes into streams |
|
|
Term
| The largest floods in prehistoric times were probably the result of _______________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following would likely create a flash flood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Santa Ana winds in southern California play a major ro;e in fire destruction. What kind of weather system forms these hot dry winds |
|
Definition
| strong high pressure over Nevada |
|
|
Term
| The process whereby wood degrades thermally, resulting in production of flammable hydrocarbons, is referred to as ________________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The manner and rate at which fire spreads is a function of _______________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which chemical reaction best represents the fire equation? |
|
Definition
| C6H12O6 + 6 O2 ----> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + released heat |
|
|
Term
| Fire has an easier time burning...... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In terms of human casualties from fire, the single-most dangerous structure in the U.S. is the ____________________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you trace the energy of a fire backwards in time, which of the following would be the ultimate source of the fire's energy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why have fires in southern California been so destructive and violent in the last several years? |
|
Definition
| fires were not allowed to burn in the past so vegetation had become over thickened |
|
|
Term
| Lightning generated about _____% of all wildfires in the United States in 2000. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A firestorm refers to _____________________. |
|
Definition
| an unusually hot and voracious wildfire often accompanied by fire tornadoes |
|
|
