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| the ability of one person to get another person to act in accordance with the first persons intentions |
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| political authority conferred by law or by a state or national constitution |
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| Direct of Participatory Democracy |
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| a government in which all or most citizens participate directly |
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| a government in which leaders make decisions by winning a competitive struggle for the popular vote |
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| persons who posses a disproportionate share of some valued resource, such as money or power |
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view that the government is dominated by capitalists
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| view that the government is dominated by a few top leaders, most of whom are outside of government |
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| view that the government is dominated by appointed officials |
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| the belief that competition among all affected interests shapes public policy |
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| a human right based on nature or God |
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| Articles of Confederation |
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| A weak constitution that governed America during the revolutionary war |
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| Constitutional Convention |
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| a meeting in Philadelphia in 1787 that produced a new constitution |
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| A 1787 rebellion in which ex-Revolutionary War soldiers attempted to prevent foreclosures of farms as a result of high interest rates and taxes. |
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| Proposal to create a strong national government |
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| proposal to create a weak national government |
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| Plan to have a popularly elected House based on state population and a state selected Senate, with two members for each state |
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| a government in which elected representatives make the decisions |
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| the power of the courts to declare laws unconstitutional |
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| government authority shared by national and local governments |
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| powers given to the national government alone |
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| powers given tot he state government alone |
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| powers shared by the national and state governments |
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| authority shared by three branches of government |
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| constitutional authority is shared by three different branches of government |
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| a group with a distinct political interest |
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| those who favor a stronger national government |
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| Those who favor a weaker national government |
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| first ten amendments to the constitution |
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| an order to produce an arrested person before a judge |
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| a law that declares a person, without a trial, to be guilty of a crime |
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| a law that makes an act criminal although the act was legal when it was committed |
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| a new provision in the Constitution that has been ratified by the states |
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| An executives ability to block a particular provision in a bill passed by the legislature |
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| Government authority shared by national and local governments |
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| "necessary and proper" clause |
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| section of the constitution allowing congress to pass all laws "necessary and proper" to its duties, and which has permitted congress to exercise powers not specifically given to it (enumerated) by the Constitution |
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| the doctrine that a state can declare null and void a federal law that, in the state's opinion, violates the Constitution |
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| doctrine holding that the national government is supreme in its sphere, the states are supreme in theirs, and the two spheres should be kept separate |
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| supreme or ultimate political authority, a sovereign government is one that legally and politically independent of any other government |
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| one in which sovereignty is wholly in the hands of national government, so that the states and localities are dependent on its will |
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| one in which sovereignty is shared, so that in some matters the national governement is supreme and in other matters the states are supreme |
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| one in which local units of government have a specially protected existence and can make some final decisions over some governmental activities |
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| process that permits voters to put legislative measures directly on the ballot |
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| procedure enabling voters to reject a measure passed by the legislature |
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| procedure whereby voters can remove an elected official from office |
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| money given by the national government to the states |
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| federal grants for specific purposes, such as building an airport |
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| terms set by the national government that states must meet if they are to receive certain federal funds |
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| terms set by the national government that states must meet whether or not they accept federal grants |
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| a decision by an administrative agency granting some other part permission to violate a law or rule that would otherwise apply to it |
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| 5 important elements in the American Political System |
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| Liberty,Equality, Democracy, Civic Duty, and Individual Responsibility |
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| denies the government the right, without due process, to deprive people of life liberty and the pursuit of happiness |
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| Equal protection of the law |
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| a standard of equal treatment that must be observed by the government |
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| court cases that apply Bill of Rights to states |
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| Right of people to speak, publish and assemble |
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| people shall be free to exercise their religion, and government may not establish a religion |
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| censorship of a publication |
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| Clear-and-present-danger test |
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| law should not punish speech unless there was a clear and present danger of producing harmful actions |
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| writing that falsely injures another person |
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| an act that conveys a political message |
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| first amendment requirement that law cannot prevent free exercise of religion |
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| first amendment ban on laws "respecting an establishment of religion" |
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| Court ruling that government cannot be involved with religion |
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| improperly gathered evidence may not be introduced in a criminal trial |
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| a judges order authorizing a search |
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| reasonable cause for issuing a search warrant or making an arrest: more than mere suspicion |
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| an error in gathering evidence sufficiently minor that i may be used in a trial |
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| the rights of people to be treated without unreasonable or unconstitutional differences |
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| Separate-but-equal doctrine |
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| the doctrine established in Plessy vs. Ferguson(1896) that African Americans could constitutionally be kept in separate but equal facilities |
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| Racial segregation that is required by law |
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| racial segregation that occurs in schools, not as a result of the law, but as a result of patterns of residential settlement |
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| opposing a law one considers unjust by peacefully disobeying it and accepting the resultant punishment |
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| state power to effect laws promoting health, safety, and morals |
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| making certain that people achieve the same result |
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| Programs designed to increase minority participation in some institution (business, schools, labor unions, or government agencies) by taking positive steps to appoint more minority group members |
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| using race to sex to give preferential treatment to some people |
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| giving people an equal chance to succeed |
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| Schenck vs. United States (1919) Court Case |
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| Speech may be punished if it creates a clear and present danger test of illegal acts |
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| Texas vs. Johnson (1989) court case |
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| there may not be a law to ban flag-burning |
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| Everson vs. Board of Education (1947) court case |
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| The wall-of-seperation principle is announced |
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Miranda vs. Arizona (1966) court case
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| Court describes ruling that police must give to arrested persons |
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| Rasul vs. Bush and Hamdi vs. Runsfeld (2004) court cases |
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| Terrorist detainees must have access to a neutral court to decide if they are legally held |
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| Dred Scott vs. Sanford (1857) court case |
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| Congress had no authority to ban slavery in a territory. A slave was considered a piece of property |
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| Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896) court case |
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| Upheld separate but-equal facilities for white and black people on railroad cars |
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| Brown vs. Board of Education |
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| Said separate public schools are inherently unequal, thus starting racial desegregation |
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| Reed vs. Reed (1971) court case |
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| gender discrimination violates the equal protection clause of the constitution |
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| Griswold vs. Connecticut (1965) court case |
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| Found a "right to privacy" in the Constitution that would ban any state law against selling contraceptives |
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| Roe vs. Wade (1973) court case |
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| State laws against abortion were unconstitutional |
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| Planned Parenthood vs. Casey (1992) court case |
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| Reaffirmed Roe vs. Wade but upheld certain limits on its use |
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| Regents of the University of California vs. Bakke (1978) court case |
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| In a confused set of rival opinions, the decisive vote was cast by Justice Powell, who said that a quota-like ban on Bakke's admission was unconstitutional but that "diversity" was a legitimate goal that could be pursued by taking race into account |
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| Boy Scouts of America vs. Dale (2000) court case |
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| a private organization may ban gays from its membership |
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