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Native American Cultures
U.S. Natives
85
Architecture
Undergraduate 2
04/03/2011

Additional Architecture Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
[image]
Definition
wigwam- American Woodland Natives
Term
[image]
Definition
wigwam- American Woodland Natives
Term
[image]
Definition

English Wigwam

 

Salem, MA

Term
[image]
Definition

English Wigwam

 

Salem, MA

Term
[image]
Definition

Cahokia

Cahokia, IL

1400 CE

 

Term
[image]
Definition

Cahokia

Cahokia, IL

1400 CE

Term
[image]
Definition

Cahokia

Cahokia, IL

 

grass and Mud added to wigwam to insulate better than other wigwams

Term
[image]
Definition

Blackfoot Teepee

 

1900 ce

 

plains natives, poles used are very important and rare

Term
[image]
Definition

Custer's Last Stand

1890 ce

Sioux Nation

 

a battle documented as a win by the Sioux indians

Term
[image]
Definition

Earthlodge Pawnee PPL

 

antrance at east and alter at west

Term
[image]
Definition

Mesa Verde

 

1100 ce

 

Mesa Verde, CO

 

The "green table" they planted crops on top of plateau and carried water up to the top everyday to water crops from river at bottom of plateau

Term
[image]
Definition

Mesa Verde

 

1100 ce

 

Mesa Verde, CO

 

The "green table" they planted crops on top of plateau and carried water up to the top everyday to water crops from river at bottom of plateau

Term
[image]
Definition

Mesa Verde

 

1100 ce

 

Mesa Verde, CO

 

The "green table" they planted crops on top of plateau and carried water up to the top everyday to water crops from river at bottom of plateau

Term
[image]
Definition

Mesa Verde

 

1100 ce

 

Mesa Verde, CO

 

The "green table" they planted crops on top of plateau and carried water up to the top everyday to water crops from river at bottom of plateau

Term
[image]
Definition

Pueblo of Acoma

 

Acoma, NM

 

1150 ce

like a hillfort without city walls

Term
[image]
Definition

Pueblo of Acoma

 

Acoma, NM

 

1150 ce

like a hillfort without city walls

Term
[image]
Definition

Pueblo of Acoma

 

Acoma, NM

 

1150 ce

like a hillfort without city walls

Term
[image]
Definition

Estevan Del Rey

 

Acoma, NM

 

1600 ce

Spanish brought christianity and built out of local materials (mudbrick)

Term
[image]
Definition

Taos Pueblo, NM

 

1000-1450 ce

 

domed oven for cooking outside the housing

Term
[image]
Definition

Mungo Martin

1850 ce

 

Victoria, British Columbia 

 

 House and totem illustrate emblem of the eskimo family living there. Kwakiuti Culture.

 

 

Term
[image]
Definition

View of World (Aztec)

 

1400ce

 

know about axis, know 4 directions, man maintains the natural world

Term
[image]
Definition

Olmec Anthropomorphic Mask

 

600 BC

 

Mexico City, Mexico

 

chink eyes bec Asian heritage leads that Asians came over Barring Straight and occupied north and south America

Term
[image]
Definition

Palenque (Mayan)

 

700 AD

 

"big water" bec it had plenty of water unlike other cities, with an elaborate aqueduct system

 

Term
[image]
Definition

Palenque (Mayan)

 

700 AD

 

"big water" bec it had plenty of water unlike other cities, with an elaborate aqueduct system. like a ziggurat.

Term
[image]
Definition

Temple of Inscriptions

Palenque, Mexico

 

King Pakal

 

700 ce

 

contains tomb of King Pakal, crypt hidden by builders. only temple built as crypt in Mexico

Term
[image]
Definition

Anthromorphic brazier mask (Aztec)

 

1300 ce

 

Mexico City

Term
[image]
Definition

Coyote - God Huehuecoyotl -health and long life. (Aztec)

 

Stone carved with amanteca(ornamenting with feathers in Mexico City)

Term
[image]
Definition

Tenochtitlan Mexico City(Aztec)

 

1325-1521 ce

 

city built on an island in a lake. terra cotta  aqueduct system, had sweat lodges called temazcal.

Term
[image]
Definition

Teotihuacan (Aztec)

 

100 BC-250 ce

 

has long procession to the Pyramid of the Moon used for rituals and human sacrifices.

Term
[image]
Definition
Term
[image]
Definition

Teotihuacan (Aztec)

 

100 BC-250 ce

 

has long procession to the Pyramid of the Moon used for rituals and human sacrifices.

Term
[image]
Definition

Teotihuacan (Aztec)

 

100 BC-250 ce

 

has long procession to the Pyramid of the Moon used for rituals and human sacrifices.

Term
[image]
Definition

Teotihuacan (Aztec)

 

100 BC-250 ce

 

has long procession to the Pyramid of the Moon used for rituals and human sacrifices.

Term
[image]
Definition

Teotihuacan (Aztec)

 

100 BC-250 ce

 

has long procession to the Pyramid of the Moon used for rituals and human sacrifices.

Term
[image]
Definition

Teotihuacan-Sun Pyramid (Aztec)

 

100 BC-250 ce

 

has long procession to the Pyramid of the Moon used for rituals and human sacrifices. Points to the far Mountains.

Term
A Corporation Does Have a Few Disadvantages:
Definition
1. Loss of personal direction of the firm - decisions often laborious
2. The public is somewhat wary of professional Corporations - they donʼt fully understand the negligence situation
Term
Two Accepted Ways of Keeping Financial Records for Taxes:
Definition
1) Cash Basis
2) Accrual Basis
Term
Cash Basis:
Definition
Income is recorded as it is received not as earned)
Advantageous for tax purposes, since you only pay tax on money actually received.

Very poor for the financial position of a project at any given time, because moneys actually earned donʼt show on financial records - only moneys actually expended (direct and indirect expenses, overhead, etc.)
Term
Accrual Basis:
Definition
Income is recorded as it is earned (not as received).

Advantageous for analyzing the financial position of a project, since
expenditures against earnings can be easily determined
Term
Most Staffing Strategies can be Summarized into two Basic Organizations:
Definition
Horizontal staff organization or Vertical staff organization
Term
A Horizontal Staff Organization:
Definition
Staff of “specialists.” Each project passes from on department or specialist to another as it progresses. Needs more projects, otherwise you are out of a job.
Term
A Vertical Staff Organization:
Definition
Staff of “generalists” headed by a leader Project Architect, Project Manager, other) and all phases of the project are handled cooperatively by the Project Team. All phases covered by the team. They can only have a few projects at a time.
Term
Architect May Lose Compensation for:
Definition
• Lowest Bids substantially exceed authorized limit (in a Fixed Limit of Cost Agreement)
• Contract Documents not delivered in a specified time
• Willful omission by the Architect from the terms of employment (the Building Program is a “term of employment”
• Contract Documents prepared in violation law (Building Codes, Zoning Codes and the Life Safety Codes are laws - not merely helpful guides!)
• Negligence in the administration of the Construction Contract (tricky here, since the Architect is not paid to “inspect” the Work)
• Contract Documents did not fulfill the purpose for which they were “designed” (usually interpreted as “did not protect occupants from the elements, however, there are a few cases ʻstretchedʼ to include functional design)
Term
AIA Standard Forms of Agreement-
Purpose of Documents and Liability:
Definition
• The purpose of the Documents is to define more precisely the nature and
extent of the role of each party under contract
• Architect, when in litigation, will be examined to determine if services
performed with “reasonable care and skill” consistent with general practice of the area
Term
AIA Standard Forms of Agreement-Use of the Documents (Standard Agreements, others)
Definition
• AIA cautions against the use of outdated Documents - since the newest reflect coordinated legal and insurance situations.
• Sometimes forms other than AIA Documents are used by the government and large corporations - even here these are usually based upon the AIA Documents.
• All (even non-AIA) parties are encouraged to use the AIA Documents - but AIA dictates to make NO changes.
Term
What is profit?
Definition
What you make after the over head, expenses and pay outs. If there is anything left over after completeing a job
Term
What is negligence?
Definition
when you knew better (or should've known better), and you did it anyway.
Term
Basic Services of the Architect- The services (phases) with their customary fees are:
Definition
• Schematic Design 15% (15% of total)
• Design Development 35% (20% of total)
• Construction Documents 75% (40% of total)
• Bidding or Negotiation 80% (5% of total)
• Construction Administration 100% (20% of total)
Term
Items that are not a part of Basic Services
Definition
Budgeting, Programming, Record drawings (As Builts), Site Selection,
Soils Investigation, Computer Aided Design/Drafting, Detailed Perspectives and Models (beyond what is required to communicate the design, and others
Term
"retainage"
Definition
buffer money, just in case architect is wrong. until there is a real cost, the owner can hold money back until the job is finished.
Term
Methods of Compensation - Multiple of Direct Personnel Expense (DPE)
Definition
Architectʼs Compensation Based on Time Required for Services - Best Used on
Projects of a “Fluid Scope.”

The “multiple” portion of this method is very important:

A “multiplier” (often 2.5%) is applied to: The regular rates of pay plus the normal benefits of personnel directly engaged in performing services on the project - never forget to add overhead and profit to the equation. The multiplier can be negotiated sometimes.
Term
Percentage of Construction Cost-
Percentage of Construction Cost is Most Used and Most Misused on what type of projects?
Definition
On projects that have a "Definite Scope"
Term
Direct Personnel Expense is:
Definition
is the regular rates of pay plus normal benefits, as per the definition
Term
Methods of Compensation - Professional Fee Plus Expenses:
Definition
Actually a Combination of Two Types of Compensation - A Fixed Fee for the Architectʼs Services and a Multiple of Direct Personal Expense for All Other
Personnel Directly Engaged on the Project- Best Used on Projects requiring the Close Attention of the Architect.
Term
There must be a way to make changes without wiping everything out.
Definition
a change order.
Term
change order is:
Definition
change in contract Sum or contract time. if neither is changed, then its called a "minor change" in the work, not a change order.
Term
Change Order (C.O.):
Definition
is a change in the Contract Sum or the
Contract Time. Requires 3 signatures.
Term
A Change Order requires three signatures. Who are those 3:
Definition
the Owner, Architect, and
Contractor
Term
Construction Change Directive (C.C.D.):
Definition
is a change in the Contract Sum or the Contract Time,requires 2 signatures
Term
A Construction Change Directive requires only two signatures:
Definition
the Owner and the Architect
Term
A Construction Change Directive is used when____.
Definition
the Contractor is in disagreement with the compensation offered or the time allowed
Term
B141 Contract:
Definition
Term
To “indemnify” means
Definition
to “hold harmless” another party; to
protect another party; to make reimbursement or compensation for the incurred loss of another party
Term
Hazardous materials is a vulnerable area of Architectural liability. B141 states about hazardous material:
Definition
that the Architect is neither responsible for discovering these materials or
designing for their disposal
Term
“Occurrences” can lead to “claims” so the parties agree that “occurrences” with regard to S.o.L. have the following rules:
Definition
• Before Substantial Completion, S.o.L. begin at Substantial Completion
• Between Substantial Completion and Final Completion, S.o.L. begin at Final
Completion
• After Final Completion, the date of the occurrence must be determined
Term
Statutes of Limitations:
Definition
“Occurrences” can lead to “claims”
Term
occurences:
Definition
something that happens on a job site that effects it
Term
Statues of Limitations:
Definition
how long before you can not be held accountable for something you designed/built. responsibility to deliver a building that works for a certain amount of time.
Term
somteimes you dont know when the "occurence" will happen on a complicated site. So in the case of a claim you have to have a way of calculating time.
Definition
what they all agree to according to B141: any occurrence that happens before completion, then we will start counting after substantial completion.
Term
Statues of Limitations: if Occurrence happens Before Substantial Completion,
Definition
S.o.L. begin at Substantial Completion
Term
Statues of Limitations: if Occurrence happens Between Substantial Completion and Final Completion-
Definition
S.o.L. begin at Final
Completion
Term
Statues of Limitations: if Occurrence happens After Final Completion
Definition
the date of the occurrence must be determined
Term
C141 Responsibility: Architect, Whether Acting Alone or with Consultants Engaged by
the Architect, Carries ______.
Definition
Professional and Legal Responsibility for the Design, and Preparation of Construction Documents and Administration of the Construction Contract.
Term
C141 gives Special Protections:
Definition
Architect and Consultant Under C141
• Consultant is never a partner or agent of the Architect
• Consultant has a right to render written recommendations on claims
(assertion of damage) pertaining to the Consultantʼs part of the project (this
part of the contract or the Consultantʼs Work)
• Consultant has the right of access to the Work designed by the Consultant if
in preparation or process. Consultant has to be involved with the progress of the job.
Architect has no right to issue clarifications of the Consultantʼs documents
without first conferring with the Consultant
• Architect must furnish detailed layouts and equipment design loads to the
Consultant for any equipment that is not furnished by the Consultant
(“furnished” means designed or specified)
• Architect, upon discovering any faults or defects in the Consultantʼs
documents has the legal and contractual responsibility to notify the
Consultant
Term
C141 Can Also Contain a Fixed Limit of Construction Cost as Part:
Definition
Similar to B141, if Fixed Limited is agreed to by the parties, the Architect has the right to require the Consultant to revise - at no additional compensation
(the Owner does not have to agree to a Fixed Limit Agreement as part of
C141)
Term
Architect has no right to issue clarifications of the Consultantʼs documents without first conferring with the Consultant means:
Definition
this means you cannot just change the details of a drawing without the consultant knowing.
Term
Architect must furnish detailed layouts and equipment design loads to the Consultant for any equipment that is not furnished by the Consultant
(“furnished” means designed or specified)means:
Definition
The architect has to give what these loads are because neither of them designed the equipment, but they need to know the specs. Where the electrical goes, plumbing, how much insulation and how much material is needed to make each room/building appropriate. The consultant has to know these things from you.
Term
According to C141:
Consultant Has Responsibility to Assist the Architect in Reviewing Amounts Due
the Contractor and “Certifies” this to the Architect
Definition
• Consultant never “certifies” directly to the Owner
• The amounts must be based on the Contractorʼs “Application for Payment” -
Consultant has no right to direct in a “minor change” in the Work (even if the
change is consistent with intent of Contract Documents - this is the sole
prerogative of the Architect)
Term
A Code Revision could be a Legitimate Cause for ____ and ____ by the
Consultant
Definition
Contingent Additional Services and a Resultant Request for Additional Compensation
Term
Arbitration is:
Definition
An Important Prerequisite to Litigation Under C141.C141 binds the Consultant to this before pursuing litigation, but the Consultant only must Arbitrate with those parties to C141 - others have no right to demand this - the award (judgment) of this is entered as evidence if litigation does follow - powerful!
Term
According to C141, In situations of Termination Expenses, the Consultant___.
Definition
is only due compensation proportional to that the Architect receives
Term
Governing Laws of C141. C141 is governed by the law(s) applicable ______- not ___,____,or____.
Definition
to the Architectʼs place of business; NOT the Ownerʼs place of business and not the Consultantʼs and not the Contractorʼs
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