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| Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA): |
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Definition
| A statistic that measures differences among group means and uses a statistical technique to equate the groups under study in relation to an important variable. |
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| Analysis of variance (ANOVA): |
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| A statistic that tests whether group means differ from each other, rather than testing each pair of means separately. Considers the variation among all groups. |
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| still have mutually exclusive categories but have more than two true values, such as marital status (single, married, divorced, separated, or widowed) |
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| The degree of association between two variables. |
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| The number of quantities that are unknown minus the number of independent equations linking these unknowns; a function of the number in a sample. |
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| Statistical methods used to describe and summarize sample data |
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| one that has only two true values, such as true/false, yes/no |
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| A type of validity that uses a statistical procedure for determining the underlying dimensions or components of a variable. |
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| Fisher’s exact probability test: |
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| A test used to compare frequencies when samples are small and expected frequencies are less than six in each cell. |
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Definition
| Descriptive statistical method for summarizing the occurrences of events under study. |
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| Procedures that combine mathematical processes and logic to test hypotheses about a population with the help of sample data. |
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| Level used to show rankings of events or objects on a scale with equal intervals between numbers but with an arbitrary zero. |
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| Categorization of the precision with which an event can be measured (nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio) |
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| Level of significance (alpha level): |
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Definition
| The risk of making a type 1 error, set by the researcher before the study begins. |
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| A measure of central tendency; the arithmetic average of all scores. |
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| Measures of central tendency: |
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Definition
| Descriptive statistical procedure that describes how much dispersion there is in sample data. |
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| Descriptive statistical procedure that describes how much dispersion there is in sample data. |
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| A measure of central tendency; the middle score. |
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| the process of assigning numbers to variables or events according to the rules. |
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| The number of peaks in a frequency distribution. |
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| A measure of central tendency; the most frequent score or result. |
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| Multiple analysis of variance (MANOVA): |
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Definition
| A test used to determine differences in group means; used when there is more than one dependent variable. |
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| Measure of the relationship between one interval level dependent variable and several independent variables. Canonical correlation is used when there is more than one dependent variable. |
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| Problems that are very complex and require that we analyze many different variables at once using advanced statistical procedures. |
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| Level used to classify objects or events into categories without any relative ranking ( gender, hair color) |
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| Statistics that are usually used when variables are measured at the nominal or ordinal level because they do not estimate population parameters and involve less restrictive assumptions about the underlying distribution. |
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| A curve that is symmetrical about the mean and is unimodal |
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| A statement that there is no relationship between the variables and that any relationship observed is a function of chance or fluctuations in sampling. |
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| Level used to show rankings of events or objects; numbers are not equidistant, and zero is arbitrary. |
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| A characteristic of the population. |
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| Inferential statistics that involve the estimation of at least one parameter, require measurement at the interval level or above, and involve assumptions about the variables being studied. These assumptions usually include the fact that the variable is normally distributed. |
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| Pearson correlation coefficient: |
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Definition
| A statistic that is calculated to reflect the degree of relationship between two interval level variables. |
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Definition
| Represents the percentage of cases a given score exceeds. |
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Definition
| The probability of an event is the event’s long-run relative frequency in repeated trials under similar conditions. |
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| A measure of variability; difference between the highest and lowest scores in a set of sample data. |
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| Level that ranks the order of events or objects and that has equal intervals and an absolute zero (height, weight) |
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| The tendency for statistics to fluctuate from one sample to another. |
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| The researcher’s expectation about the outcome of a study; also known as the research hypothesis. |
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| A measure of variability; range of the middle 50% of the scores. |
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| A measure of variability; measure of average deviation of scores from the mean. |
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| characteristic of a sample. |
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| Commonly used in nursing research; it tests whether two group means are more different than would be expected by chance. Groups may be related or independent |
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| The rejection of a null hypothesis that is actually true. |
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| The acceptance of a null hypothesis that is actually false. |
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| Used to compare measurements in standard units; examines the relative distance of the scores from the mean. |
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Definition
| used when data is at the nominal level and the researcher wants to determine whether groups are different |
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