ABOUT 400 BC, DORIC ARCHITECTURE BY ARCH. ICTANUS AND CALLICRATES WITH THE SCULPTOR PHIDIAS. IT CELEBRATES THE VICTORY OF THE GREEKS OVER THE PERSIANS AT MARATHON AT ABOUT 490 BC. 

EVERY WORK OF ART OR ARCHITECURE MUST BE STUDIED WITHIN THE CULTURAL, ECONOMIC, & SOCIAL CONTEXT IN WHICH IT WAS CONCEIVED, PLANNED, AND CONSTRUCTED. THAT IS HOW WE CAN OBTAIN THE FULL MENAING OF THE WORK. THE ACCROPOLIS WAS CONSOLIDATED UNDER LEADESHIP OF PERICLES STARTING FROM ABOUT 45O BC. 

Laocoon and his two sons being strangled by a serpent, Roman copy, about 1st BC century - 1st century AD 

A RULE FOR ARCHITECTURAL STUDY AND ANALYSIS: Every Structure or object should be studied in the social, political, and cultural context in which it was produced: What about the social context in which the design or the building type Evolves? Let’s take the example of Troy and its myth. Hellenistic Greek, 100-200BC 

Aldo Rossi, Architecture Assassinated, For Manfredo Tafuri, 1973 

Aldo Rossi, Architecture Assassinated, For Manfredo Tafuri, 1973 

Aldo Rossi, graveyard extention charnel House, Modena Cemetery in Italy

A branch of postmodernism was represented by a neorationalist or elementalist approach that echoes the stripped classicism of the 19th and early 20th century. This movement was in part a reaction to changes in the urban environment by the combination of commercial pressure and Modern movement ideology. Neorationalism originated in Italy where the architect Aldo Rossi published an influential book, L’architettura della città (1966; The Architecture of the City). Rossi’s Modena Cemetery (1971-77) exhibits both his austerely fundamental classicism and his concern for contextualism, since it echoes features of the local farms and factories of Lombardy. 

ALDO ROSSI - CEMETERY OF SAN CATALDO, MODENA, ITALY 1971 

•The city of the dead is a stark and grim metaphor for Rossi’s urban theories as presented in ‘Architecture of the city’. 

•Rossi won the project in a nation wide competition in Italy 

Aldo Rossi

Individual Elements of Moderna Cemetery 

ALDO ROSSI - CEMETERY OF SAN CATALDO, MODENA, ITALY 1971 

Talking about geometries

ALDO ROSSI - CEMETERY OF SAN CATALDO, MODENA, ITALY 1971  

cemetary as "shut-down factory" 

ALDO ROSSI - CEMETERY OF SAN CATALDO, MODENA, ITALY 1971 

The project consists of a colonnade that separates the new San Cataldo from the jewish cemetery and the adjacent 1858 cemetery by Andreas Costa. The colonnade is a path and shelter for the grounds keeper and flower venders who work there. 

•Above the colonnade is a gable topped pavilion lined with niches for ashes - suspended above the living, the remains of the dead 

ALDO ROSSI - CEMETERY OF SAN CATALDO, MODENA, ITALY 1971 

A path bisecting the site contains the ossuary - a giant red cube - with a mass grave and topped by a chimney. This is right next to the Jewish burial ground and conjures up, though unintentionally, death camps during WW 2. 

ALDO ROSSI - TOWN HALL, BORGORICCO, ITALY 1983 

•Borgoricco is one of the small Veneto towns, neatly arranged according to Roman town planning principles. Situated on the outskirts of Mestre, this port city serves as the gateway to Venice. 

•The commission was an attempt to give the town its ‘civic presence’ and also to find a new place for the town hall that was previously a motley bunch of offices over the local library. 

•For his design Rossi took a cue from both ancient town planning principles and villas of the region 

•The 20,000 square feet building consists of a central block and two parallel wings arranged in a u shape, creating a a paved courtyard set back along the ‘decumanus’. 

•Following the tradition of a villa in Veneto, the central block has the public functions: a grand foyer, offices for local dignitaries, exhibition space and a library. 

•Offices for municipal functionaries are arranged in doubly loaded corridors behind porticos on either side of the courtyard. 

ALDO ROSSI - TOWN HALL, BORGORICCO, ITALY 1983 

Aldo Rossi

Top: Aldo Rossi, Architettura domestica e urbana, 1975

Bottom: Aldo Rossi, Housing project on Verbindungskanal, Belin, 1976

Right: Aldo Rossi, Tea & Coffee Piazza, 1979-83, for Alessi

Aldo Rossi, Student Village,

Chieti, Italy (project) 1979

Giorgio Grassi

Student Residences

Chieti

1976

MARIO BOTTA - SINGLE FAMILY HOUSE AT RIVA SAN VITALE, TICINO, 1972-73 

•Located on the mountain side overlooking Lake Lugano, the house emerges from the ground like a tower facing the varied aspects of its landscape. 

•It is not integrated with its backdrop on account of its strong geometric form. But is not isolated from it either on account of the surface material and texture. 

•This is one of Botta’s key works which manages to marry formal autonomy with local themes. 

MARIO BOTTA - SINGLE FAMILY HOUSE AT RIVA SAN VITALE, TICINO, 1972-73 

•From the old road along side the mountain a small metal bridge leads to the building. This bridge underlines the separation of land and building, negating the traditional sequence of road, gate and garden. 

•The four sides of the house face different landscapes - the lake, the mountains, the meadows, and woods. 

MARIO BOTTA - SINGLE FAMILY HOUSE AT STABIO, SWITZERLAND, 1980-81 

•The house is built on the outskirts of a village with hills to the north. 

•The cylindrical body of the structure is built along a North - South axis. And has a deep central cut from which the skylight descends. 

•Though a circle, the house does not have a central plan. The division of space is orthogonal. 

•It has no façade that sets it apart from nearby buildings, its form underlines its unique relation with the landscape and distant horizon. 

•The roof of the portico becomes the terrace of the living room on the first floor, which also has the kitchen and the study. 

•The bedrooms on the upper level face east and west. 

MARIO BOTTA - SINGLE FAMILY HOUSE AT STABIO, SWITZERLAND, 1980-81 

•The masonry is in double thick walls of concrete blocks, painted white on the interior. 

•The ceiling is made of exposed concrete, as are columns in the living room., although they are painted blue. 

•Flooring is wood: doors windows and sashes are made of iron and painted black. 

MARIO BOTTA - SINGLE FAMILY HOUSE AT STABIO, SWITZERLAND, 1980-81 

Mario Botta, Museum of Modern Art San Francisco, 1995 

Mario Botta, Museum of Modern Art San Francisco, 1995 

Mario Botta, Shogun Terra Lamp, 1987 for Artemide

Mario Botta, Tesi and Quarta Furniture, 1986 for Alias

Mario Botta, Sesto armchair and Terzo table, 1985 for Alias

OSWALD MATHIAS UNGERS - ARCHITECTURE MUSEUM - FRANKFURT ON THE MAIN, 1976 

•The site is located at Schaumainkai in Frankfurt. The museum is the part of a larger strategy for urban development. 

•The museum is built around a turn of the century “Italianette villa’ that provides in sequence - a skylight vestibule, circulation, access and galleries, but the core is the central message - an abstract gesture to Laugier’s hut. 

•The villa points to a sense of collective memory which is embodied in the fabric of the area. 

OSWALD MATHIAS UNGERS - ARCHITECTURE MUSEUM - FRANKFURT ON THE MAIN, 1976 

•The first stage involved the building of a ceremonial wall around the villa thus immediately turning it into an exhibit. 

•The interiors of the villa were then gutted out leaving only the the façade, and a new insert was made into it that met the programmatic requirements of the museum. 

•From this came the concept of ‘house within a house’ of which the walls were the first layer reminiscent of city walls. 

designed by Om Ungers